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Microbiology Exam 1
For Microbiology from Midwestern University AZCOM
35
Medical
Graduate
09/18/2010

Additional Medical Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
β- Lactam Antibiotics
Definition

  • Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
  • Bacteriostatic
  • Penicillin, cephalosporins, carbapenems, monobactams
  • Inhibit transpeptidase resulting in NO cross-linking of pepetidoglycan

Term
Penicillin G
Definition

  • Natural Penicillin
  • Narrow Spectrum
  • Inactivated by β-lactamase
  • Cannot be administered orally due to acid hydrolysis
  • Probenecid decreases excretion rate

Term
Penicillin V
Definition

 

  • Natural Penicillin
  • Administered orally
  • narrow spectrum
  • Similar to Penicillin G

 

Term
Synthetic Penicillins
Definition

  • More Acid Stable
  • Resistant to β-lactamase
  • More Broad spectrum the natural

Term
Penicillinase-resistant Penicillins
Definition

  • Synthetic Penicillin
  • Gram+ infections (staphlococcus)
  • methicillin, nafcillin, oxacillin

Term
Extended Spectrum Penicillins
Definition

 

  • Synthetic Penicillin
  • Some G- bacteria (not Pseudomonas)
  • Sensitive to β-lactamase
  • Ampicillin, Amoxicillin

 

Term
Anti-Pseudomonal Pencillins
Definition

 

  • Highly effective against G- rods
  • Sensitive to β-lactamase
  • Administered perenterally
  • Piperacillin, Ticarcillin, Carbenicillin

 

Term
Combination Penicillins
Definition

Addition of β-lactamase inhibitors with a penicillin that is sensitive to β-lactamase

Clavulanic acid

Sulbactam

Tazobactum

Term
Cephalosporins
Definition

Similar to Penicillin so allergy may be to both!

More resistant to β-lactamase then penicillins

Administered parenterally

Term
First Generation Cephalosporins
Definition

Broad Spectrum

Gram + Cocci

Term
Second Generation Cephalosporins
Definition

Extended Spectrum Antibiotic

Gram+ Cocci and some Gram-

Term
Third Generation Cephalosporins
Definition

Broad Spectrum

Increased resistance to β-lactamase

Gram-

Some cross BBB

Term
Fourth Generation Cephalosporins
Definition

Extended Spectrum

More resistant to β-Lactamase

Against Pseudomonas and some G+ Cocci

Term
Bacitracin
Definition

Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis - bactericidial 

Dephosphorlates lipid carrier (c55) responsible for moving peptidoglycan precursors through cell membrane. 

Topical use only

G+

Term
Vancomycin
Definition

Inhibits Cell Wall Synthesis - Bactericidal

Inhibits elongagtion and cross-linking of peptidoglycan by interacting with D-alanine-D-alanine termini of pentapeptides

G+ (Staphylococcus)

Fairly Toxic

Term
Polymyxin
Definition

Disruption of Cell Membrane Function

Cationic detergents

Bactericidal

Nephrotoxic

G-

Term
Aminoglycosides
Definition

Inhibition of Protein Synthesis via 30s Ribosome 

Irreversibly bind 30s and interfere with initiation complex 

Usually used synergistically with β-lactams

Aerobic & facultative anaerobic G- (usually enterics)

Streptomycin, Amikacin, Gentamicin, Neomycin

bactericidal 

Term
Tetracyclines
Definition

Inhibition of Protein Synthesis by binding reversibly to 30s blocking tRNA.

Broad spectrum

"bone-seeking"

Bacteriostatic

Tertracyclline, doxycycline, minocycline, demeclocycline

Term
Chloramphenicol
Definition

Inhibits protein synthesis by reversibly binding 50s to inhibit enzyme peptidyl transferase. 

Broad spectrum, however, usually for typhoid fever, plaque, rocky mountain spotted fever, resistant Haemophilus influenzae, and medingoccal infections.

bacteriostatic

Term
Macrolide Antibiotics
Definition

Inhibits protein synthesis by reversibly binding 50s thus blocking the initiation complex and the translocation step. 

Board spectrum, Bacteriostatic

Erythromycin, Clarithromycin, Azithromycin, Telithromycin

Term
Rifampin
Definition

Inhibits nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting DNA-dependent RNA polymerase 

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, aerobic G+ cocci

Bactericidal

Term
Fluoroquinolones
Definition

Inhibits nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase.

Broad spectrum, G-aerobic

Bactericidal

Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin, Levofloxacin

Term
Metronidazole
Definition

Inhibits nucleic acid synthesis by production of cytotoxic substances.

Narrow Spectrum for anaerobic bacteria and protozoans

Bactericidal

Term

Sulfonamides

(Sulfa Drugs)

Definition

Functions as an antimetobilite by competing with PABA which is the enzyme needed for  folic acid synthesis. 

Broad Spectrum

Bacteriostatic

Sulfamethoxazole, Sulfisoxazole, Sulfamerazine

Term
Trimethoprim
Definition

Function as an antimetabolite by inhibiting dihydropholate reductase for Folic Acid synthesis. 

Use synergistically with sulfamthoxazole to become bactericidal (otherwise just bactreriostatic)

Term
Dapsone
Definition

Functions as an antimetabolite

Same MOA as sulfa drugs

Used in combination treatment

bacteriostatic

Term
Isoniazid
Definition

Functions as an antimetabolite by interfering with mycolic acid synthesis 

Bactericidal against growing organisms but only bacteriostatic against non-replicating organisms. 

Term
Nystatin
Definition

Polyene Antifungal

Binds to cytoplasmic membrane and alters cell wall permeability

Too toxic for systemic use

fungistatic at low concentrations

Term
Amphotericin
Definition

Polyene Antifungal

Alters cell wall permeability

DOC for systemic candidiasis

Term
Miconazole
Definition

Azole antifungal

MOD: Interferes with synthesis of plasma membrane

BOTH Fungicidal and Bacteriostatic (G+ cocci)

Term
Fluconazole
Definition

Azole Antifungal

Wide Spectrum, oral administration

Few toxicity issues

Blocks ergosterol synthesis

Term
Itraconazole
Definition

Azole Antifungal

Similar to Fluconazole but with increased toxity

Term
Echinocandins
Definition

Azole Antifungal

Disrupts cell wall intergrity

 

Term
Terbinafine
Definition

Azole Antifungal

Oral Drug

 

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