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Microbiology Lecture Test 4
Immunity, AIDS, TB
244
Microbiology
Undergraduate 2
10/31/2013

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Cards

Term
- The study of disease
Definition
Pathology
Term
- The study of the cause of a disease
Definition
Etiology
Term
- The development of disease
Definition
Pathogenesis
Term
- Colonization of the body by pathogens
Definition
Infection
Term
- An abnormal state in which the body is not functioning normally
Definition
Disease
Term
How long may Transient Microbiata be present for?
Definition
Days, weeks, or months
Term
How long may Normal Microbiata be present for?
Definition
Normal microbiota permanently colonize the host.
Term
- The relationship between normal microbiota and the host
Definition
Symbiosis
Term
- Form of symbiosis when one organism is benefited and the other is unafected
Definition
Commensalism
Term
- Form of symbiosis when both organisms benefit
Definition
Mutualism
Term
- Form of symbiosis when one organism is benefited at the expense of the other
Definition
Parasitism
Term
- Microorganism that does not ordinarily cause a disease but can become pathogenic under certain circumstances
Definition
Opportunistic Pathogen (ex. E. coli)
Term
Location of normal microbiota on and in the human body:
Definition

All surfaces colonized besides blood stream and tissue.

 

Term
- Competition between microbes
Definition
Microbial antagonism
Term
Normal microbiata protect the host by:
Definition

Occupying niches that pathogens might occupy

Producing acids

Producing bacterions (chemicals that kill of competition)

Term
- Live microbes applied to or ingested into the body, intended to exert a beneficial effect
Definition
Probiotics
Term
A common source of probiotics:
Definition
Yogurt
Term
- They are used to prove the cause of an infectious disease
Definition
Koch's Postulates
Term
Koch's Postulates (4):
Definition

1. Suspect microbe always found in diseased individual never in healthy one (exceptions - carriers of yeast infections)

2. Be able to culture microbe on artificial medium in lab (not always possible)

3. Pure cultures of microbe must be able to cause the disease in test animals

3. Reisolate same microbe from experimentally infected animal

Term

- A disease that is spread from one host to another

- Example?

Definition

Communicable disease

Ex. HIV

Term

- A disease that is easily spread from one host to another

- Example?

Definition

Contagious disease

Ex. Flu

Term

- A disease that is not transmitted from one host to another

- Example?

Definition

Noncommunicable disease

Ex. Skin cancer

Term
- A type of occurence of disease which the disease is constantly present in a population
Definition
Endemic Disease
Term
- A type of occurence of disease which the disease is acquired by many hosts in a given area in a short time
Definition
Epidemic disease
Term
- A type of occurence of disease which the disease is a worldwide epidemic
Definition
Pandemic disease
Term
- A type of occurence of disease which there is immunity in most of population
Definition
Herd immunity
Term

- A type of severity or duration of a disease in which the SYMPTOMS DEVELOP RAPIDLY (DISEASE ENDS SOON)

-Example?

Definition

Acute Disease

Ex. Flu

Term

- A type of severity or duration of a disease in which the DISEASE DEVELOPS SLOWLY (DISEASE LAST A LONG TIME)

-Example?

Definition

Chornic disease

Ex. Arthritis

Term

- A type of severity or duration of a disease in which the DISEASE HAS A PERIOD OF NO SYMPTOMS WHEN THE PATIENT IS INACTIVE

- Example?

Definition

Latent disease

Ex. Herpes

Term
- An extend of host involvement in which PATHOGENS ARE LIMITED TO A SMALL AREA OF THE BODY
Definition
Local infection
Term
- An extent of host involvement in which AN INFECTION IS THROUGHT THE BODY
Definition
Systemic infection
Term
- An extent of host involvement that was a SYSTEMIC INFECTION THAT BEGAIN AS A LOCAL INFECTION
Definition
Focal infection
Term
- Bacteria in the blood
Definition
Bacteremia
Term
- Growth of bacteria in the blood
Definition
Septicemia
Term
- Toxins in the blood
Definition
Toxemia
Term
- Viruses in the blood
Definition
Viremia
Term
- Acute infection that causes the initial illness
Definition
Primary infection
Term

- Opportunisic infection after a primary (predisposing) infection

-Example?

