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Middle Ages Part 2
900-1400
130
History
11th Grade
01/06/2009

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Term
Feudalism
Definition
political and economic system that develops through:
1) Localism
2) Public power in private hands
3) Lord-Vassal Relationship
Term
Manorialism
Definition
Social system that develops out of Feudalism
Term
What was Feudalism at best and at worst?
Definition
-Inefficient paternalism
-Exploitation of peasantry
Term
Who took over Germanic lands after the decline of the Carolingian family?
Definition
Heinrich I
Term
What were some of the accomplishments of Otto the Great?
Definition
-effectively stops the Magyars
-Annexes N. Italy-increasing territory
-Supported Church
-Scholarship->Gerbert->Aristotle
Term
Gerbert
Definition
went into Muslim world-math, astronomy
encouraged others to follow
ends up becoming Pope Sylvester II
Term
How was England seperated?
Definition
-Shires, then Hundreds
Term
Political system of England
Definition
King-didn't have control over territories
Earl-controlled shires
Shire Reev (Sheriff)-enforce laws, tax collectors
Term
What crimes were considered crimes against the king?
Definition
Murder, rape, arson
Term
Scholarly things in England
Definition
-Latin works translated into vernacular
-Beowulf
-Anglo-Saxon Chronicles
Term
1066
Definition
Battle of Hastings
Harold and William
Harold gets shot in eye
Last time England is successfully invaded
Term
1000
Definition
-Things are calm in W. Europe
-Spain fighting w/ Muslims
-Slavic tribes dominating East
-Climate Change
Term
What did the climate change lead to?
Definition
-Warmer, longer growing season, more food, healthier people, bigger population
Term
Economic Revival
Definition
-Rigid Horse Collar
-Towns are growing->marketplace
-trade increasing
-Industries developing
-Divisions of labor
-Towns are a problem
Term
Political Revival
Definition
Local warfare diminishing
Flanders and Normandy->more stable
Term
Normandy's military expansion
Definition
1) Sicily, S. Italy
2) England
Term
What happened in England after William the Conqueror conquered?
Definition
-Political expertise emerges
-had support of Pope
Term
What did William do if Anglo-Saxon disobeyed?
Definition
Took away his land
Term
What were two of his major rules?
Definition
-Forbid private war
-Only build castle's with King's permission
Term
Survey of England
Definition
-Domesday Book
-Crops, animals, property, people
-TAXES
Term
What was William the Conqueror's major legal contribution?
Definition
Trial by Inquest-looked at facts
Term
Who got William the Conqueror's land after his death?
Definition
Oldest son (William II): Normandy
2nd Oldest (Henry I): England
Term
What was the Exchequer?
Definition
A section of court (treasury department)
Head: Chancellor
Term
What was the belief of Europeans at the time of the Religious Revival?
Definition
Innocence (women and children) should be protected (from war).
Term
Peace of God
Definition
Church punishes those who violate those who are protected
Term
Under which pope is Lay investiture first discussed?
Definition
Gregory VII. Church doesn't want secular worls to have all the power.
Term
Lay Investiture
Definition
layperson gives symbols of authority to a religious person: staff and ring
Term
Lay Investiture
Definition
layperson gives symbols of authority to a religious person: staff and ring
Term
Why was lay investiture such a big problem in Germany?
Definition
The King (Heinrich IV) has relgious and secular duties. He was able to suppress rebellion because he had control over the abbeys, Heinrich damned pope, pope excommunicated him, nobility turned back on king unless he was forgiven, heinrich was brought to his knees, pope admitted Heinrich back
Term
concordat of worms
Definition
prohibited lay investiture
Term
Crusade
Definition
a military expedition organized by the Pope to attack the enemies of the church
Term
Background for Crusades
Definition
-Decaying Muslim Empire
-fight for resources
-society values war
-Turks dominating Middle East, Byzantines need help
-age of piety: go on pilgrammage, turks make it hard
Term
Which pope started the Crusades?
