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Microeconomics Vocabulary
Microeconomics Vocabulary Chapters 9-12
37
Economics
Undergraduate 1
04/08/2008

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Term
Accounting profit
Definition
net operating income
Term
Equity capital
Definition
ownership; funds investors or owners put into a firm
Term
Economic profit
Definition
accounting profit minus the cost of equity capital
Term
Negative economic profit
Definition
total revenue is less than total costs, including opportunity costs
Term
Zero economic profit
Definition
total revenue equals total costs; including opportunity costs
Term
Normal profit
Definition

the accounting profit that corresponds to a zero economic profit

Term
Positive economic profit
Definition
total revenue exceeds total costs, including opportunity costs
Term
Price taker
Definition
a firm in a perfectly competitive market structure
Term
Shutdown price
Definition
price that is equal to the minimum point of the average-variable-cost curve
Term
Break-even price
Definition
a price that is equal to the minimum point of the average-total-cost curve
Term
Economic efficiency
Definition
the situation in which the price of a good or service just covers the marginal cost of         producing that good or service and people are getting the goods and services that they want
Term
Producer surplus
Definition

the difference between the price firms would have been willing to accept for their products and the price they actually receive

Term
Monopoly
Definition
a market structure in which there is a single supplier of a product
Term
Monopoly firm (monopolist)
Definition
a single supplier of a product for which there are no close substitutes
Term
Barrier to entry
Definition

anything that impedes the ability of firms to begin a new business in an industry in which             existing firms are earning positive economic profits

Term
Natural monopoly
Definition
a monopoly that arises from economies of scale
Term
Local monopoly
Definition
a monopoly that exists in a limited geographic area
Term
Regulated monopoly
Definition
a monopoly firm whose behavior is monitored and prescribed by a government entity
Term
Monopoly power
Definition
market power, the ability to set prices
Term
Price maker
Definition
a firm that sets the price of the product it sells
Term
Monopolization
Definition

an attempt by a firm to dominate a market or become a monopoly

Term
Price discrimination
Definition

charging different customers at different prices for the same product

Term
Deadweight loss
Definition

the reduction of consumer surplus without a corresponding increase in profit when a perfectly competitive firm is monopolized

Term
Strategic behavior
Definition
the behavior that occurs when what is best for A depends on what B does, and what is best       for B depends on what A does
Term
Game theory
Definition

a description of oligopolistic behavior as a series of strategic moves and countermoves

Term
Dominant strategy
Definition
a strategy that produces better results no matter what strategy the opposing firm follows
Term
Cartel
Definition
an organization of independent firms whose purpose is to control and limit production and maintain or increase prices and profits
Term
Facilitating practices
Definition
actions by oligopolistic firms that can contribute to cooperation and collusion even though the firms do not formally agree to cooperate
Term
Cost-plus/markup pricing
Definition
a pricing policy whereby a firm computes its average cost of producing a product and then sets the price at some percentage above this cost
Term
Most-favored customer (MFC)
Definition
a customer who receives a guarantee of the lowest price and all product  features for a certain period of time
Term
Marginal revenue formula
Definition

MR = ΔTR

         ΔQ

Term
Marginal Cost formula
Definition

MC = ΔTC

         ΔQ

Term

Accounting Profit Formula 

Definition

Accounting Profit = (PQ) - (cost of resources)

 

(does not include opportunity costs) 

Term
Economic Profit Formula
Definition

Economic Profit= accounting profit - cost of equity capital

 

(includes all opportunity costs) 

Term
Profit is maximized when ___ = ___
Definition
MR = MC
Term
Loss is minimized when ___ = ___
Definition
MR = MC
Term
Average Revenue Formula
Definition

AR = PQ = Price

        Q          
 

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