Definition

Secondary infection

Ex. Bacterial pnemonia

Term

- A disease with no noticeable signs or symptoms (inapparent infection, asymptomatic)

- Example?

Definition

Subclinical disease

Ex. Typhloid Mary

Term
- Continual sources of infection
Definition
Reservoirs of infection
Term
What are human reservoirs of infection for:
Definition
AIDS, gonorhea
Term
What are animals reservoirs of infection for:
Definition
Rabies, Lyme disease
Term
What are nonliving substances resevoirs of infection for:
Definition
Botulism, tetanus
Term
When humans are resevoirs of infection, the carriers may have __________________.
Definition
Inapparent infections or latent diseases
Term
When animals are reservoirs of infection, some zoonoses may be ________________.
Definition
Transmitted to humans
Term
What is an example of a nonliving reservoir of infection?
Definition
Soil - spores cause it
Term
- A type of transmission of disease through contact that requires close association between infected and susceptible host
Definition
Direct contact
Term
- A type of transmission of disease through contact that spreads by fomites (inanimate objects (doorknobs, telephones, keyboards))
Definition
Indirect contact
Term
- A type of transmission of disease through contact that transmission is via airborne droplets (sneezing, coughing, breathing)
Definition
Droplet contact
Term
- A type of transmission of disease occurs by an inanimate reservoir (food, water)
Definition
Vehicle
Term
- A type of transmission of disease that occurs by arthropods, especially fleas, ticks, and mosquitoes
Definition
Vectors
Term
- A type of transmission of disease that occurs when arthropod carried pathogen on feet
Definition
Mechanical
Term

- A type of transmission of disease that occurs when pathogen reproduces in vector

(When someone who is sick flies acrossed America and spreads the disease)

Definition
Biological
Term
- Hospital-acquired infections
Definition
Nosocomial infections
Term
What percent of all hospital patients acquire nosocomial infections?
Definition
5-15%
Term
Percent of Nosocomial Infections that are Gram (+) cocci:
Definition
51%
Term
Percent of Nosocomial Infections that are Gram (-) rods:
Definition
30%
Term
Percent of Nosocomial Infections that are Clostridium difficile:
Definition
13%
Term
Percent of Nosocomial Infections that are Fungi:
Definition
6%
Term
Percentage of Gram (+) cocci Nosocomial Infections that are Resistant to Antibiotics:
Definition
29-89%
Term
Percentage of Gram (-) rod Nosocomial Infections that are Resistant to Antibiotics:
Definition
3-32%
Term
- The ability to cause disease
Definition
Pathogenicity
Term
- The extent of pathogenicity
Definition
Virulence
Term
- Ability to overcome host resistance
Definition
Infectivity
Term
High infectivity + High toxicity =
Definition
A very dangerous pathogen
Term
3 Portals of Entry:
Definition

Mucous membranes

Skin

Parenteral route

Term
4 Examples of the Portal of Entry - Mucous Membrane:
Definition

Respiratory tract

GI tract

Genitourinary tract

Conjunctiva

Term
3 Examples of the Portal of Entry - Skin:
Definition

Most often thru broken skin

Sometimes hair follicles

Sweat ducts

Term
5 Examples of the Portal of Entry - Parenteral Route:
Definition

Injections

Bites

Surgery

Cuts

Dry skin splitting

Term
- A type of portal of entry that gets infected thru skin to underlying tissues
Definition
Parenteral Route
Term
2 Virulence Factors:
Definition

Adherence

Enzymes

Term
__________ bind to receptors on host cells.
Definition
Adhesins/ligands
Term
- Attempted colonization
Definition
Favor establishment
Term
2 types of Adhesins/Ligands:
Definition

