• neutralization
• opsonization
• precipitation
• agglutination
• complement fixation

• mediated by IgE
• desensitization (allergy shots)
• anaphalaxis

difficulty breathing due to many chemical mediators like histamines being released by the mast cells 

(drop in blood pressure due to over-dialation of vasculature)

• responsible for the antibody response and humoral immunity
• mature in bone marrow
• carry IgM or IgD on cell surface
• antigen-presenting B cells can leave circulation, go to lymphoid tissues, and become plasma cells

• T cell mediated
• 2-3 day after contact w antigen
• involved in tissue transplant rejection and death of cancer cells

Ex: poison ivy/oak/sumac & basis for Tb skin test

• also an AB exotoxin
• activates adenylate cyclase
• causes hypersecretion of Cl ions and water loss

• Destruction of cells either by lysis or toxic mediators
• IgG or IgM mediated and are directed against cell surface antigens 

Ex: blood transfusions from outside of own blood type

Rh factor and pregnancy

contain  granules of enzymes

(lysozymes, peroxidases, and digestive enzymes)

• secreted in mucous membranes, saliva, and breastmilk
• role in alternative complement activation

• found on activated Bcells
• interaction with antigens signals B memory cells to produce antibodies

• associcated with allergy or hypersensitivity rxns because it binds well to eosinophils
• Fc regions bind to basophils and mast cells to stimulate release of histamines 

• most abundant
• crosses placental membrane
• involved in opsonization (Fc region)
• activates classical pathway

• 2nd most abundant
• first produced in primary respnse
• agglutinates antigens (enhance phagocytosis)
• activates classical pathway
• sometimes found with IgD on B cells

host's specific immune system is somehow compromised (either B cell or T cell production is limited or completely prevented)

produced by virus infected cells

secreted to neighboring cells that are infected

trigger production of antiviral compounds that degrade viral DNA & inhibit viral replication

• antigens originate from infected cell's cytoplasm
• large molecules are processed into smaller ones
• small antigens are secreted into MHC I markers on the surface

• phagocytoes engulf mocrobes & digest producing small antigenic pieces
• small pieces bound to MHC II molecules
• Atigen-MHCII are delivered to cell membranes of the phagocytes

• genes which distinguish self from non-self
• MHC is known as Human Leukocyte Antigen Complex (HLA)

antibodies bind to antigens

(block attachment to host cell receptors)

classical path of complement

 (more binding sites for phagocytic receptors)

Pathogen Associated Molecular Patters

(PAMP)

conserved molecular structures that occur in patterns

unique to microorganisms; invariant among microorganims of a given class and not produced by the host

Pattern Recognition Receptors 

(PRR)

• immune complexes form and cause serious inflammation response
• complexes are insoluble and deposit in the kidney and liver (blocks proper circulation)
• primarily IgG mediated

• all T cells mature in thymus gland
• have surface markers called cluster of differentiation proteins
• have CD3 proteins associated for antigen reception

responsible for cell-mediated immunity

have CD8 proteins which interact with MHC I

• play roles in both humoral (Th2) and cell mediated (Th1) immunity
• have CD4 proteins which interact with MHC II

• kill tumors
• involved in chemotaxis of NK cells to tumor areas
• may induce fever apotosis

• release histamine and chemicals associated with the hosts inflammation response
• related in function to mast cells

• inflammation response
• act to attract phagocytes and lymphocytes to locations of infection

causes fibrinogen in plasma to coagulate

protects staphylococcus aureus from phagocytes

all infections stem from contact with one source of the infection

(food poisoning)

alternative path of complement 

(MAC induced cell lysis)

• single molecule is sufficient to kill cell: AB exotoxin (B portion binds receptor, A portion has catalytic activity)
• catalyes ADP-ribolylation of EF-2 (stops protein synthesis; main targets are heart and respiratory tract)

cause fever response in host

(some pathogens produce exogenous pyrogens to out compete normal flora)

• produced in bone marrow
• includes colony stimulation factors
• direct the differentiation of immature leukocytes and hematopoetic stem cells in bone marrow into what type of leukocyte is most needed

• killed bacteria/virus bacterial toxins
• may be further purified in lab
• may contain inactivated whole agents or subunits (both act as antigen)

• produced by leukocytes
• regulate growth and differentiation of the immature leukocytes and hematopoetic stem cells
• may cause inflammation and fever response

antigenic

can replicate but are modified to be incapable of causing diesase under normal circumstances

• specific immune system components
• circulate through lymphatic system and empty back into the blood stream
• 2 types (B and T)

localized pockets found in the tissue

develop from monocytes

have prr to recognize pamp

hemolysins

leukocitans

infections stem from a single infected person or carrier who contacts new indiviuals

(SARS)

• (in burn patients)
• physical/chemical barriers are down/surpassed
• organism invades epithelial tissues and can also easily penetrate to the bloodstream

• genetically engineered
• can have edible vaccines
• may take several attempts for antigents to be discovered and antibodies made

neurotoxins 

enterotoxins

varies for different pathogens

the host immune system will fend off infection- some must survive this in order to cause disease

develop into plasma cells

(produce antibodies)

living attenuated agents

inactivated immunizing agents

recombinatnt vaccines