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Micro: Chapter 14
Microbiology chapter 14 for Indiana State University
60
Microbiology
Undergraduate 2
10/07/2013

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Cards

Term
Pathology
Definition
  • The study of disease
Term
Etiology
Definition
  • The study of the cause of a disease
Term
Pathogenesis
Definition
  • The development of disease
Term
Infection
Definition
  • Colonization of the body of pathogens
Term
Disease
Definition
  • An abnormal state in which the body is not funtioning normally
Term
Transient microbiota
Definition
  • May be present for days, weeks, or months
Term
Normal microbiota
Definition
  • Permanently colonize the host
Term
Symbiosis
Definition
  • Is the relationship between normal microbiota and the host
Term
Commensalism
Definition
  • One organism benefits, and the other is unaffected
Term
Mutualism
Definition
  • Both organisms benefit
Term
Parasitism
Definition
  • One organism benefits at the expense of the other
Term
Microbial antagonism
Definition
  • A competition between microbes
Term
Normal microbiota
Definition
  • protect the host by:
    • occupying niches that pathogens might occupy
    • producing acids
    • producting bacteriocins
Term
Probiotics
Definition
  • Live microbes applied to or ingested into the body, intended to exert a beneficial effect
Term
Symptom
Definition
  • A change in body function that is felt by a patient as a result of disease
Term
Sign
Definition
  • A change in a body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease
Term
Syndrome
Definition
  • a specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease
Term
Communicable disease
Definition
  • A diesease that is spread from one host to another
Term
Contagious disease
Definition
  • A disease that is easily spread from one host to another
Term
Noncommunicable disease
Definition
  • A disease that is not transmitted from one host to another
Term
Incidence
Definition
  • New cases of a disease in a population during a specified time period
Term
Prevalence
Definition
  • Total cases of a disease in a population at a given time
Term
Sporadic disease
Definition
  • Disease that occurs occasionallyin a population 
Term
Endemic disease
Definition
  • Disease constantly present in a population 
Term
Epidemic disease
Definition
  • Disease acquired by many hosts in a given area in a short time
Term
Pandemic disease
Definition
  • Worldwide epidemic 
Term
Herd immunity
Definition
  • Immunity in most of a population 
Term
Acute disease
Definition
  • Symptoms develop rapidly
Term
Chronic disease
Definition
  • Disease develops slowly
Term
Subacute disease
Definition
  • Symptoms between acute and chronic
Term
Latent disease
Definition
  • Disease with a period of no symptoms when the causative agent is inactive 
Term
Local infection
Definition
  • Pathogens are limited to a small area of the body
Term
Systemic infection
Definition
  • An infection throughout the body
Term
Focal infection
Definition
  • Systemic infection that began as a local infection 
Term
Sepsis
Definition
  • Toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes, especially bacteria or their toxins, from a focus of infection 
Term
Bacteremia
Definition
  • Bacteria in the blood
Term
Septicemia
Definition
  • Growth of bacteria in the blood
Term
Toxemia
Definition
  • Toxins in the blood
Term
Viremia
Definition
  • Viruses in the blood
Term
Primary infection
Definition
  • Acute infection that causes the initial illness
Term
Secondary infection
Definition
  • Oppurtunistic infection after a primary (predisposing) infection 
Term
Subclinical disease
Definition
  • No noticeable signs or symptoms (inapparent infection)
Term
Predisposing factors
Definition
  • Make the body more susceptible to disease
    • short urethra in females
    • inherited traits, such as the sickle cell gene
    • climate and weather
    • fatigue
    • age
    • lifestyle
    • chemotherapy
Term
Reservoirs of Infection
Definition
  • Continual sources of infection
    • Human: AIDS, gonorrhea
      • Carriers may have inapparent infections or latent diseases
    • Animal: rabies, Lyme disease
      • Some zoonoses may be transmitted to humans
    • Nonliving: botulism, tetanus
      • Soil
Term
Transmission of disease
Definition
  • Contact
    • Direct: requires close association between infected and susceptible host
    • Indirect: spread by Fomites
    • Droplet: transmission via airborne droplets
Term
Vehicle transmission
Definition
  • Transmission by an inanimate reservoir (food, water, air)
Term
Vectors
Definition
  • Arthropods, especially fleas, ticks, and mosquitoes
  • Transmit disease by two general methods:
    • Mechanical transmission: arthropod carries pathogen on feet
    • Biological transmission: pathogen reproduces in vector
Term
Nosocomial infections
Definition
  • Are acquired as a result of a hospital stay
  • Affect 5-15% of all hospital patients
Term
MRSA
Definition
  • USA100: 92% of health care strains
  • USA300: 89% of community-acquired strains
Term
Emerging infectious diseases
Definition
  • Diseases that are new, increasing in incidence, or showing a potential to increase in the near future
  • Modern transportation 
    • West Nile virus
  • Ecological disaster, war, and expanding human settlement 
    • coccidioidomycosis
  • Animal control measures
    • Lyme disease
  • Public health failure
    • Diphtheria
Term
Epidemiology
Definition
  • The study of where and when diseases occur
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
    • Collects and analyzes epidemiological information in the United States
    • Publishes Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)
Term
Decriptive epidemiology
Definition
  • Collection and analysis of data
Term
Analytical epidemiology
Definition
  • Comparison of a diseased group and a healthy group
Term
Experimental epidemiology
Definition
  • Controlled experiments
Term
Case Reporting
Definition
  • Health care workers report specified disease to local, state, and national offices
Term
Nationally notifiable diseases
Definition
  • Physicians are required to report occurrence
Term
Morbidity
Definition
  • Incidence of a specific notifiable disease
Term
Mortality
Definition
  • Deaths from notifiable diseases
Term
Morbidity rate
Definition
  • Number of people affected in relation to the toal population in a given time period
Term
Mortality rate
Definition
  • Number of deaths from a disease in relation to the population in a given time 
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