Term
all microbes that reside on or within a healthy person
Includes: bacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses |
|
Definition
| indigenous/normal flora/microbiota |
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|
Term
| normal flora varies in response to life - these factors: |
|
Definition
| age, size, activities, environment, hormones in body |
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|
Term
| normal flora can become parasitic and pathogenic, but have low virulence - T or F |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| normal flora can become parasitic and pathogenic, but have low virulence - T or F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many body cells do you have compared to bacterial cells? |
|
Definition
| 10 trillion compared to 100 trillion |
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|
Term
| normal flora that is present on your body temporarily, can be washed away or dies in competition with other flora |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| persistent survival of organisms on the surface of the human body |
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Definition
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|
Term
| why is knowledge of normal flora important? |
|
Definition
| in diagnostic microbiology for determining clinical significance of organisms isolated from patient specimens |
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|
Term
| during processing, collection or may be causative agent |
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Definition
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|
Term
| normal flora always there in body sites connected to ____ |
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Definition
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|
Term
benefits of normal flora
NUTRIENTS
IRRITANTS
ANTIBIOTIC PRODUCTION
OCCUPIES SPACE |
|
Definition
Nutrients: Vit K, B12, Pantothenic acid, Biotin
Irritant - stimulate immune system
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|
Term
skin microflora includes species __ and __; and bacteria and fungi
HOW RID BODY OF THIS? |
|
Definition
staphylococcus and streptococcus
HANDWASHING with soap and water |
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|
Term
streptococci and staphylococci in the MOUTH are usually beneficial; can be __;
Can be aerobes or anaerobes |
|
Definition
| potentially pathogenic opportunists |
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|
Term
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Definition
|
|
Term
| outer ear and auditory canal contain same kind of microorgs that are in ___ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what can cause microbes to be carried along Eustach tube and into middle ear where they can cause infection |
|
Definition
| coughing, sneezing, blowing the nose |
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|
Term
| ear infections can also occur when Eustach tube does not open and close properly to maintain ___ |
|
Definition
| correct air pressure within ear |
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|
Term
| ear infections can also occur when Eustach tube does not open and close properly to maintain ___ |
|
Definition
| correct air pressure within ear |
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|
Term
| Tears contain ___ that ____ |
|
Definition
| Lysozyme that destroys bacteria |
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|
Term
| eye microflora found where? |
|
Definition
| conjunctiva of eye that lines eye and tears, external openings of eye |
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|
Term
| respiratory tract flora usually found where? and not where? |
|
Definition
nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
NOT larynx or below |
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|
Term
| where are flora in urogenital tract? |
|
Definition
| distal urethra or external genitalia |
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|
Term
| why doesn't stomach tend to house flora? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what inhibits flora in duodenum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what flora found in lower part of small intestine? |
|
Definition
| staphlyo, lactobacillus, streptobacillus, coccos |
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|
Term
where are the largest # bacteria found?
How many species there?
many flora here are _____ |
|
Definition
large intestine; 400
opportunists - only cause disease if dislodged or when imbalance present |
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|
Term
| sterile areas of the body |
|
Definition
| blood, lymph, spinal fluid, joint fluid, most internal tissues and organs (lungs, liver, heart, brain, etc) |
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|
Term
| why might infection NOT occur? |
|
Definition
| land in wrong place and be unable to multiply, may not have specific receptor sites to attach to, antimicrobial factors at site where it lands, immunity from previous infection or vaccination, phagocytes may engulf it |
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|
Term
| subjective changes in body fx not apparent to observer |
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Definition
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|
Term
| objective changes that can be observed or measured |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| group of signs and symptoms that accompany particular disease |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| prolonged use of ___ may destroy intestinal microflora, causing diarr and making body more susceptible to 2 invaders |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fever, septicemia, microbes in tissue fluid, swollen lymph nodes, antibodies in serum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chills, pains, ache, stiffness, nausea, itching, headache, cramps, sore throat, lack of appetite |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do lysozyme in tears, saliva and perspiration help fight infection? |
|
Definition
| they destroy or inhibit growth of microbes if pathogen lies at that site |
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|
Term
infectious disease that can be transmitted from person to person by direct contact
ex. HIV, gonorrhea, diphtheria |
|
Definition
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|
Term
communicable disease easily passed
ex. droplets in air, measles, chixpox |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| predisposing factors contributing to disease susceptibility |
|
Definition
gender
