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Microbiology of Respiratory Tract
Downstate > MS2 Respiratory Block > Lecture 4 Microbiology of Respiratory Tract
73
Medical
Graduate
02/05/2011

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Term
aerosols
Definition
droplet nuclei containing about 1 bacterium that allows for effective person-to-person respiratory transmission; used by TB, measles, and varicella; causes immediate LRI without URI
Term
allelic heterogeneity
Definition
different alleles at the same locus contribute to the same disease
Term
alveolar macrophages
Definition
good phagocytes, poor signalers
Term
hookworm that pierces skin and travels to lungs to be coughed up and swallowed
Definition
Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus
Term
NK-mediated killing of pathogens that are marked by IgG; NK cells have Fc receptors
Definition
antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
Term
ingested eggs hatch in gut, worm travels to lungs, is coughed up and swallowed, and then matures in gut
Definition
Ascaris lumbricoides
Term
risk factors for aspiration
Definition
alcohol, CNS depression, elderly
Term
mixed aerobic and anerobic flora, lung abscesses; common in alcoholics; dx?
Definition
aspiration pneumonia
Term
expressed on macrophages; binds HSP60 to allow Histoplasmosis entry; pts defective in this protein lack a neutrophil marginating pool
Definition
β2 integrins
Term
broad based fungus that causes blastomycosis; endemic to central US, Mexico, India, Middle East, Africa, Canada
Definition
Blastomyces dermatitidis
Term
dilation of bronchioles and obliteration of lumen by mucus plugs; complication of CF, PCD
Definition
bronchiectasis
Term
diagnostic technique to collect specimens from lung alveoli, particularly alveolar macrophages
Definition
bronchoalveolar lavage
Term
Burkholderia cepacia
Definition
causes persistent infection in CF pts
Term
bug that causes mellioidosis
Definition
Burkholderia pseudomallei
Term
asymptomatic but still infectious
Definition
carrier state
Term
Cl- channel; defective in CF pts
Definition
CFTR
Term
asymptomatic infection with low transmission rate; ex.) primary TB
Definition
clinical latency
Term
droplets
Definition
large respiratory droplets do not travel far--3ft radius; infects URT first
Term
infection of URT first and then spreads to LRT; Strep pneumonia, Klebsiella pneumonia, M. catarrhalis, Hib, Legionella
Definition
community-acquired pneumonias
Term
compound heterozygosity
Definition
having 2 different recessive alleles at a particular locus that presents, phenotypically, like a heterozygous state
Term
fungal form that infects like a droplet nuclei; LRI without URI
Definition
conidial spores
Term
defense mechanism to facilitate mucociliary clearance
Definition
cough reflex
Term
barking cough, subglottis inflammation, no drooling; dx?
Definition
croup
Term
autosomal recessive defect in CFTR; pt presents with respiratory infections, bronchiectasis, infertility, pancreatic exocrine dysfunction
Definition
cystic fibrosis
Term
defensins
Definition
protein found in secretions that aids immune defense
Term
70% of CFTR mutations are caused by this; complete lack of CFTR activity
Definition
∆F508
Term
non-pathogenic members of diptheria family found in normal flora of throat
Definition
diphtheroids
Term
what bugs are transmitted via droplet nuclei?
Definition

varicella, measles, and TB transmission

Term
embolic pneumonia
Definition
pneumonias that have been acquired hematogenously
Term

 

Francisella tularensis

 

Definition
Gram- fastidious bacteria, causes tularemia, spread by aerosols; bioterrorism agent class A; risk factor: rabbits, rodents, squirrels
Term
protects against aspiration; inhibited by alcohol and CNS depression
Definition
gag reflex
Term
anatomical structure that delineates upper respiratory tract from lower respiratory tract
Definition
glottis
Term
hemorrhagic mediastinitis; bug?
Definition
Bacillus anthracis
Term
produced by airway epithelial cells; recruits neutrophils
Definition
IL-8
Term
Kartagener’s triad
Definition
sinusitis, bronchiectasis, situs inversus; seen in PCD
Term
produced by alveolar macrophages; recruits neutrophils
Definition
leukotriene B4
Term
complication of aspiration pneumonia, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Staph aureus
Definition
lung abscess
Term
neutrophils on periphery of vasculature that bind to vessel wall via beta-integrin
Definition
marginating pool
Term
epidemiology of melioidosis
Definition

systemic disease, high mortality rate, SE Asia, Vietnam veterans; bug: Burkholderia pseudomallei

