Which of the following genetic elements is transcribed into a single mRNA?
Definition
The structural Gene
Term
Which operons are always transcribed unless deactivated?
Definition
Repressible Operons
Term
Which operons are never transcribed unless activated?
Definition
Inducible Operons
Term
Where on the DNA does a repressor bind?
Definition
The operator
Term
What are the products of semiconservative replication for a double-stranded DNA molecule?
Definition
Two Double- stranded DNA molecules each w/ 1 parent and 1 daughter strand
Term
Why is DNA replication essential for a cell?
Definition
To copy its DNA to pass to an offspring
Term
What is the function of the parental DNA in replication?
Definition
Serves as a template for DNA replication
Term
What characteristic of DNA allows two connected DNA polymerases to synthesize both the leading and lagging strands?
Definition
It is Flexible
Term
What is the function of the connector proteins?
Definition
They link the leading strand DNA polymerase and the lagging strand DNA polymerase together.
Term
Which DNA strand is synthesized continuously?
Definition
The Leading strand
Term
Why is the DNA synthesis of the lagging strand considered discontinuous?
Definition
The synthesis is moving in the opposite direction from the replication fork.
Term
Transcription produces which RNA?
Definition
mRNA, tRNA and rRNA
Term
What makes mRNA from the information stored in a DNA template?
Definition
RNA Polymerase
Term
Ribosomes contain which kind of RNA?
Definition
rRNA
Term
What RNA is involved in bringing Amino Acids to the ribosomes?
Definition
tRNA
Term
Which RNA can be translated into a protein?
Definition
mRNA
Term
What is the inducer molecule in the lac operon?
Definition
Allolactose
Term
With which genetic region does the repressor protein interact?
Definition
The operator region
Term
When the cell is not in the presence of lactose, the repressor proteins bind to what?
Definition
the Operator
Term
What is the basic function of the lac operon?
Definition
To code for enzymes involved in catabolizing lactose.
Term
In the Lac operon, what genetic element does the RNA polymerase bind?
Definition
The promoter
Term
_______; The transmission from Parent to Offspring that occurs during cell division?
Definition
Vertical Gene Transmission
Term
What was found in Griffith's experiment?
Definition
DNA released from dead bacteria entered live bacteria and changed them genetically.
Term
Deleting or inserting one nucleotide pair in the middle of a gene is an example of what?
Definition
Frameshift Mutation
Term
What glucose is high; cAMP is _____ and CAP _____ bind the lac operator, and RNA polymerase _____ bind the lac operator
Definition
Low; Does Not; Does Not
Term
T/F: Bacteria typically contain multiple chromosomes
Definition
False
Term
T/F: Mutations that are harmful to cells occur more frequently than those that benefit cells.
Definition
True!
Term
[image]
Definition
D
Term
What are the function of the primers in PCR?
Definition
They provide a 3' end for the DNA polymerase
Term
In which direction for DNA polymerase synthesize the new DNA strand?
Definition
5' to 3'
Term
What provides the energy for DNA polymerization in PCR reaction?
Definition
DNAase Triphosphates
Term
Why is DNA polymerase from Thermus aquaticus ideal for PCR?
Definition
It can withstand the heat associated with PCR
Term
How do restriction enzymes cut DNA sequences?
Definition
They cut at Recognition sites with specific sequences
Term
What attaches the target gene to a desired location?
Definition
DNA Ligase
Term
Foreign DNA can be inserted into cells using a variety of different methods. Which method involves the formation of microscopic pores in the cell's membrane?
Definition
Electroporation
Term
Self-replicating DNA used to transmit a gene from one organism to another is a
Definition
Vector
Term
T/F: The practice of breeding plants and animals for desirable traits, such as high crop yield, is called natural selection.
Definition
False
Term
Define: Biotechnology
Definition
The use of microorganisms, cells or cell components to make a product
Term
Define: Genetic Engineering
Definition
Making microorganisms make chemicals they normally do not make by inserting genes using rDNA
Term
Define: Vector (genetic engineering)
Definition
Used to insert genes into a cell's DNA
Term
What kind of vector is needed to insert genes?
Definition
Self-replicating
Term
What are the steps to creating a bacterium expressing a gene of your choice?
Definition
1. Choose Gene if interest 2. PCR 3. Insert gene into vector 4. Insert Vector into Bacteria 5. Verify uptake
Term
What are the PCR steps?
Definition
1. DNA melted into two ssDNA 2.Add Forward and Reverse Primers, DNA Polymerase, dNTP, and nucleic acids 3. Primers bind, and DNA polymerase copies 4. Repeat!
Term
What are the two steps you can use to insert a vector into bacteria
Definition
Transformation and Electroporation
Term
What process is used if a cell is not competent?
Definition
Transformation
Term
Define: Electroporation
Definition
Using electricity to make small holes or pores in cells that plasmids can travel into
Term
What are the two methods to make sure vectors were inserted into the DNA?
Definition
1. Grow cells with antibiotic resistant markers on antibiotic plates 2. Blue-White screening
Term
Why is E Coli a bad choice?
Definition
Doesn't release proteins, have to break them open and releases LPS and contaminates the proteins.