age
nutrition
fatigue
climate and weather
genetics
age, habits, chemotherapy, pre-existing conditions, stress, lifestyle |
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|
Term
1. org enters host
2. attaches to tissue
3. multiplies
4. invades into deeper tissue
5. causes damage to tissue |
|
Definition
| dev of infectious disease |
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|
Term
| some pathogens can cause disease even though they can't attach, some cause disease without burrowing deeper into tissue |
|
Definition
| two exceptions to sequence of dev of infectious disease in body |
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|
Term
| occurs when bodies primary defenses lose battle with pathogen |
|
Definition
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|
Term
ex. pimples, boils, abscesses
disease remains localized to one site |
|
Definition
| local or localized infection |
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|
Term
| pathogens not stopped at localized level and carried to other parts of body by lymph, blood or perhaps phagocytes; infection spread thru body |
|
Definition
| generalized or systemic infection |
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|
Term
| mycobacterium tuberculosis may spread to many internal organs - then called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| multiplication of bacteria in blood; characterized by fever, chills, extreme exhaustion |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| viruses in blood; bacteria in blood |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| can arise from infections in teeth, tonsils, or sinuses |
|
Definition
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|
Term
rapid onset, followed by relatively rapid recovery;
org disappears after illness, usually immunity to re-infection occurs
ex.- measles, mumps, influenza |
|
Definition
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|
Term
slow onset, lasts long time
ex. TB, syphilis, leprosy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which disease is this: if not successfully tx, goes through -
primary-secondary-latent-tertiary stages, affects nervous system, insanity results |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
comes on more suddenly than chronic disease, but less suddenly than acute
ex. mono, pneumonia |
|
Definition
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|
Term
patient doesn't seek med attn for these kinds illnesses
ex. cold, sliver in finger |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| people with few or no disease symptoms; potential source of infection to others |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| disease that goes from being symptomatic to asymptomatic and back to being symptomatic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| latent infection involving cold sores, genital sores, virus always present but stress can trigger it |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| have disease as child, but virus stays in body, can dev shingles as adult |
|
Definition
chicken pox- varicella
shingles - zoster (painful infection of nerves) |
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|
Term
phase of illness when pathogen multiplies, but patient is asymptomatic
- req time for org to establish itself, overcome host defenses, multiply to infectious #'s
- ave length of time is 1-2 wks |
|
Definition
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|
Term
phase of illness - patient feels out of sorts but doesn't have actual disease symptoms
- 1-2 days
*NOT ALL DISEASES HAVE THIS PERIOD |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
phase of illness - patient exper typical symptoms
- may appear suddenly or over few days
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|
Definition
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|
Term
| phase of illness - signs and symptoms subside, fever and malaise decrease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during which phase of illness is body more susceptible to 2dry infection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| phase of illness: symptoms disappear resulting in recovery, may have disability depending on organism and damage, can be quite long |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| how easily a pathogen can infect a host |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bacterial structures associated with virulence |
|
Definition
flagella - mvmt
capsules - sticky
pili - attachmt |
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|
Term
| ability of organism to cause disease, damage or destruction |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| msre of how easily org can cause disease and severity of disease |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| ability to get into host tissues, survive and multiply and spread (under virulence) |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| ability to produce toxins that will alter cell fx, destroy structures |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| virulence factor - some pathogens excrete this to enable them to evade host defense mechanisms, invade or cause damage to body tissues |
|
Definition
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|
Term
enzyme secreted by organism to clot or coag plasma
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|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what specific organism secretes COAGULASE to clot plasma to form protective sticky coat around itself |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| pathogenic enzyme that dissolves clot, barriers that get in their way |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a kinase produced by streptococci? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| S. aureus produces which pathogenic enzymes? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| enables pathogen to spread thru connective tissues by breaking down hyaluronic acid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hyaluronidase produced by which pathogens? |
|
Definition
| staphylo, strepto, clostridium |
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|
Term
| pathogenic enzyme that breaks down collagen - a supportive protein in tendons, cartilage and bones; what pathogen secretes this? |
|
Definition
collagenase
ex. Clostridium perfringens |
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|
Term
pathogenic enzyme that breaks down lecithin
ex of pathogen that secretes this |
|
Definition
Lecithinase
Clostridium perfringens |
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|
Term