Glycocalyx: Streptococcus mutans


Fimbriae: Escherichia coli

Term
What do enzymes do to influence virulence:
Definition
Promote pathogen survival, spreading, host injury
Term
7 Examples of Enzymes that influence Virulence:
Definition

Coagulase: Coagulate blood

Kinases: Digest fibrin clots

Hyaluronidase: Hydrolyses hyaluronic acid

Collagenase: Hydrolyzes collagen

IgA proteases: Destry IgA antibodies

Siderophores: Take iron from host iron-binding proteins

Antigenic variation: Alter surface proteins

Term
- Substances that contribute to pathogenicity
Definition
Toxin
Term
- Ability to produce a toxin
Definition
Toxigenicity
Term
- Presence of toxin in the host's blood
Definition
Toxemia
Term

- Inactivated toxin used in a vaccine

Ex. Tetanus vaccine

Definition
Toxoid
Term
- Antibodies against a specific toxin
Definition
Antitoxin
Term

Is this a ENDOTOXINS or EXOTOXINS:

Source: Gram (-)

Relation to microbe: Present in LPS of outer membrane

Chemistry: Lipid

Fever?: Yes

Neutralized by antitoxin?: No

LD50: Relatively large

Definition
Endotoxin
Term

Is this ENDOTOXINS or EXOTOXIN:

Source: Mostly Gram (+)

Relation to microbe: By-products of growing cell

Chemistry: Protein

Fever?: No

Neutralized by antitoxin?: Yes

LD50: Small

Definition
Exotoxin
Term
- Membrane-disrupting toxin
Definition
Exotoxin
Term
2 Ways Exotoxins Lyse Host's cells:
Definition

Making protein channels in the plasma membrane

Disrupting phospholipid bilayer

Term
- Exotoxins that act on GI tract
Definition
Enterotoxins
Term
What is the purpose of diarrhea?
Definition
The pathogen wants to spread.
Term
- These cause an intesne immune response due to release of cytokines from host cells
Definition
Superantigens
Term
6 Examples of Superantigens' immune response:
Definition

Fever

Nausea

Vomiting

Diarrhea

Shock

Death

Term
2 Examples of Superantigens:
Definition

S. aureus

Steptococcus pyogenes

Term
5 Portals of Exit:
Definition

Respiratory tract

Gastrointestinal tract

Genitourinary tract

Skin - lesions

Blood

Term
2 Examples of the Portal of Exit - Respiratory Tract:
Definition

Coughing

Sneezing

Term
2 Examples of the Portal of Exit -Gastrointestinal tract:
Definition

Feces

Saliva

Term
2 Examples of the Portal of Exit - Genitourinary tract:
Definition

Urine

Vaginal secretions

Term
1 Examples of the Portal of Exit -Skin:
Definition
Lesions
Term
3 Examples of the Portal of Exit - Blood:
Definition

Biting arthropods

Needles

Syringes

Term
- Lack of resistance to disease
Definition
Susceptibility
Term
- Ability to ward off disease
Definition
Immunity
Term
- Defense against only pathogens
Definition
Innate immunity
Term
- Immunity, resistance to a specific pathogen
Definition
Adaptive (acquired) immunity
Term
3 First line of defense for Innate (Nonspecific) Immunity:
Definition

Intact skin

Mucous membrane and their secretions

Normal microbiota

Term
4 Second line of defense for Innate (Nonspecific) Immunity:
Definition

Natural killer cells and phagocytic white blood cells

Inflammation

Fever

Antimicrobial substances

Term
7 Physical Factors in the First line defense:
Definition

Skin - keratin is a protective protein

Mucous membranes

Ciliary escalatory: microbes trapped in mucus are transported away from the lungs