Definition
Pope Urban II: 1095
Term
St Bernard
Definition
-organizes 2nd Crusade
-humanizes Christianity: emphasizes feminine, love and Mary
Term
Abbot Suger
Definition
-power behind the throne of Louis VI and VII
-rebuilt the Church of St. Denis
-1st Gothic Church
Term
Abbot Abelard
Definition
-brings in ancient knowledge
-Dilemma: when does a student become a teacher?
-Heloise <3
Term
Development of Universities
Definition
-people gathering for education
-Unions of Students (want lodging and food costs at a min) and Teachers (decide who is a teacher)
-Come together!
-caps and gowns
Term
What were three main cities that were intellectual centers?
Definition
Paris: Religion/Logic
Bologna: Church/Roman Law
Padua: Math
Term
What areas are expanding in population at the height of medieval civilization?
Definition
-Poland
-Bohemia
-Eastern Prussia
Term
What town develops the banker and why?
Definition
Champagne
-Becoming an important marketplace for region, need someone to specialize in the handling of money
Term
What is the social structure of a feudal society?
Definition
Kings,
Lords,
Vassals,
Peasants,
Serfs
Term
What is the social structure of a town?
Definition
Clergy,
Leadership,
Business Owners,
Townspeople
Term
What was the social structure of a guild?
Definition
Masters,
Journeymem,
Apprentices
Term
Masters
Definition
owned tools, shop, well-trained
Term
Journeymen
Definition
owned tools, trained, don't own shop
Term
Apprentices
Definition
in process of training
Term
Where was civic rivalry apparent?
Definition
Florence, Italy: competing for bigger and better architecture and art
Term
What book was written in the French vernacular?
Definition
Song of Roland
Term
What book was written in the Italian vernacular?
Definition
Dante's Divine Comedy
Term
Why doesn't the church like things written in vernacular?
Definition
loses authority, people can read on own, lose the common language of latin
Term
what were some developments in architecture at the height of medieval civilization?
Definition
-Gothic arch-pointed
-flying buttress: provides support
-increased desire for light
Term
What were Henry II contributions to politics in england?
Definition
-Enlarged activities of court
-More cases are trial by jury
-English Common Law
-Guaruntees to be at court once a year: Westminster
Term
What were Henry II problems?
Definition
Often in conflict with the church: appts Thomas Becket as archbishop of canterbury, entourage kills him when he disagrees
-Family: Elenor of Aquitaine, crazy family, fight for power
Term
Who was the first king to sign the Magna Carta?
Definition
John, son of Elenor of Aquitaine and Henry II
Term
What are the two major parts of the Magna carta?
Definition
-Everybody has to follow laws including the king
-King cannot impose a tax w/o consent of nobility
Term
What were two major developments from the Magna carta?
Definition
-Leads to a representative gov't
-Law is common
Term
Philip Augustus
Definition
-Helps bring feudal states together
-worked closely w/ church
-"holy"
-carried the sword and banner of Charlemagne
-doesn't alter local customs
-divided kingdom into districs, led by bailiff who collected taxes
Term
1250
Definition
Book of English law is written
Term
Henry III
Definition
wants to tax, nobility said no and he needs to sign the Magna Carta
Term
Henry recognizes that England needs to reform
Definition
-House of Lords doesn't do anything, important b/c king needs to go to others
-eventually-House of Commons
-Towns, Knights: House of Commons
Parliament-legislative brance
Term
Who gets the title Prince of Wales?
Definition
whoever is due to inherit the kingship
Term
Fredrick Barbarossa
Definition
-Hohenstaufen Dynasty
-Followed French model by making self sacred
-Brings more feudalism to Central Europe
-Son: Heinrich IV
Term
Pope Innocent III
Definition
-imposed income tax on clergy
-has a chunk of land: acts as a King
Term
How did trade start the Crusades?
Definition
-Ideas from trade lead to questioning of the Church
Term
Albigensians
Definition
-absolutes of good and evil
-dualities
-Eastern Ideas
-Crushed by church
Term
What are science, philosophy, and theology based on?
Definition
-based on authority instead of observation
Term
St. Francis
Definition
-literal translation of the Bible
-renunciation of property
-living like Jesus: ultimate
Term
St. Bonaventure
Definition
-helps make Francis’ ideas deeper
-will > reason
-eventually proves Aristotle wrong
Term
St. Dominic
Definition
-focused on instruction through preaching and teaching
-poverty
Term
St. Thomas Aquinas
Definition
-intellectualized St. Dominic
-reason is important, but not contradictory to faith
-should be no conflict b/w sec. and rel. gov’t
-using natural resources is fulfilling God’s will
Term
What were the major economic changes?
