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Microbiology Exam #3 Review
Controlling microbial growth, characterizing eukaryotes and prokaryotes, viruses
72
Microbiology
Undergraduate 1
03/25/2015

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Term
Sterilization
Definition
Destruction or removal of all forms of microbial life; ideal goal. Usually done with steam under pressure or sterilizing gas
Term
Aseptic
Definition
prevent contamination
Term
Disinfection
Definition
Destruction of vegetative pathogens; may use physical or chemical methods.
Term
Antisepsis
Definition
Destruction of vegetative pathogens on living tissue; usually done with chemical antimicrobials.
Term
Degerming
Definition
Removal of microbes from a limited area, such as the skin around an injection site; alcohol soaked swab. An example is also taking a shower.
Term
Sanitation
Definition
Treatment intended to lower microbial count on eating and drinking utensils.
Term
Pasteurization
Definition
Process that is done to avoid food spoilage; involves heating food to between 55-60C to kill mesophyles.
Term
Vegetative form
Definition
feeding form of microorganisms; all other forms are survival forms.
Term
Stasis
Definition
Inhibit microorganism activity
Term
Cidal
Definition
killing microorganisms
Term
Moist heat
Definition
Physical method of microbial growth control which denatures proteins through boiling or flowing steam; not as effective on endospores.
Term
Autoclaving
Definition
Physical method that denatures proteins by putting microorganism in 15psi of pressure and 121C for 15 minutes; kills all vegetative forms and endospores.
Term
Refrigeration & Freezing
Definition
Physical method of microbial growth control that does not lead to cidal event, only stasis.
Term
Filtration
Definition
Physical method of microbial growth control that removes microbes by passage of a liquid or gas through a screen like material; usually consists of cellulose acetate or nitrocellulose.
Term
Desiccation
Definition
Physical method that involves drying; ancient form of sterilization.
Term
Lyophilization
Definition
Physical method that is used to preserve microorganisms; combination of freezing and drying.
Term
Osmotic pressure
Definition
Physical method where an organism is suspended in a hypertonic solution; ancient form.
Term
Radiation
Definition
Physical method where nucleic acids are killed through the use of UV light.
Term
Alcohols & Phenols
Definition
Chemical method that denatures proteins.
Term
Halogens
Definition
Chemical method that involves the use of chemicals in group 7 such as iodine (antiseptic), chlorine (bleach), fluorine (toothpaste), and bromine (hot tubs).
Term
Peroxides & Ozone
Definition
Reactive oxygen that kills microbes by oxidizing their enzymes and preventing metabolism; chemical methods.
Term
Surfactants
Definition
Soaps and detergents that reduces the surface tension of solvents and disrupts cell membranes; chemical method.
Term
Heavy metals
Definition
Chemical method that alter the 3d shape of proteins.
Term
Zinc (Zn), Arsenic (As), Mercury (Hg), Copper (Cu), and Silver (Ag)
Definition
Heavy metals
Term
Aldehydes
Definition
Compounds containing a CHO group that denatures proteins; no longer used to disinfect medical and dental equipment.
Term
Gaseous agents
Definition
Used to sterilize plastic lab ware, mattresses, and things that cannot be easily sterilized by heat, chemicals, or radiation. Examples include ethylene dioxide, propylene oxide.
Term
Quaternary ammonium compounds (cationic detergents)
Definition
Antiseptic for skin, instruments, utensils, and rubber goods. Bacteriocidal, Bacteriostatic, fungicidal, and virocidal against enveloped viruses; examples are Zephiran and Cepacol.
Term
Organic acids
Definition
Metabolic inhibition mostly affecting molds.
Term
Nitrates/Nitrites
Definition
Preferred use is in meat and prevents clostridium botulinum.
Term
Paul Ehlrich
Definition
Reasoned the 'magic bullet' theory of developing a compound that only targets the desired illness.
Term
Alexander Flemming
Definition
Discovered antibiotics
Term
Inhibits cell wall synthesis
Definition
Penicillin, cephalosporins, vancomycin, bacitracin
Term
Inhibits protein synthesis
Definition
chroramphenicol, erythromycin, tetracyclines, streptomycin, gentamycin.
Term
Disruption of cytoplasmic membranes
Definition
Amphotericin B, Polymyxin B
Term
Inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis
Definition
quinolones, rifampin; can be used to treat tuberculosis
Term
Inhibiting metabolites
Definition
sulfonamide, trimethoprim
Term
Sulfonamide
Definition
structural analog of PABA which competes to synthesize folic acid, therefore, inhibiting bacterial growth.
Term
Rifampin
Definition
Inhibits RNA polymerase
Term
Quinolones
Definition
Act against prokaryotic DNA
Term
Aminoglycosides
Definition
amino sugars that change the shape of 30S subunits of ribosomes; streptomycin and gentamycin.
Term
Treats fungi
Definition
Ketoconazole
Term
Treats malaria (protozoa)
Definition
Mefloquine
Term
Treats tapeworms
Definition
Niclosamide
Term
Treats flukes
Definition
Praziquantel
Term
Treats mycobacteria
Definition
Sterptomycin and Isoniazid
Term
Protista
Definition
algae and protozoa
Term
Fungi
Definition
yeasts and molds
Term
Platyhelminthes
Definition
flatworms
Term
Tapeworms
Definition
cestodes; a type of flatworm
Term
Flukes
Definition
trematodes; a type of flatworm
Term
Roundworm
Definition
nematoda
Term
Coccus
Definition
round
Term
Bacillus
Definition
cigar shaped
Term
Coccobacillus
Definition
round and cigar shaped (mixed)
Term
Vibrio
Definition
comma shaped; resists high osmotic pressure
Term
Cholera is shaped like
Definition
Vibrio
Term
Spirilum
Definition
spiral shaped (short)
Term
Sphirochate
Definition
spiral shaped (long)
Term
Sphirochate shaped bacteria causes
Definition
syphilis
Term
Pleomorphic
Definition
can take any shape
Term
Streptococci
Definition
chain of prokaryotic cells
Term
Tetrad
Definition
Four prokaryotic cells
Term
Sarcinae
Definition
eight prokaryotic cells
Term
Staphylococci
Definition
Many prokaryotic cells; looks like grapes
Term
Palisade
Definition
bacilli prokaryotic cells lined parallel to each other
Term
Streptobacilli
Definition
Chain of of bacillus shaped cells
Term
Endospore
Definition
Produced by the gram positive bacteria bacillus, and clostridium. They are extremely resistant to drying, heat, radiation and lethal chemicals. Not reproductive but a defense strategy against hostile environments.
Term
Vegetative cells
Definition
Cells that produce endospores.
Term
Bacteriophage
Definition
Viruses that infect and usually destroy bacterial cells.
Term
Basidiomycetes
Definition
club fungi
Term
Ascomycetes
Definition
cup fungi
Term
Zygomycetes
Definition
bread mold fungi
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