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Microbiology Chapter 1
Alcamo's Fundamentals of Microbiology
63
Microbiology
Undergraduate 2
06/18/2012

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Term
Microorganisms
Definition
organisms too small to be seen with unaided eye
Term
Pathogenic microorganism
Definition
One that is disease causing
very few are pathogenic 
Term
Microbes' functions
Definition

Decompose organic waste

producers in the ecosystem by photosynthesis

produce industrial chemicals such as ethanol

produce fermented food such as vinegar, cheese, etc.

produce manufacturing and disease preventing products

(e.g. cellulose and insulin)

Term
Knowledge of microorganisms allows humans to
Definition
prevent food spoilage and disease occurrence; led to aseptic techniques to prevent contamination in medicine and in microbiology laboratories
Term
Naming and Classifying organisms
"scientific nomenclature" 
Definition
established by Linnaeus
each has genus and specific epithet, or "species" 
Term
Escherichia coli
(E. coli) 
Definition
Honors the discoverer, Theodor Escherich
describes the baterium's habitat, the large intestine or colon
Term
Straphylococcus aureus
Definition

clustered spherical cells

describes gold-colored colonies

Term
Types of Microorganisms
Definition

Algae

Archaea

Bacteria

Fungi

Multicellular animal parasites

Protozoa

Viruses

Term
Bacteria
Definition

Prokaryotes

Pepidoglycan cell walls

Binary fission

uses organic/inorganic chemicals or photosynthesis for energy

Term
Archaea
Definition

Prokaryotic

Lack peptidoglycan

Live in extreme environments

Include Methanogens, extreme halophiles, and extreme thermophiles

Term
Fungi
Definition

Eukaryotes

Chitin cell walls

use organic chemicals for energy

molds and mushrooms are multicellylar, consisting of masses of mycelia

yeasts are unicelluar

Term
Protozoa
Definition

Eukaryotes

Absorb or ingest organic chemicals

motile via pseudopods, cilia, or flagella

ex) amoeba

Term
Algae
Definition

Eukaryotes

Cellulose cell walls

photosynthesis for energy

produce molecular oxygen and organic compounds

Term
Viruses
Definition

Acellular

consist of DNA or RNA core

core is surrounded by protein coat

coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope

replicate only when they are in a living host cell

Term
Multicellular Animal Parasites
Definition

Eukaryotes

Multicellular animals

Parasitic flatworms and roundworms are called helminths

Microscopic stages in life cycle

Term
3 Domains
Definition

Bacteria- Mitochondria and Chloroplasts originates

Archaea

Eukarya- degeneration

Term
Microbiology History
Definition

Ancestors of bacteria were first life on Earth

First microbes were observed in 1673

Term
Robert Hooke
Definition

1665
Reported that living things are composed of little boxes or cells 

Term
Rudolf Virchow
Definition

1858: Said cells arise from preexisting cells

Term
Cell theory
Definition
All living things are composed of cells and come from preexisting cells.
Term
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Definition

1673-1723: described live microorganisms in Letters to the Royal Socity of London. Teeth scrapings, rain water, and peppercorn infusions.

Term
Spontaneous generation
Definition

the hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter; a "vital force" forms life.

Term
Biogenesis
Definition

the hypothesis that living organisms arise from preexisting life

Term

Francesco Redi Experiment

1668

Definition
3 jars covered with net
3 open jars

showed that: maggots came from flied and the covering was to keep flies out. Biogenesis! 
Term

John Needham Experiment

1745

Definition

nutrient broth was heated and covered and showed microbial growth, supporting spontaneous generation!

Term

Lazzaro Spallanzani Experiment

1765

Definition

Sealed flask before heating and no microbial growth supporting biogenesis!

Term

Louis Pasteur

1861

Definition
Demonstrated that microorganisms are in the air. First proved biogenesis through short necked flasks
then used S-shaped flask to keep microbes out but to let air in. Tilted it and let microbes in and saw growth 
Term
Golden Age of Microbiology
Definition

1857- 1914: Begun with Pasteur's work
discoveries included the relationship between microbes and disease, immunity, and antimicrobial drugs. 