Definition
-growth of worldliness
-increase in wealth
-growth of business
Term
What is the largest question during the economic boom of the Middle Ages? Why?
Definition
-What point does a normal desire for decent living become an immoderate lust for wealth?
-Christianity: tithing, but money is increasingly important
Term
Louis IX
Definition
-served in a pol. And spir. State
-Judicial system: Parlement of Paris
-Involved in an unsuccessful crusade
-Problem w/ lords
Term
Philip the Fair/IV
Definition
-Increases Bureaucracy
-Estates General called to discuss taxes
Term
What were the three estates?
Definition
1st-Clergy
2nd-Nobility
3rd- Townspeople
Term
Edward I
Definition
-wants to restore royal authority
-captures Wales
-tries to suppress Scots
-calls Parliament into session often
-tried to pass a tax w/o going through Parliament, now needs “common ascent” of the whole kingdom-Parliament: more power
Term
Papal-Hohenstaufen Feud
Definition
-Fredrick II tries to assert authority in Italy
-Innocent IVwants Church to be independent, needs its own land
-Fredrick dies, Pope works to eliminate every secular power that has hold in Church: looks like a kingdom, losing prestige
Term
Pope Boniface VIII
Definition
-concerned about increasing secular authority
-taxing clergy
Term
Taxing Clergy
Definition
-Philip the Fair, Edward I, Pope Boniface VIII
-Two are fighting over Aquitaine, want to tax clergy for war $
-Clergy appeal, let us pay tax
-French bishop doesnt, gets thrown in jail
-Pope gets captured by Philip, Italians are angry (Anagni), rescued, dies
Term
Pope Clement V
Definition
-says French king was right to put bishop in jail
-Popes power diminishes
-"Babalonian Captivity" pope stays in Avignon
-English see papacy under control of French
-people in church working with law and finance
Term
What are three major reasons for the economic and population decline in the Middle Ages?
Definition
-Ability to produce based on tech. reached its limit
-Slight climate change, colder, shorter growing season
-Plague
Term
What are some problems caused by the plague?
Definition
-Civil War/Rebellions
-lack of faith in future
-hostility against innovations
-guilds become more rigid, hold onto the past
-resistant to all new things
-gov't no $
-all moves toward sovereignty halt
-kings retreat into doing what they know-war
-rep. gov't's fail
Term
Pope Gregory XI
Definition
Returns to Rome for the health of the Church, Rome is icky, doesn't stay
Term
Great Schism
Definition
-Pope Urban VI-Italian tyrant
-Cardinals declare election bad, elect new pope in France, Clement VII
Urban VI: Italians, English, HRE
Clement VII: French, Scotland
Term
John Whycliff
Definition
works on translating Bible into English
Term
100 Years War
Definition
Aquitaine and Flanders: England has control, France wants it
-Edward III goes to war, nothing better
-England captures 40% of France, then loses it 20 yrs later
Term
How does England capture France?
Definition
1) Edward borrows and spends $$
2) Uses longbow
3) Uses dismounted cavalry
Term
How does France get it all back?
Definition
Fabian tactics
Term
War of Roses
Definition
-workers rebel to gain power, destroy records, killed unpopular lords
-Richard trieds to go back to the way it was, pushed too far, nobility organizes with cousin Henry IV to fight, CIVIL WAR b/w family, destroy each other, leave way for the "half-alien Tudors"
Term
Henry V
Definition
-Picks up Hundred Years War
-wins @ Agincourt, captures French king, makes king disown son, marries French princess, their child should become the head of the French and English crown, disowned son retaliates, gets everything back except for the port of Calais
Term
Important developments during end?
