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Microeconomics
Final Exam
121
Economics
Undergraduate 1
05/06/2009

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Term
economics
Definition
efficient allocation of scarce resources
Term
microeconomics
Definition
study of how individuals make decisions and how those decisions interact
Term
factors of production
Definition
the resources needed to produce goods or services. ex. labor/capital
Term
ppf
Definition
deals w/ scarcity. points that show the max combinations of 2 goods scarcity can produce given fixed resources/technology
Term
charachteristics of ppf
Definition
-2 goods -fixed resources/ technology
-full employment -full efficiency -fixed period of time -no $value
Term
why bowed curve on ppf?
Definition
demonstrates law of increasing opportunity cost because all inputs are not substitutible
Term
opportunity cost
Definition
value of the best available alternative. what you give up to get/do something.
Term
law of increasing opportunity cost
Definition
as you produce equal extra amounts of one good, society must give up or sacrifice ever increasing amounts of the other good. this is why the curve is bowed outward and is not straight
Term
demand
Definition
relationship between quantity consumers are willing and able to buy at various and possible prices
Term
change in Qd
Definition
point to point movement along single demand curve. just price changes
Term
change in D
Definition
shift of entire curve. right=increase left=decrease
Term
change in Qs
Definition
point to point movement along single supply curve
Term
change in S
Definition
shift of entire curve. right=increase left=decrease
Term
Assumptions of Demand
Definition
-tastes/preferences(input) -consumer income(inferior/normal) -price of related good(subs/compliment) -demographics(growing/shrinking) -future expectations(good/bad)
Term
assumptions of supply
Definition
-cost of inputs -technology(improving/obsolete)
-price of related goods(subs/compli)
-size of industry/market(growing/shrinking)
-future expectations(good/bad)
-business taxes/subsidies
-mother nature
Term
price is too high so its a
Definition
surplus
Term
price too low its a..
Definition
shortage
Term
price floor
Definition
can lead to economic surpluses. minimum price along equilibrium.
Term
price ceiling
Definition
can lead to shortages. max price below equillibrium
Term
demand elasticity
Definition
measure of the responsiveness or sensitivity to Qd to change in price
Term
Ed/es>1=
Definition
elastic
Term
ed/es=0=
Definition
perfectly inelastic
Term
ed/es=1=
Definition
unit elastic
Term
ed/es<1=
Definition
inelastic
Term
ed/es=infinity=
Definition
perfectly elastic
Term
demand is elastic when?
Definition
-lots of subs
-big ticket item
-luxuries
-longer period of time
Term
demand is inelastic when?
Definition
-few or no subs
-small ticket item
-neccesity
-in short run
Term
supply elasticity
Definition
meaure of the responsiveness or sensitivity of Qs to change in P
Term
who splits stock?
Definition
companies split the stock. markets split the price
Term
capital gain/loss
Definition
selling price-purchase price
Term
market bear/bull
Definition
ppl who think market will go up/down
Term
bear/bull market
Definition
market going down or up
Term
price rate
Definition
interest rate that the largest commercial banks charge best corporate customers
Term
discount rate
Definition
interest rate the FED charges banks when they need money and borrow from it.(.5% all semester)
Term
FED funds rate
Definition
(.17%) interest rate banks charge other banks for overnight loan of $1,000,000 or more.
