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Microbiology Lecture Exam 3
Antibiotics and Diseases
35
Microbiology
Undergraduate 3
11/29/2011

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Term
4 Antiviral Modes of Action
Definition
1. Uncoating
2. Nucleic Acid Synthesis
3. Assembly
4. release
Term
Name the 5 Antibacterial Modes of Action and give examples of drugs for each
Definition
1. Cell Wall- Beta lactams, Vancomycin, Bacitracin
2. Nucleic Acid Synthesis- Fluoroquinolones and Rifamycin
3. Cell Membrane- Polymyxin B and Cubicin
4. Metabolism/ Folic acid synthesis- Sulfa drugs and Trimethoprim
5. Protein synthesis- Aminoglycosides, tetracycline, macrolides, linosamides(clindamycin) mupirosin, synercid
Term
3 Antifungal modes of action
Definition
1. Plasma membrane
2. Cell wall
3. Cell division
Term
Antiprotozoal drug for Intestinal Infections
Definition
Metronidazole
Term
Antiprotozoal drugs against Malaria
Definition
Choleroquine and Artemisinin
Term
Antiprotozoal drugs against Helminths
Definition
1. Ivermectin: for round worms, filarial worms, pinworms, lice, mites
2. Piperazine: for tapeworms, filarial worms, schistosomes
Term
Therapeutic index
Definition
drug targets an aspect of pathogen that we don't have- so it won't harm us too. The higher the therapeutic index the safer the drug
Term
Increased elimination
Definition
Drug enters cell, but efflux pumps it back out
Term
Decreased elimination
Definition
Porin proteins prevent entry into cell
Term
Drug-inactivating Enzyme
Definition
Enzyme modifies drug and inactivates it
Term
Primary pathogens
Definition
cause disease in a normal host
Term
Opportunistic pathogens
Definition
commonly present in normal flora, only cause disease in immunocompromised patients
Term
Subclinical dose
Definition
below the infectious dose (< id50), not highly virulent
Term
Clinical dose
Definition
enough present to cause signs and symptoms
Term
sign
Definition
apparent upon examination
Term
symptom
Definition
effects only patient notices
Term
Balanced pathogenicity
Definition
pathogen doesn't want to kill hostb before it can replicate and spread to new host. Viruses become low grade and hosts become immune
Term
localized disease
Definition
affects only immediate area of infection
Term
disseminated disease
Definition
affects other locations (or whole body)

often spread via blood
Term
Koch's postulates
Definition
1. bacterium must be present in every disease case
2. bacterium must be isolated from the disease case and grown in pure culture
3. specific disease must be reproduced from pure culture in a healthy susceptible host innoculated with the bacterium
4. bacterium must be recoverable from susceptible host
Term
Modifications to Koch's Postulates
Definition
1. the bacterium must be present in MOST disease cases
2. DNA of bacteria must be isolated
3. use animals or cells, not humans
4. DNA from bacteria must be recoverable in susceptible host
Term
Infection
Definition
multiplication of organism causes disease, killing organism cures the disease
Term
Intoxication
Definition
toxin produced by organism causes disease, antibiotics have no affect
Term
Formalin-killed vaccine
Definition
pathogen is inactivated with formalin
Term
Toxoid vaccine
Definition
vaccine against inactivated toxin, not whole bactrium
Term
Subunit Vaccine
Definition
Need to know which proteins on the pathogen are most immunoggenic (PMPs)- make vaccine with those parts
Term
Polysaccharide vaccine
Definition
T-independent- weaker immune response because no memory cells
Term
T-dependent
Definition
have memory T-cells
Term
Oral vaccine
Definition
triggers B cell response in tissues (mucuos), mostly IgA production. Strong immune reaction
Term
Injected Vaccine
Definition
triggers circulating B cells (in blood serum), mainly IgG production
Term
Seroconversion
Definition
detecting antibodies for a patient who previously had none
Term
Pre-immune serum
Definition
serum before infection
Term
convalescent serum
Definition
serum as you're getting better
Term
monoclonal antibody
Definition
produced form single B cell
Term
Polyclonal antiserum
Definition
Produced from whole blood serum, contains IgG to many epitopes
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