Definition
1) Edward III: Justice of the Peace, shifting out of Feudalism
2)Parliament: increasing status, house of commons officially created
Term
Sabic Law
Definition
Women can inherit everything except the kingship
Term
Charles VI
Definition
-had to disown son
-mental health issue
Term
Charles VII
Definition
wimpy but wants to be king, fights with English and is losing, JOAN OF ARC, ends up getting rightful throne
Term
Joan of Arc
Definition
important symbol of power and perserverance for French soldiers, English martyr her
Term
Central Europe @ downfall
Definition
-Duke of Burgandy affiliates with France instead of Germanic region
-low countries, lots of fighting b/c of trade importance
Term
14th Cen. Switzerland
Definition
revolts against Hapsburgs to form an ind. state, first modern republic, use pike to unseat knights
Term
Golden Bull
Definition
Law created that raised the number of people who elected the HRE emperor to 7
Term
Hapsburgs
Definition
dominant pol. family in CE
-Austria, Hungary, Bohemia, Silesia, Luxembourg, until WW1
Term
Francois Villian
Definition
-French poet, more realistic
Term
Chaucer
Definition
English writer, Canterbury Tales
Term
Painting at fall of ME
Definition
more realistic, portraits, not always religious
Term
Science a fall of ME
Definition
people questioning Thomas Aquinas and Aristotle
Term
Tech. @ fall of ME
Definition
On the ocean: Astrolabe, Compass, Sails
Metalurgy: making containers(guns, bullets), for chinese gunpowder; can go deeper into earth
Term
Byzantine Empire
Definition
-surrounded by enemies
-focus on past, education imp., interested in Plato
Term
Caliphate/Islamic Empire
Definition
-Caliph of Baghdad: HUge empire
-Baghdad: biggest city in all of Europe and Asia
-Lots of Trade
-City of Scholarship: lots of translating into Arabic
-Sci. Observ, Trig & Al, Physics
-Love history
"arabian nights"
onion dome
Term
Byzantine/Islamic Problems
Definition
1) No fixed line of succession
2) Upper Class becoming apathetic
3) Turks
4) Crusades
5) Internal Issues
Term
Why were the Mongols so powerful?
Definition
1) Good leadership: Kublai Khan, Genghis Khan
2) Good military/horsemen
3) Weak neighbors
4) Good at administration
Term
Why can't the Mongols invade Japan?
Definition
Kamikaze! Big storm destroyed most ships
Term
Russia
Definition
-Big cities: Kiev, Moscow
-Pick up Eastern culture
-Very distrustful of W. Ideas
-Lots of land, little amount of people, institute serfdom
Term
Ivan the Great
Definition
-1st leader in Moscow to refuse to pay Mongols tribute, Mongol's leave them alone
Term
India
Definition
-Strongly divided Muslim north and Hindi South
-South: constantly warring
-caste system rigidified
-start to come together, western world breaks them apart
Term
Sui Dynasty
Definition
1st after Huns, building of canals north to south
Term
Tang Dynasty
Definition
-push out turks
-clarify W. border
-efficient, benevolent leadership
-gov't employees are tested, educated gov't
-Scholared gentry have power
-Shift from Conficious to Buddha
-Begin to print books
Term
Sung Dynasty
Definition
-beginning of stylized painting
-Mongols
Term
Yuan Dynasty
Definition
-connect China w/ rest of the world
-Marco POlo
-Buddhist monk leads resistance against Mongol "dynasty"
Term
MIng Dynasty
Definition
-foreign affairs and exploration
-large fleet, gets to e. africa, avoid conflict, restrict to chinese waters
Term
Japan
Definition
-military families rule, emperor has ceremonial and religious duties
-many civil wars
-one family ends up dominating, restrict European trade to just Dutch
Term
Nagasaki
Definition
Dutch port in Japan
Term
Shogun
Definition
head of a military family
Term
Admiral Perry
Definition
askes United States to be able to trade w/ Japan
Term
1066
Definition
Last time England was invaded: Battle of Hastings
Term
1215
Definition
Magna Carta, signed at Runnymede
Term
1122
Definition
Concordat of Worms
Term
1356
Definition
Golden Bull
Term
1453
Definition
Turks take Constantinople
Term
1054
Definition
Roman & Greek Church excommunicate each other
Term
1853
Definition
Opening of Japan
Term
1275
Definition
Marco Polo
Term
1947
Definition
India's Independence
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