Term
found on IgA constant domain; facilitates mucociliary clearance
Definition
mucin receptors
Term
organism isolated from CF pts that produces alginate, a biofilm that resists host defenses
Definition
mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Term
disease commonly caused by Staph aureus, Staph epidermis, Enterobacteriaceae, or Pseudomonas
Definition
nosocomial pneumonias
Term
zoonotic disease; aka) psittacosis
Definition
ornithosis
Term
caused by autoinfection commonly by normal throat commensals like M. catarrhalis, Strep pneumonia and Hib; caused by inflammed Eustachian tube that causes obstruction of the middle ear
Definition
otitis media
Term
Oriental Lung Fluke; acquired by ingestion of raw crustaceans; travels from gut to lungs and matures in lungs
Definition
Paragonimus westermani
Term
disease caused by Gram- bacilli Yersinia pestis; this and smallpox are the only bugs that can cause naturally efficient person-to-person respiratory transmission
Definition
plague
Term
polymicrobic
Definition
multiple species; common in aspiration pneumonia
Term
Legionella
Definition
Gram- aerobic bacteria that causes Pontiac fever and Legionnaire's disease; water-loving
Term
caused by a mutation in dynein; presents as Kartagner's triad (sinusitis, bronchiectasis, and situs inversus) with male infertility
Definition
primary ciliary dyskinesia
Term
primary viremia
Definition

virus disseminates in blood and targets spleen, lymph nodes, and liver; occurs in smallpox

Term
ornithosis; caused by Chlamydia psittaci and spread by birds
Definition
psittacosis
Term
zoonotic disease caused by Gram- bacilli Coxiella burnetti; acquired by inhalation; risk factors include farm and domestic animals
Definition
Q fever
Term
transcellularly transports antigens from the respiratory lumen to subepithelial APCs
Definition
respiratory M cells
Term
biphasic disease caused by coronavirus, originated in Hong Kong
Definition
SARS
Term
secondary viremia
Definition

after primary viral dissemination to spleen/LNs/liver, virus targets skin and mucous membranes, creating a rash; occurs in smallpox

Term
produced by B cells in BALT (broncho-associated lymphoid tissue); acts synergistically with mucociliary escalator and contributes to chemical defenses along with IgG
Definition
sIgA
Term
occurs in PCD as part of Kartagner's triad; all body organs are flipped, right to left
Definition
situs inversus
Term
helminth that penetrates the skin and travels to lungs to be coughed up and swallowed; matures in gut
Definition
Strongyloides stercoralis
Term
caused by overgrowth of Candida in mouth; risk factors: impaired CMI
Definition
thrush
Term
painful ulcerative disease of the mouth; caused by overgrowth and synergism between fusobacterium and spirochetes; risk factors: poor oral hygiene; aka. Vincent's angina
Definition
trench mouth
Term
protozoa that is part of normal throat flora (2)
Definition
Trichomonas tenax, Entamoeba gingivalis
Term
hypersensitivity reaction caused by residence of Wucheria or Brugia (those that cause lymphatic filiarisis) in lung capillaries, waiting for transmission by insect bite
Definition
tropical pulmonary eosinophilia
Term
lethal disease caused by fastidious Francisella spp.; risk factors: rabbit; aerosol transmission
Definition
tularemia
Term
bug that causes smallpox; transmitted in respiratory droplets
Definition
variola virus
Term
Veillonella sp: anaerobic/aerobic, Gram+/-, cocci/bacilli; niche?
Definition
strict anaerobic Gram- cocci found in normal throat flora
Term
aka) trench mouth; painful ulcerative disease of mouth; caused by overgrowth and synergism between fusobacteria and spirochetes; risk factors: poor oral hygiene
Definition
Vincent’s angina
Term
gamma hemolytic; part of normal throat flora
Definition
viridans streptococci
Term
nematodes that cause lymphatic filiarisis, which can lead to tropical pulmonary eosinophilia
Definition
Wuchereria spp., Brugia spp.
Term
Yersinia pestis: disease, Gram+/-, cocci/bacilli
Definition
plague, Gram- bacilli
Term
uncommon viral pneumonia in adults and children; transmitted by deer mice to humans; no treatment available
Definition
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
Term
locus heterogeneity
Definition

mutations at different loci contribute to the same disease; ex.) PCD

Term
spores are inhaled into alveoli, bugs germinate and are brought to LNs; pt dies from hemorrhagic mediastinitis; dx?
Definition
inhalation anthrax
Term
fusiform bacillus that is part of normal oral flora but can contribute to trench mouth
Definition
Fusobacterium spp.
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