Lacrimal apparatus: Washes eye

Saliva: Washes microbes off

Urine: Flows out

Vaginal secretions: Flows out

Term
6 Chemical Factors on the First Line Defense:
Definition

Fungistatic fatty acid in sebum

Low pH (3-5) of skin

Lysozyme in perspiration, tears, saliva, and tissue fluids

Low pH (1.2-3.0) of gastric juice

Transferrins in blood find iron

NO (Nitric oxide) inhibits ATP production

Term
- Normal microbiota complete with pathogens
Definition
Microbial antagonism/competitive exclusion
Term
6 White Blood Cells on Second Line Defense:
Definition

Neutrophils: Phagocytic

Basophils: Produce histamine

Eosinophils: Toxic to parasites and some phagocytic

Dendritic cells: Initiate adaptive immune response

Monocytes: Phagocytic as mature macrophages

Lymphocytes: Involved in specific immunity

Term
- From Greek, meaning eat
Definition
Phago
Term
- From Greek, meaning cell
Definition
Cyte
Term
- Ingestion of microbes or particles by a cell, performed by phagocytes
Definition
Phagocytosis
Term
8 Components of Inflammation in the Second Line Defense:
Definition

Redness (erythema)

Pain

Heat

Swelling (edema)

Acute-phase proteins activated (complement, cytokine, and kinins)

Vasodilation (histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes)

Margination and emigration of WBCs

Tissue repair

Term
4 Chemicals Released by Damaged Cells:
Definition

Histamine

Kinins

Prostaglandins

Leukotrienes

Term
5 Components of Fever (Abnormally High Body Temperature) Second Line Defense:
Definition

Hypothalamus normally set at 37 degrees Celsius.

Gram (-) endotoxin cause phagocytes to release interleukin-1 (IL-1).

Hypothalamus releases prostaglandins that reset the hypothalaus to a high temperature

Body increases rate of metabolism and shivering which raise temperature

When IL-1 is eliminated, body temperature falls (crisis)

Term
What happens in the Complement System?
Definition
Serum proteins activate in a cascade.
Term
What is the function of The Complement System?
Definition
To poke holes through cell membrane
Term
Three pathways to activate complements:
Definition

Classical

Alternative

Lectin

Term
2 things involved in Innate Immunity:
Definition

Transferrins

Antimicrobial peptides

Term
Innate Immunity is a _____ line defense.
Definition
2nd
Term
Why are Transferrins not effective against Borrelia (Lyme's disease)?
Definition
Because Borrellia uses mangenese instead of iron
Term
Transferrins binds _________.
Definition
Seramions
Term
Antimicrobial peptides lyse ___________.
Definition
Bacterial cells
Term
- Specific antibody and lymphocyte response to antigen
Definition
Adaptive (acquired) immunity
Term
- A substance that causes the body to produce specific antibodies or sensitized T cells
Definition
Antigen (An)
Term
- Proteins made in response to an An; can combine with that An.
Definition
Antibody (Ab)
Term
- Serum proteins that bind to Ab in an An-Ab reaction; cause cell lysis
Definition
Complement
Term
What is meant by Adaptive Immunity being acquired?
Definition
It develops during an individual's lifetime.
Term
Adaptive immunity offers which type of protection?
Definition
Long term
Term
Adaptive immunity is mediated by complex interaction of which 3 things?
Definition

Antibodies

Lymphocytes

Macrophages

Term
4 Advantages of Abnormally High Body Temperature:
Definition

Increase transferrins

Increase IL-1 activity

Overall enhancement of immune function

Inhibits some pathogens

Term
3 Disadvantages of Abnormally High Body Temperature:
Definition

Tachycardia (Rapid heart beat)

Acidosis

Dehydration

Term
- Defense against only pathogens
Definition
Innate immunity
Term
_________ immunity involves antibodies produced by B cells.
Definition
Humoral
Term
How do B cells recognize antigens?
Definition
By antibodies on their surfaces
Term
What does Cell-mediated immunity involve?
Definition
T cells
Term
How do T cells recognize antigens?
Definition
By TCRs (T-cell antigen receptor) on their surfaces
Term
- The study of reactions etween antibodies and antigens
Definition
Serology
Term
- The generic term for serum because it contains Ab
Definition
Antiserum
Term
- Serum proteins
Definition
Globulins
Term
- Antibodies
Definition
Immunoglobulins
Term
- Serum fraction containing Ab
Definition
Gamma globulin
Term
- Foreign substance that elicits immune response
Definition
Antigen (An)
Term