Term
Fermentation
Definition

-the conversion of sugar to alcohol to make beer or wine
-Pasteur showed that microbes are responsible for this... and spoilage of food

- Found that spoilage could be killed by heat that couldnt evaporate wine or alcohol

Term
Pasteurization
Definition
the application of a high heat for a short time
Term
Agostino Basi
Definition

1835: Showed that a silkwork disead was caused by fungus

Term
Pasteur
Definition

1865: another silkworm disease was caused by protozoan

Term
Ignaz Semmelweis
Definition

1840s: advocated handwashing to prevent transmission to puerperal fever from one obstetrical patient to another

Term
Lister
Definition

1827-1912: used phenol to prove that surgical wound infections were caused by microbes

Term
Robert Koch
Definition

1876: proved that a bacterium causes anthrax and provided the experimental steps, "Koch's postulates", to prove that a specific microve causes a specific disease.

Term
Edward Jenner
Definition

1796: inoculated a person with cowpox virus and protected them with it.
VACCINATION 

Term
Vaccines today
Definition
produced from avirulent microbes, or genetic engineering
Term
Chemotherapy
Definition

treatment with chemicals

antibiotics or synthetic drugs

Term
Antibiotics
Definition
Chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes
Term
Quinine
Definition
from treebark, used to treat malaria
Term
Paul Ehrlich
Definition

speculated about a magic bullet that could destory a pathogen without harming the host.

-Developed a synthetic arsenic drug, salvarsan, to treat syphilis in 1910.

-Sulfonamides were synthesized in the 1930s

Term
Alexander Fleming
Definition

1928: Discovered first antibiotic, penicillin, that killed S. aureus 
 
1940s: Penicillin was tested clinically and mass produced

Term
Bacteriology
Definition
study of bacteria
Term
Mycology
Definition
study of fungi
Term
Virology
Definition
study of viruses
Term
Parasitology
Definition
study of protozoa and parasitic worms
Term
Immunology
Definition

-Study of immunity

-Vaccines and interferons are being investigated to prevent and cure viral diseases

-Proposed by Rebecca Lancefield in 1933 (streptococci)

Term
Microbial genetics
Definition

the study of how microbes inherit traits

Term
Molecular biology
Definition
the study of how DNA directs protein synthesis
Term
Genomics
Definition

the study of an organism's genes; has provided new tools for classifying microorganisms

Term
Recombinant DNA
Definition
DNA made from two different sources
Term
Berg
Definition
1960s: inserted animal DNA into bacterial DNA and the bacteria produced an animal protein.
Term
1941 Beadle and Tatum
Definition
genes encode cell's enzymes
Term
1944 Avery, McLeod, McCarty
Definition
DNA is hereditary material
Term
1961 Jacob and Monod
Definition
role of mRNA in protein synthesis
Term
Microbial Ecology
Definition

Bacteria recycle carbon, nutrients, sulfur, and phosphorus that can be used by plants and animals

Term
Bioremediation
Definition

Bacteria degrade organic matter in sewage

Bacteria degrade or detoxify pollutants such as oil and mercury

Term
Biological Insecticides
Definition

alternatives to pesticides, prevent insect damage

Bacillus thuringiensis infections are fatal in many insects but harmless to other animals

Term
Biotechnology
Definition

the use of microbes to produce foods and chemicals

-recombinant DNA technology

-gene therapy

Term
Microbiota
Definition

normally present in and on human body

prevent growth of pathogens

produce growth factors (Vitamin K & folic acid)

Resistance (skin, stomach acid, and antimicrobial chemicals)

Term
Biofilms
Definition

Microbes attach to solid surfaces and grow into masses

grow on rocks pipes teeth and medical implants

Term

Emerging infectious diseases

(EIDs)

Definition

new or changing diseases that have potential for increasing or are increasing in incidence

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