Term
when does dollar depreciate against foreign currency
Definition
when $1 buys fewer units of the foreign currency and when you pay more $ for one unit of the foreign currency
Term
dollar vs yen
Definition
got stronger
Term
dollar vs pound
Definition
weaker
Term
dollar vs euro
Definition
weaker
Term
what is gold quoted in compared to everything else
Definition
gold quoted in $ everything else quoted in cents
Term
oil
Definition
went up ($51/barrell)
Term
Nikki(japan)
Definition
up
Term
FTSE(London)
Definition
down
Term
DAX(germany)
Definition
Up
Term
gold
Definition
down ($879)
Term
did the portfolio make money
Definition
yes
Term
stablilization/fiscal policy
Definition
changes in gov spending or tax in order to change unemployment or inflation
Term
monetary policy(FED)
Definition
changes to money supply to change unemployment or inflation
Term
federalism
Definition
form of gov with more than one level(state/local/national)
Term
Federal taxes
Definition
fica, income, soc sec. used for medicare,defense,grants
Term
state taxes
Definition
income,sales used for education,highways,police
Term
local tax
Definition
real estate, sales, income used for education,police/fire, highways,parks,water/sewer
Term
progressive tax
Definition
% gets larger as income gets larger(income)
Term
regressive tax
Definition
gets smaller as income gets larger. (soc sec)
Term
proportional taxe
Definition
flat rate. same %
Term
3 types of taxes
Definition
progressive, flat, regressive
Term
tax philosophies
Definition
ability to pay-progressive
benefits principle-if you didnt use it you dont have to pay(property,water,tolls)
Term
cost
Definition
sacrifice that must be made in order to acquire something
Term
economic costs
Definition
accounting+opportunity
Term
economic profits
Definition
total rev-econ opp cost
Term
profits=
Definition
total rev-accounting costs
Term
law of diminishing marginal returns
Definition
as you add equal extra amounts of a variable input to existing fixed inputs, total output will increase until eventually the extra output diminishes as more of the variable input is added.
Term
economies of scale
Definition
-specialiation of resources
-automate
-become important consumer to supplies(volume discounts)
-as you get bigger you sell waste(biproducts)
-growth of auxillary facilities (horizontal vs vertical integration. own inputs/transportation/retailers/wholesalers)
-
Term
diseconomies of scale
Definition
-bueracracy(by the time decisions are made its too late)
-such a big buyer you are now driving up the input costs(engineers are expensive for chem plants in middle of nowhere)
Term
benefits of mutual funds
Definition
-dont need alot of money to get started
-diversified
-capital gain/loss distribution
Term
front load
Definition
pay fee when buy share of the mutual fund
Term
back load
Definition
pay fee when selling mutual fund
Term
income distribution(mutual funds)
Definition
dividens/interest payments
Term
capital gains/loss
Definition
growth
Term
perfect competition
Definition
-not a single buyer or seller
-product is homogeneous(all the same)
-perfect info(can research prices/comp)
-freedom of entry/exit
-must sell at market price
Term
where do you produce at (perf comp)
Definition
where tan line of TC is parrallel to TR
Term
Profit maximizing rule(perf comp)
Definition
produce where mc=mr
Term
mr=d=ar=p
Definition
marg rev=demand=avg rev=price
Term
shut down point(perf comp)
Definition
if price is less than AVC
Term
outline of events for LR equil(perf comp)
Definition
1. firm makes econ prof
2. econ prof entices new firms to enter
3. more firms enter. profits narrowed
4. as firms shut down market supply shifts left until p=min of atc of firm(econ prof =0 because it has been competed away)
Term
LR equil=?
Definition
mr=mc=d=ar=p=min of atc
Term
monopoly
Definition
-barriers to enter(patent, license, resources ex intelligence/inputs)
-one firm in reasonable market area
-
Term
why are there econ prof in lr for monopolies
Definition
no one comes in and competes them away
Term
why are pure monopolies no good for consumers
Definition
if they were broken up the price would be lower
Term
imperfect/monopolistic competition
Definition
-brand loyalty = mini monopoly
-non homogenous(heterogeneous) products (diff thru producers)
- advertising is a neccesity
-weak barriers to entry
Term
mono/imp comp sr equil=?
Definition
mr=mc but p>mr
Term
mono/imp comp lr equil=?