____________ and __________ are most antigenic.

__________ and __________ are less antigenic

Definition

Proteins and polysacchrides

Lips and nucleic acid

Term
What is the molecular weight of antigens required for immungenicity (antigenicity)?
Definition
1,000
Term
- Specficity on antigen (antigenic determinants)
Definition
Epitopes
Term
- A small compound not antigenic by itself but when coupled to larger molecule becomes antigenic
Definition
Hapten
Term
2 Example of Antigens Combinations:
Definition

Penicillin + Serum proteins = Antigen

Poison Ivy - Urusiol oil = Hapten; + Tissue proteins = Antigen

Term
-Antibodies that are secreted by different B cell lineages within the body
Definition
Polyclona
Term

IgG- Structure:

Location:

Complement Fixation (Y/N):

Placental Transfer (Y/N):

 

Definition

Structure: Monomer

Location: Majority of serum antibodies

Complement Fixation: Yes, Fix complement

Placental Transfer: Yes, cross placenta

Term

IgM - Structure:

Complement Fixation (Y/N):

Known Function:

Definition

Structure: Pentamer

Complement Fixation: Yes, Fix complement

Known Functions: Aggultinates microbes; first Ab produced in response to infection

Term

IgA- Structure:

Location:

Known Function:

Definition

Structure: Dimers

Location: In secretions

Known Function: Mucosal protection

Term

IgD- Structure:

Location:

Known Function:

Definition

Structure: Monomer

Location: In blood, lymph, and on B cells

Known Function: On B cells, initiate immune response

Term

IgE- Structure:

Locations (3):

Known Functions (2):

Definition

Structure: Monomer

Location: On mast cells, basophils, and in blood

Known Functions: Allergic reactions; lysis of parasitic worms

Term
- Antibodies bind to toxins before they exert toxic effect; bind to viruses preventing attachment
Definition
Neutralization
Term
- Antibodies (Abs) specific toxins
Definition
Antitoxin
Term
- Specific to snake venom, spider venom, etc. - can use only once
Definition
Antivenin (Antivenom)
Term
Why can we use antivenin only once?
Definition
The injection is from another animal, which is foreign to humans. Next time you are injected with that antivenon, your body will have made antibodies to reject the foreign substance.
Term
- Bacteria and other foreign particles clumped together for more efficient phagocytosis; clumping of bacteria retards their spread
Definition
Agglutination
Term
- Small soluble proteins ppt, more easily phagocytized
Definition
Precipitation
Term
- Coating of antigen with Abs enchances phagocytosis
Definition
Opsonization
Term
- Binding of IgG, IgM to foreign cell activates complement cascade
Definition
Complement fixation
Term
- Complex series of reactions causing soluble serum proteins to sequentially bind to antigen-antibody complexes on target cells
Definition
Complement cascade
Term
Complement proteins form hollow tubes in target cell membranes by _________.
Definition
Cell lysis
Term
Why are antibodies moer effective against gram (-) and less effective against gram (+)?
Definition
Because it pokes through the membrane and gram (+) have a thick cell wall making it harder to get in.
Term
7 Mechanisms of Ab Action:
Definition

Neutralization

Antitoxin & Antivenin

Agglutination

Precipitation

Opsonization

Complement fixation

Complement cascade

Term
For every potential antigen there exists a _______ that can prouce an ______ specific to it.
Definition
B cell, Antibody
Term
During embryonic development, regions of ___ genes combine with __ genes to produce >1015 different antibodies.
Definition
V, C
Term

- Exposure to antigen stimulates B cell proliferation and differentiation into plasma cells + memory cells