| major cause of gas gangrene |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what pathogenic enzyme is destructive to CELL MEMRANES of RBC's and other tissues |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| enzyme that causes damage to host's RBC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Streptococcus species can exhibit which types of hemolysis? |
|
Definition
| all - alpha, beta and gamma |
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|
Term
beta-hemolytic
alpha-hemolytic |
|
Definition
| complete lysis; partial lysis |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| tests for catalase - enzyme that catalyzes breakdn of hydrogen peroxide to water and O2 |
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|
Term
|
Definition
coagulase causes bl clotting
S. aureus is Coag+ |
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|
Term
| toxin produced by LPS in gram neg cell walls as they die, associated with tissue and bl vsl damage, endotoxic shock, malfx of kidney/liver |
|
Definition
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|
Term
toxins - proteins produced in cell and secreted by living pathogens - usually from Gram+ bacteria (usually part of plasmid)
- often named for organs they target |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most toxic exotoxin, affects CNS |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| toxins that affect the GI tract, often cause diarr and sometimes vomiting (foodborne illness) |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| toxins that destroy WBC, produced by some Staphylo and some Strepto species |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some AVIRULENT strains may exist w/in species, depending on piliated or nonpiliated, etc |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| pathogens that are highly infective but low in virulence produce a lot of ____; includes lots of opportunists in indigenous microflora |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| concerned with cause of disease |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| study of factors that determine occurrence of diseases in human populations |
|
Definition
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|
Term
factors include:
virulence of various pathogens
overcrowding
lack of immunizations
nutritional status
inadeq sanitation procedures
modes of transmission |
|
Definition
| factors epidemiology will study |
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|
Term
disease that is constantly present in low # in population or country
- # of cases incr or decr but never dies out
- ex. TB, HIV |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| greater than normal # cases of disease in particular region or w/in short amt of time |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| # of cases incr to max then decr rapidly, # of exposed and susceptible is limited, may occur in communities not prev exposed to particular pathogen |
|
Definition
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|
Term
disease seen worldwide, epidemic of a specific disease, crosses continents
ex. influenza, HIV, TB |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| disease seen occasionally but can't predict it; examples |
|
Definition
Sporadic disease
tetanus, botulism, gas gangrene, plague |
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|
Term
| disease controlled as result of immunization and sanitation procedures; includes smallpox, poliomyelitis, and diphtheria |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| any site where pathogen can multiply or merely survive until transferred to a host |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| living hosts (humans, animals), inanimate objects could be |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| animal disease that affects humans; acquired by direct contact, inhalation, ingestion, or injection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most prevalent zoonotic disease in US |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 msrs to control zoonotic disease |
|
Definition
PPE
proper use of pesticides
isolation/destruction of infected animals
proper disposal of animal carcasses and waste products |
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|
Term
| orgs that can't survive long outside host, transferred person to person use ___ as reservoir |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| staph, strepto, hep, STI, meningitis, diphtheria, dysentery |
|
Definition
| ex of disease that need human reservoir |
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|
Term
| carrier capable of transmitting pathogen during incubat period of particular infectious disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| carrier that harbors and transmits pathogen while recovering from disease |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| carrier that is completely recovered, but still harbors pathogen (i.e. strepto pyogenes) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| carries pathogen without ever having had disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inanimate reservoirs for infection include |
|
Definition
| air, water, soil, food, milk, fomites |
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|
Term
| most highly contagious diseases include |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bacteria can't ___ in air, but can be transported via airborne particles to warm nutrient site for growth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| person to person transmission |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fomite transmission is type of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| transmission over short distances (<1m) via droplet nuclei |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| contamination with poorly treated or untreated sewage, i.e. cholera |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| transmitted thru undercooked, raw foods, etc. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| larger than 5 microns, droplets that travel >1m, usually on dust particles, small enough to remain airborne for some time |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| common vectors that transmit disease to humans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| passive transmission on body parts of insect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| complex process where microorg reproduces inside arthropod; human infected when bitten |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| mice and ticks transfer pathogen through |
|
Definition
| bite to healthy individual |
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|
Term