Term
Define: Sequencing
Definition
Determination of the sequences of bases in a piece of DNA (up to the whole genome)
Term
Define: Restriction Enzyme
Definition
Recognize short sequences of DNA and cuts them out with sticky ends in the same place.
Term
How large are viruses?
Definition
20-1000nm
Term
What are the basic components of a virus?
Definition
D/RNA (never both), Protein coat, specialized structures to transfer D/RNA to other cells
Term
What do viruses need to replicate?
Definition
Host cell machinery
Term
Define: Specificity
Definition
Infecting certain hosts (and often certain cells within a host)
Term
Specificity is mediated by what?
Definition
Receptor/ Attachment sites on the host cell and virus
Term
What is an example os a virus that can move between groups of organisms?
Definition
Influenza, (pigs birds and humans)
Term
What are viruses called that only infect bacteria?
Definition
Phage/ bacteriophage
Term
Define: VSV
Definition
Vesicular Stomatitis
Term
What virus is restricted to the cytoplasm (causing cytopathology) and is a disease of horses cattle and pigs many other wild species and humans?
Definition
VSV
Term
What virus is used to "eat" cancer
Definition
VSV
Term
Define: Virion
Definition
A single complete (full developed) infectious viral particle
Term
Define: Provirus
Definition
A virus that is incorporated into the chromosome
Term
Define: Capsid
Definition
Coat composed of capsomere proteins
Term
What are the capsomere arrangements that are used to differentiate viruses?
Definition
Helical, Polyhederal, Enveloped, Non enveloped, and complex.
Term
Define: Envelope
Definition
An additional coat surrounding the capsid
Term
Define: Spikes
Definition
Coated with distinctive carbohydrate-protein complexes.
Term
What are the functions of spikes?
Definition
Assist in cell adhesion and can also allow viruses to cause blood cell clumping.
Term
Define: In Vitro
Definition
"In glass"
Term
To grow viruses what cells can be provided in vitro for growth?
Definition
For Animal infecting viruses: fertilized chicken eggs OR HeLa cells, a typical human culture (die after <100 gen.)
Term
All Phage can do a _____ cycle; but only dsDNA can do a _____ cycle.
Definition
Lytic; lysogenic
Term
All phages have to do which cycle to transfer to a new host?
Definition
Lytic
Term
What are the steps to the Lytic cycle?
Definition
1. Virus attaches 2. Injects DNA 3. Cell produces viral proteins 4. viral components are made into virions 5. Host cell lyses; virions are released.
Term
Which phage is used in the lytic cycle?
Definition
T4 phage
Term
What is required for a virus to undergo the lysogenic cycle?
Definition
the virus has to have dsDNA
Term
How can viruses be helpful to humans?
Definition
Human treatment; phage infection can be used to target bacterial infection. "Cancer eating"
Term
What are the steps to the lysogenic cycle?
Definition
1. Attachment to host 2. Virus D/RNA enters lysogenic cycle 3. Viral D/RNA integrates w/ host chromosome 4. Host cell replicates 5. Viral D/RNA excises from chromosome and goes lytic
Term
Define: Specialized Transduction
Definition
When the viral DNA takes a piece of the host chromosome with it.
Term
Define: Prophage
Definition
Phage DNA inserted into the host chromosome
Term
What is the difference between lytic and lysogenic cycles?
Definition
Lysis cut up host DNA and lyses cell Lysogenic incorporates the phage into host DNA
Term
What are the steps to Animal Virus replication?
Definition
1. Attachment 2. Penetration and uncoating 3. Biosynthesis 4. Maturation 5. Release (budding or cell death)
Term
What steps are the same for Animal virus and phage replication?
Definition
Attachment and maturation
Term
Define: Retrovirus
Definition
carries one enzyme called reverse transcriptase
Term
What is the function of reverse transcriptase?
Definition
Turns RNA into dsDNA
Term
What is the primary treatment against retroviruses?
Definition
inhibit reverse transcriptase
Term
Define: Oncovirus
Definition
add or activate oncogenes
Term
Define: Oncogene
Definition
A gene that when mutated or expressed causes a normal cell to become a tumor cell
Term
What kind of DNA is required to become oncogenic?
Definition
dsDNA
Term
Define: Latent
Definition
Virus remains in asymptomatic host cell for long periods
Term
Define: Chronic
Definition
Disease process occurs over a long period of time
Term
Define: Viroids
Definition
Short stretches of naked RNA, don't code for proteins, and reproduce themselves.
Term
Define: Prions
Definition
One single type of protein that cause encephalopathies
Term
The accumulation of what cause distinctive lesions in the brain?
Definition
Prions
Term
Which is more "dangerous" latent or chronic?
Definition
Chronic! (Latent doesn't always have outbursts)
Term
Do Viroids cause human disease?
Definition
Nope! Only infect plants
Term
What is the normal prion and function?
Definition
PrpC; Roles in sleep physiology and renewal of hematopoietic Stem cell
Term
What is important in the transmissibility of prions?
Definition
sequence similarity
Term
What is the treatment of prion diseases?
Definition
There is none!
Term
What is the sporadic spongiform encephalitis disease?
Definition
CJD
Term
What is the horizontally transmissible spongiform encephalitis diseases?