- Plasma cells produce ABs in quantity

- Memory cells produce Abs next time antigen present

Definition
Clonal Selection
Term
- A form of activation of B cells when antigen alone stimulates B cell proliferation
Definition
T-independent antigen
Term
- A form of activation of B cells when most of the time anitgen presenting cell (APC) is required
Definition
T-dependent antigen
Term
3 Antigen fragments on Antigen-Presenting Cells with Major Histo Compacitibility Complex:
Definition

B cells (specific)

Dendritic cells (general)

Macrophages (general)

Term
- Macrophages stimulated by ingesting Antigens or by cytokines (interleukins)
Definition
Activated macrophages
Term

How long does it take humoral immunity to work:

1° (primary) respsone

2° (secondary) response

Definition

1° (primary) respsone - typically 7-10 days, IgMs first then IgG

2° (secondary) response - typically 1-3 days, mostly IgG from memory cells

 

Term
What is meant by self-tolerance when talking about antibodies?
Definition
The body doesn't make antibodies against self.
Term
- The process of destroying B and T cells that react to self antigens
Definition
Colonal deletion
Term
- Strength of the bond between Ab and An
Definition
Affinity
Term
- Ab recognizes a specific epitope
Definition
Specficity
Term
What does the Helper T Cells TH1 do:
Definition
Activate cells related to cell-mediated immunity
Term
What do the Helper T Cells TH2 cells do:
Definition
Activate B cells to produce eosinophils, IgM, and IgE
Term
Where to Cyotoxic T Cells (CD8, Tc) activate?
Definition
In cytotoic T lymphocytes
Term
Cytotoxic T Cells induce ______________.
Definition
Induce Apoptosis in target cell
Term

Regulatory T Cells (TR):

Supress __________________

Shuts down _______________

Maintain __________________

Definition

Supress other T cells

Shuts down T-cell mediated immune response

Maintain immunological tolerance--supres autoreactive T-cells

Term
What does the extracellular Natural killer kill?
Definition

Cells which don't express MHC 1.

Ex. Fluke

Term
-Antibody production after exposure to antigen
Definition
Active Immunity
Term
Is active immunity short or long term protection?
Definition
Long term protection
Term
2 Examples of Active immunity:
Definition

Natural- Infection

Artificial- Vaccine/Toxoid

Term
- Form of immunity when it receives foreign antibodies
Definition
Passive Immunity
Term
Is passive immunity long or short term protection?
Definition
Short term protection
Term
2 Example of Passive Immunity:
Definition

Natural - mother to fetus across placenta; colostrum

Artificial - antibodies produced in another animals (ex. horse), purified

Term
- Blood serum containing specific antibodies
Definition
Antiserum
Term

- Over-reaction of immune system resulting in host tissue damage or death

Examples (3)?

Definition

Hypersensitivity

Ex. Allergies, Transplant rejection, Autoimmunity

Term
How many types of Hypersensitivity reactions are there?
Definition
4 (or 5) types
Term
A type of hypersensitivity reaction that is immediate and results from IgE binding to mast cells and basophils, mast cells especially contain granules of histamines
Definition
Type 1 (Anaphylactic) Reactions
Term
When histamines are released what happens (4)?
Definition

Itching

Edema (increased capillary permeability)

Vascular dilation (erythema)

Smooth muscle contraction (Ex. bronchial constriction -- not asthma)

Term
What is asthma mediated by?
Definition
By leukotrienes and prostaglandins (synthesized by activated mast cells)
Term
What does location of symptoms in Type 1 (Anaphylatic) Reactions?
Definition
Location of symptoms depends on location of mast cells.
Term
In a Type 1 (Anaphylactic) Reaction, if the mast cells are located in the respiratory tract you will have what allergy?
Definition
Hay fever (Itchy and watery eyes, noses, increased mucous secretion)
Term
In a Type 1 (Anaphylactic) Reaction, if the mast cells are located in the intestinal tract you will have what allergy?
Definition
Food allergy symptoms often not manifest in GI tract (ex. hives, systemic anaphylaxis)
Term
In a Type 1 (Anaphylactic) Reaction, if the mast cells are located in the skin you will have what allergy?
Definition
Local inflammation (ex. dermatitis)
Term
What happens in Type 1 Reactions after exposure to antigen?
Definition