Definition
mr=mc but p=atc but not at min
Term
oligopoly
Definition
-homo or hetero product(oil/cars)
-barriers to entry(econ of scale, brand loyalty, scarcity of resources, licenses)
Term
game theory
Definition
mathematical equation to reach equillibrium
Term
kink to demand curve theory
Definition
everyone will follow if you lower but not higher prices
Term
price leadership(tacit collusion)
Definition
firm that can survive price war sets the price(saudi arabia in opec)
Term
collusion(cartel)
Definition
It is an agreement among firms to divide the market, set prices, or limit production. (opec)(mafia)
Term
petro dollars
Definition
mid east asked for money in dollars so they could buy things internationally
Term
downfalls of opec
Definition
-rampant cheating(quotas, produced more)
-demand curves became elastic in LR
-mexico discovered oil(didnt join opec)
Term
early success for opec
Definition
-yom kippur oil embargo(didnt ship oil to us resulted in inflation)
-inelastic demand for oil
Term
biggest oil refiner
Definition
us
Term
biggest oil producer
Definition
saudi arabia
Term
law of comparative advantage
Definition
david ricardo- the country with the lowest opp cost should produce the good in question. the end result is the world output goes up(gains from trade)
Term
examples of trade barriers
Definition
-tariffs
-quotas
-embargoes
-voluntary restraint agreements
-export subsidies or dumping
-regulations(epa, osha, safety)
-nationalistic appeals
Term
quintile
Definition
20%. 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
Term
median
Definition
50% above/below
Term
future
Definition
contract agree on today on price you pay in future for commodity.
Term
option
Definition
you can back out of the contract before experiration date
Term
derivative
Definition
underneath commodity. you buy contract to buy commodity
Term
cash market
Definition
spot market. buy today receive today at today's price
Term
futures market
Definition
deciding today on price/quantity of transaction in future
Term
hedger
Definition
person who sells/buys commodity in futures market. they are either producers or consumers. in market to avoid bad risk in bad prices on future
Term
speculator
Definition
not a consumer or producer just buys and sells contracts.never wants possession of commodity even though they have a sell contract. buy contracts like gambling. buys/sells to make profits
Term
social security
Definition
designed in 1935 as each person has own pot with name on it and as you put money into it money flows into it. 1939-pay as you go. one big pot. paid out to retired, disabled, surviving. medicare was later added. now a sep pot from soc sec
Term
medicare
Definition
federal program. 2.9% of check.
-old(65+)
-disabled
Term
medicaid
Definition
-state system
-have to be poor(income/assets)
-disabled(short term)
Term
major probs with health care
Definition
-lots of uninsured
-escalading costs(conflict of interests ex. lawyers vs doctors vs insurance companies)
Term
total revenue(TR)
Definition
p*q
Term
Total Cost(TC)
Definition
TFC+TVC
Term
Profit
Definition
P-TC
Term
MC
Definition
difference inbetween next level of TC
Term
MR
Definition
difference between next levels of TR
Term
AVC
Definition
TVC/Q
Term
ATC
Definition
TC/Q
Term
utility
Definition
the satisfaction derived from consuming a good or service
Term
total utility
Definition
the largest sum of money a soncumer will voluntarily give up in exchange
Term
marginal utility
Definition
additional utility or satisfaction derived from consuming one more unit of any good or service
Term
law of diminishing marginal utility
Definition
as you consume more of a good or service, your total utility increases. however, it grows at a slower rate because the extra utility added by the last unit consumed of a good diminishes as more of the good is consumed.
Term
law of equal marginal utilities per dollar
Definition
each good or service is demanded up to the point where the marginal utility per dollar is exactly equal to the marginal utility per dollar of any other good or service
Term
consumer surplus
Definition
the gap between the total utility of a good or service and its total market value. the surplus arises because we receive more utility than we pay for. we pay for all the units what the last unit is worth because we pay the same price for each unit. The MU of the earlier units is higher than the later units.
Term
consumer surplus(located)
Definition
area under the demand curve and above the price line
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