| pathogen from within patient (portal of entry) - normal flora in wrong site, etc |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
most microorg have preferred portal of entry - T or F
(only few types establish themselves as indigenous microflora) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| entry thru intact skin or mucus membranes; thru infusion or injection via contaminated needles or catheters; insect bites or punctures, wounds, surgery, cuts |
|
Definition
| Parenteral portal of entry |
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|
Term
| community-acquired infection is present or incubating at time of ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| community-acquired infection is present or incubating at time of admission - T or F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| infections as result of med or surg tx, caused by surgeons, physicians, etc |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nosocomial infection contracted during patient care |
|
Definition
| transmission based infection |
|
|
Term
| how many cases in US are nosocomial? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| factors contributing to nosocomial infections |
|
Definition
| not using aseptic technique, inapprop use of broad spectrum antib, trusting antib too much, lengthy surgeries, overcrowding of hospitals/short-staffed, increased use of anti-inflamm and immunosuppressed agents, use of indwelling med devices |
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|
Term
| presence of just ONE contrib factor to nosocom infections can cause problems...T or F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| orgs commonly indicated in nosocomial infections |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most critical areas in hospital for disease transmission |
|
Definition
| ER, OR, Delivery Room, Nursery, Central Supply Area |
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|
Term
|
Definition
preemies, newborns, women in L&D, surgical and burn patients, diabetic and cancer patients, patients receiving steroids, anticancer drugs, radiation,
patients with deficient immune responses (AIDS), patients who are paralyzed or undergoing renal dialysis or catheterization (their normal defense mechanisms aren't working properly) |
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|
Term
| two disease healthcare workers who handle bl and body fluids are at greatest risk for: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bl infections most often transmitted thru inanimate vectors |
|
Definition
| hep, syphilis, AIDS, malaria, systemic staph infections |
|
|
Term
| disposable apparatus are effective in preventing bl infections passed on to health workers - T or F? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| modes of disease transmission in hospital |
|
Definition
airborne
contact (direct or indirect)
vector |
|
|
Term
| treat sick, immunize, isolate diseased persons, id and try to eliminate reservoirs, educate public about transmission and sanitation procedures - these are attempts at what? |
|
Definition
| ways to control epidemic disease |
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|
Term
| goal of infection control? |
|
Definition
| prevent transmission of disease |
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|
Term
| How is malaria and yellow fever - controlled/prevented? |
|
Definition
| control source of transmission - mosquitoes |
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|
Term
| when smallpox eradicated - how? |
|
Definition
| 1967, thru isolation, immunization, detection |
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|
Term
| good housekeeping includes: |
|
Definition
| damp dusting, laundry, scrubbing |
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|
Term
| who sets up specific guidelines for procedures based on aseptic technique? |
|
Definition
| Infection Control Committee |
|
|
Term
| drying as important as washing to remove microorgs - T or F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| condition where living pathogens are absent, techniques used to achieve this depend on site, circumstance and environment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| clean technique; goal is to exclude all pathogens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sterile technique - goal is to exclude all microorgs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| wear this when contact with biohazardous material expected |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what masks are used to filter out TB? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| types of precautions used on patients based on |
|
Definition
| communicability of infection and possible routes or spread |
|
|
Term
precautions that include:
gloves, gown, handwashing, masks, and instructions for cleaning eqpmt, linens, sharps, etc |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| used in addition to standard precautions; req private room or cohorting |
|
Definition
| transmission-based precautions |
|
|
Term
used for microorgs transmitted by skin to skin contact with patient or indirect contact with environmental surfaces
*req gloves, gowns |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| level of precautions mainly used for controlling spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria (MRSA and VRE), RSV, viral pneumonia in infants/small child, chickenpox, lice, scabies, congenital rubella, cutaneous diphtheria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| precautions used for infectious microorgs transmitted by mucus droplets from upper airway; masks must be worn within 3 feet |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| level of precautions used for influenza, meningitis, pneumonia, pharyngeal diphtheria, acute viral in infants and young child, 5th disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| precautions to prevent dissemination of droplet nuclei or dust particles smaller than 5 microns |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| level of precautions used for TB, zoster, measles, |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| suspected TB patients must be in room with ___ air pressure, use ___ masks |
|
Definition
| negative air pressure, N95 masks |
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|
Term
| level of precautions for patients with burns, leukemia, transplant, radiation tx, leukopenic, preemies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| air is passed thru HEPA filter and room is under positive air pressure, visitors must wear gown and masks, proper handwashing - level of precautions |
|
Definition
|
|