Exposure to Anitgen

Triggering peripheral blood vessel dilation throughout entire body

Lower blood pressure

Shock

Term
What happens in Type I Reactions when massive histamine and other mediator (leukotrienes, prostoglandins) release?
Definition

Edema

Respiratory constriction

Death

Term
What is required for treatment of Type I Reactions?
Definition
Immediate treatment with adrenalin (apinephrine)
Term
What happens during the 1st and 2nd exposure to allergen?
Definition

1st exposure to allergen = SENSITIZING DOSE, NO ALLERGINIC RESPONSE

2nd exposure = SHOCKING DOSE, SIGNIFICANT MASSIVE ALLERGIC RESPONSE

Term
- Process of exposing allergic host to controlled doses of allergen(s)
Definition
Desensitization
Term
What is the process of Allergy Desensitization? (4)
Definition

Induce formation of IgG's to allergen

IgG's do not induce mast cell degranulation

IgG's compete with IgE's for binding antigen = blocking

If allergens bound to IgG's, they can't bind to IgE mast cells

Term
What three things can be involved in Type II (Cytotoxic) Reactions?
Definition

IgG or IgM antibodies

Complement

Term
What does complement activation in Type II (Cytotoxic) Reaction cause?
Definition
Causes cell lysis or damage by macrophages
Term
In Type II (Cytotoxic) Reactions, target cell lysis is mediated by?
Definition

Target cell lysis is mediated by Ab's (IgG, IgM)

Complement

Kiler cells

Term
Type II (Cytotoxic) Reactions are associated with: (2)
Definition

Incompatible blood transfusions

Hemolytic disease of newborns

Term
What happens during Type III (Immune Complex) Reactions? (3)
Definition

An-Ab complexes get deposited on membranes in various tissues (ex. kidney, joints, lungs)

Inflammation and complement activation

Local destruction of host tissue (Ex. Glomerulonephritis)

Term

Respone in a Type IV (Cell-mediated) Reaction?

24-48 hours:

1st exposure:

2nd exposure:

Definition

24-48 hours after contact with antigen most common = Contact dermatitis

1st Exposure = Sensitizing dose

2nd Exposure = Immune response

Term
Urushiol oils (poison ivy), cosmetics, soaps, drugs (ex. penicillin), metal (ex. nickel), and iodine are all things that can cause reactions in what type of reaction?
Definition
Type IV (Cell-mediated) Reactions
Term
Which hypersensitivities are humoral?
Definition

Type I

Type II

Type III

Term
_______ _______ during fetal development ensures self-tolerance.
Definition
Clonal Deletion
Term
- Loss of self-tolerance
Definition
Autoimmunity
Term
Type I - V of the Autoimmue Diseases:
Definition

Type I - Anitbodies against pathogens

Type II - Antibodies react with cell-surface antigens

Type III (Immune Complex) - IgM, IgG, complement immune complexes deposit in tissues

Type IV - Mediated by T cells

Type V (Stimulatory) - Similar to Type II, but antibodies bind specifically to cell surface receptors

Term
Example  and Target Tissue of Type II (Cytotoxic) and Type V (Stimulatory) Autoimmune Diseases:
Definition

Example: Grave's Disease

Target Tissue: Thyroid->Stimulation

Term
Example  and Target Tissue (3) of Type III (Immune Complex) Autoimmune Diseases:
Definition

Example: Lupus

Target Tissue: Systemic, Abs against cell components, kidneys

Term
Example  and Target Tissue of Type IV (Cell-mediated) Autoimmune Diseases:
Definition

