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Mid-Sem 2 Drugs
Drugs covered up to the mid semester 2 exam
22
Pharmacology
Undergraduate 2
08/23/2014

Additional Pharmacology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Ferrous sulphate
Definition
Used to treat iron deficiency anaemia

Given orally
May cause nausea, abdominal cramps, constipation/diarrhoea
Term
Iron-sucrose (Venofer)
Definition
Types of parenteral iron therapy
Used in iron deficiency anaemia, when patient is unable to absorb oral preparations

Administered via deep intramuscular injection
Term
Iron-dextran (Imferon)
Definition
Types of parenteral iron therapy
Used in iron deficiency anaemia, when patient is unable to absorb oral preparations

Administered via deep intramuscular injection
Can be given by slow IV infusion
Risks anaphylactoid reaction
Term
Desferrioxamine or Deferiprone
Definition
Iron chelators
Used to treat iron toxicity

Forms a complex with ferric iron and is excreted in the urine
Term
Hydroxocobalamin
Definition
Treats vitamin B12 deficiency

Given intramuscularly, not orally
For neurological involvement it is administered every 2 months
For pernicious anaemia it is a life long treatment
Term
Oral folic acid
Definition
Folic acid deficiency

Should not be given alone to any B12 deprived patient as it will fix the anaemia but leave the patient with neurological deficits
Term
Haematopoietic growth factors
Definition
Used in treatment to replace EPO and myeloid growth facotrs

They are naturally occurring glycoproteins that are synthesised in bone marrow and regulate haematopoiesis
Recombinant forms are now available
Term
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Definition
Increases number of RBCs
Used in chronic renal failure, primary bone marrow disorders, anaemias secondary to chemotherapy

Acts on erythroid precursors to increase erythropoiesis
May cause hypertensions, thrombosis, and CV events
Term
Filgrastim(G-CSF) and Sargramostim(GM-CSF)
Definition
Stimulate the production and function of neutrophils

Used after cancer chemotherapy
May cause bone pain, fever, capillary damage
Term
Prednisolone **
Definition
Glucocorticoid

Inhibits IL-2 and TNF-alpha production and gene expression
Upon binding of glucocorticoid agonists, the bound receptor complex is translocated into the nucleus where it then brings about its effects either by binding to glucocorticoid response element (GRE) to regulate gene transcription or interacting with other transcription factors
Term
Tacrolimus
Definition
Calcineurin inhibitor
Prophylaxis of transplant rejection

Is combined with corticosteroids
Is a prodrug and becomes active after binding to intracellular binding proteins (TBP - tacrolimus binding protein) This complex then binds to calcineurin
Calcineurin is a phosphatase enzyme which plays a major role in the expression of IL-2
Calcineurin inhibitors effect IL-2 gene transcription and expression resulting in decreased proliferation of T cells
Term
Cyclosporine **
Definition
Calcineurin inhibitor
Prophylactic transplant rejection, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis

Is combined with corticosteroids
Is a prodrug and becomes active after binding to intracellular binding proteins (cyclophilin). This complex then binds to calcineurin (a phosphatase enzyme which plays a major role in the expression of IL-2)
The binding of this complex inhibits the phosphatase activity of calcineurin. This prevents calcineurin from dephosphorylating the NFAT transcription factors which are then unable to translocate to the nucleus and induce gene transcription
Thus, calcineurin inhibitors effect IL-2 gene transcription and expression resulting in decreased proliferation of T cells
Term
Sirolimus **
Definition
m-TOR inhibitor
Prophylaxis of transplant rejection, coronary stents

Inhibits IL-2 signal transduction and inhibits T cell activation by IL-2

m-TOR is a protein kinase that regulates cell proliferation via cyclin E and cyclin dependent proteins
m-TOR inhibitors bind to an immunophilin (FKBP12) and this active complex blocks m-TOR, suppressing T cell proliferation by preventing the T cells from moving from the G1 to S phase

Can also affect mesenchymal cells
Term
Mycophenolate
Definition
Anti-metabolite
Prophylaxis transplant rejection, rheumatoid arthritis

Inhibits T cell proliferation

Pro-drug metabolised in the liver
Directly inhibits the de novo synthesis of purines, on which T and B cells are highly dependent for their proliferation. May affect other cells, but T and B cells have a high purine requirement
Thus is relatively selective for T cell suppression
Also suppresses some macrophage functions
Term
Basiliximab
Definition
Anti-cytokine
Prophylaxis transplant rejection, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis

Recombinant-chimeric murine monoclonal antibody directed against the IL-2 receptor alpha chain
Prevents the actions of IL-2
Term
Entanercept
Definition
Anti-cytokines
Prophylaxis transplant rejection, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis

Recombinant version of the TNF receptor
Term
Infliximab **
Definition
Anti-cytokines
Prophylaxis transplant rejection, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis

an antibody that blocks the effects of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) and is administered by I.V. infusion.
TNF alpha is a pro-inflammatory cytokine, which has an important role in promoting inflammation. By blocking the action of TNF-alpha, this drug reduces the signs and symptoms of inflammation.
Term
Anakinra
Definition
Anti-cytokines
Prophylaxis transplant rejection, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis

Competitive IL-1 antagonist
Term
OKT3 (Muromonab-CD3)
Definition
Used to prevent or reverse acute graft
rejection

Monoclonal antibody to CD3 on T cell
Inhibits cytotoxic T killer cell function
ie. Directly targets T cells
Term
Thalidomide
Definition
Immunostimulant
Used in multiple myeloma, chronic hepatitis, leukaemia (hairy cell), karposi sarcoma, melanoma

Enhances T cell production of cytokines
Contra-indicated in pregnancy as becomes teratogenic
Very potent and very useful immunostimulant, but can have quite bad side effects
Term
Interferons (IFs)
Definition
Immunostimulant
Used in multiple myeloma, chronic hepatitis, leukaemia (hairy cell), karposi sarcoma, melanoma

Inhibits viral penetration, translocation, transcription, and protein processing
Enhances macrophage phagocytic activity and increases T cell proliferation

Can cause flu-like symptoms, hypotension, and depression
Term
IL-2 (aldesleukin)
Definition
Immunostimulant
IL-2 analogue
Used in multiple myeloma, chronic hepatitis, leukaemia (hairy cell), karposi sarcoma, melanoma

Releases multiple cytokines which are cytotoxic against tumours
Adjunct to cancer chemotherapy

Can cause hypotension, capillary leak syndrome, cardiac failure
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