Example: Insulin-Dependent Diabetes

Target Tissue: Insulin secreting cell of pancreas

Term
What can transplants be attacked by? (3)
Definition

T cells

Macrophages

Complement-fixing antibodies

Term
- Concerning reactions to transplants, this is a region not exposed to immune surveillance
Definition
Priviledged site
Term
Examples of Priviledged Site: (3)
Definition

Brain

Region of Cornea

Testes

 

Term
- Concerning reactions to transplantations, this does not stimulate immune system
Definition
Privileged Tissue
Term
Exampls of Privileged Tissue: (3)
Definition

Heart Valves

Achilles Tendon [After freezing]

Fetus

Term
- A type of graft that USES ONE'S OWN TISSUE
Definition
Autograft
Term

- A type of graft that USES AN IDENTICAL TWIN'S TISSUE

Ex. Kidney

Definition
Isograft
Term
- A type of graft that USES TISSUE FROM ANOTHER PERSON
Definition
Allograft
Term

- A type of graft that USES NON-HUMAN TISSUE

Ex. Pig health valves

Definition
Xenograft
Term
What results from transplanted bone marrow that contains immunocompetent cells?
Definition
Graft-versus-Host Disease
Term
In order to prevent transplant rejection, the immune response _____________.
Definition
Must be partially suppressed.
Term
What is an example of Immunosuppression Drug:
Definition
Cyclosporin
Term
What is the most probable origin of AIDS?
Definition
Originated in animal, then crossed over to humans (probably from monkeys).
Term
3 types of Enzymes HIV Possesses and what they do:
Definition

Reverse transcriptase - (aDNA polymerease) copies RNA -> DNA

Integrase - (an andonuclease) inserts HIV DNA into host chromosomes

Protease - cleaves viral core protein

Term
How many receptors are needed for attachment of the Protein Binding Spikes to fusion-membrane fusion:
Definition
2 Receptors Needed
Term
- Nucleus, circularizes, and integrates into host hormones
Definition
Provirus
Term
In HIV, the release does what to cell membrane?
Definition
Budding, takes part of cell membrane --> Cell death
Term
How many genes are in HIV?
Definition
Only 9 or 10 genes
Term
- Immune system suppressoin/deficiency
Definition
T4 Cell Depletion
Term
What happens to the T4 helper cell when host vulnerable to opportunistic infections, cancers?
Definition
T4 helper cell can no longer stimulate macrophages, cytoxic T cells, or B cells
Term
What is the causative organism of TB?
Definition
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Term
What are some characteristics of TB(7)?
Definition

LRT infection

Rod

Obligate aerobe

Slow grower

Doesn't gram stain, but is acid fast

Resists drying and most antimicrbials

Immunity is cell mediated- macrophages and T-cells

Term
9 Steps in the Mode of Infection (simplified):
Definition

1. Tubercle bacilli inhaled

2. Tb travels to alveoli, usually phagocytized by macrophages

3. Sometimes Tb survives inside macrophages --> dormant

4. Dormancy = Latent infection, can remain dormant > 80 years

5. Accumulation of macrophages and other cells around infected macrophage-> formation of tubercle

6. Host induced inflammation damages lung tissue

7. Over tie tubercle may heal becoming calcified (seen in X-rays)

8. If does not heal, lesion enlarges, Tbs multiply-> active infection -> highly contagious

9. Dormant Tb can be reactiated

Term
Why is using only one or two anti-TB drugs usually not effective?
Definition

There is resistance due to Random Chance Mutation.

In any population of bacteria there is the probability of finding at least one organism that is already resistant.

Term
What is the typical ratio of infected people who develop active TB?
Definition

-10 % of people infected with TB, develop active TB

-90% of people infected with TB, TB is dormant

Term
What is the relationship between HIV infection and TB infection? What role does HIV play in TB infection?
Definition

As the rate of HIV increases, TB increases.

Dormant TB becomes reactivated in a person when s/he becomes infected with HIV and develop AIDS.

Term
Why is it important to manage, treat, or even care about diseases in the third world when they are not problems in developed countries?
Definition

Immigration

Lack of isolation

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