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MicroBIO-Immunology
quiz 3
146
Microbiology
Undergraduate 1
03/22/2012

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Cards

Term
Generation
Definition

Organs of the immune system

-Bone Marrow

-Thymus

Term
Residence
Definition

Organs of the immune system

-Lymph Nodes

-Peyer's Patches

-Spleen

 

Term
Circulation
Definition

Organs of the immune system

-Lymphatic Vessels

-Blood Vessels

Term
Self-Renewal
Definition
Abilitly of a stem cell to go through numerous cell divisions while maintaing the undifferentiated state
Term
Potency (specializing)
Definition
capacity of the stem cell to differentiate into specialized cell types
Term
Totipotent
Definition
embryonic stem cells are produced from the fusion of an egg and sperm cell and can produce a complete organism
Term
Pluripotent
Definition
Both embryonic and adult stem cells are the descendants of totipotents cells and can differentiate into cells of any tissue
Term
Mulitpotent
Definition
Adult stem cells can produce only cells of a closely related family of cells (lineage-restricted)
Term

A Skin

B Neurons

C Blood

D Liver

Definition

Pluripotent depends on signal, growth under diff. conditions:

A.

B.

C.

D.

Term
Multipotent HSC
Definition

____---->differentiate----> Only specialized types of blood cells; -red blood cells

-white blood cells

-platelets

Term
Hematopoisesis
Definition

Mechanism that ensures that continous and regulated replacement of blood cells

 

-generated in bone marrow

Term
Primitive Hematopoiesis
Definition

-transient program

-begins in early embryogenesis (first 8 weeks)

Term
Definitive Hematopoiesis
Definition

-what we see in adults

-begins during fetal life (placenta)

-expands in the fetal liver and spleen

-establishes in the bone marrow in the late fetus and remains at this site for life

Term
HSC
Definition

____are multipotent stem cells that give rise to all cells of the immune system

 

-found in the bone marrow of adults (femurs, hips, ribs, sternum)

Term

- Self Renewal

- Potency

- Exist in small numbers

- Relies on cell surface markers for identification

Definition
What are some properties of HSC?
Term
 Common Lymphoid and Common Myeloid Progenitors (CLP and CMP)
Definition

Same as stem cells because have capacity to differentiate into a specific type of cell

 

Different then stem cells because pushed to differentiate into their "target" cell and are in the "center" between stem cells and fully differentiated cell

Term

T Cells

B Cells

NK Cells

Definition
The 3 types of lymphocytes that are dervied from CLP? (part of lymphopoiesis)
Term

-Dendritic Cells

-Monocytes/Macrophages

-Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils)

-Mast Cells

Definition
CMP during myelopoiesis give rise to what?
Term

T Cell

B Cell

Definition
What are the 2 adaptive cells?
Term

NK Cell

Immature Dendritic Cell

Macrophage

Granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophil, mast cell, monocytes)

Definition
What are the innate cells?
Term
The Immune System
Definition

- Distinguishes between self and non-self and protects us from our hostile environment

 

-Detects and eliminates w/ great selectivity a large variety of immune challenges

 

-Memorizes previous challenges and increases defense to pathogens- function (goal of vaccine)

 

Term
phylogenetically
Definition
origin of innate immunity
Term
Innate Immunity
Definition

-non-specific

-occurs w/in hours

-recognition of motif patterns

-limited # of specialties

Term
Adaptive Immunity
Definition

-Specific

-Develops after days

-Recognition of structural details

-Large # of specificities 

Term
What is innate Immunity?
Definition

-Referes to the basic resistance to infection that an individual possesses by virtue of his/her birth

 

(potential pathogens are encountered routinely, but rarely cause disease. the vast majority of microorganisms are destroyed within minutes or hours by innate defenses)

Term
Eyes
Definition
a barrier of innnate immunity-tearss wash out pathogens and also contain an enzyme that can kill bacteria 
Term
Skin
Definition
barrier of innate immunity- the outer layer of skin is dead and difficult for pathogens to grow on or penetrate. Cuts allow pathogens to gain entry to body
Term
Stomach
Definition
Barrier of innate immunity- Acid helps to sterilize food
Term
Large Intestine
Definition
Barrier of innate immunity- Friendly bacteria help to stop the growth of harmful pathogens. Feces contail over 30% live bacteria
Term
Reproductive System
Definition
Barrier of innate immunity- slightly acidic conditions in the vagina and urethra help to stop the growth of pathogens
Term
Lungs
Definition
Barrier of innate immunity- Mucus in the lungs trap bacteria and fungal spores. Tiny hairs, called cilia, move the mucus to the back of the throat where it is swallowed
Term
Mouth
Definition
Barrier of innate immunity- Friendly bacteria help to prevent the growth of harmful pathogens. Saliva cleans and removes bacteria
Term
Nose
Definition
Barrier of innate immunity- Mucus traps pathogens, which are then swallowed or blown out in coughs and sneezes
Term
Anatomic Barriers
Definition
Skin (largest organ protecting oneself)  and Mucus (cilia, tears, saliva, sneezing) 
Term
Physiological Barriers
Definition

1. Temp- normal body temp. inhibits the growht of some pathogens

 

2. Fever- inhibits growth of pathogens by elevating body's temp

 

3. pH- Acidity of stomach content kills most ingested microorganisms (gastric juice)

Term
Chemical Barriers
Definition

-both skin and mucous membranes are protected by variety of antimibrobial substances including:

 

1. Lysozyme- degrade peptidoglycans of bacterial cell wall

-tears mucous secretions

 

2. Lactoferm- sequesters iron from microorganisms

-saliva, phagoctyes, blood and tissue fluids

 

3. Defensins- damage cell membrane of microbes

-mucous membranes (skin, small intestines, and respiratory tract)

Term
Microflora Barrier
Definition

-Populationof microorganisms found on the body surface of healthy indivduals is called microbiota- healthy bacteria

 

-Friendly microorganisms protect through Competivite Exclusion (space and nutrients)

Term
Inflammatory Barrier
Definition

Attracts Phagocytes

-Tissue damage, caused by a wound or by an invading pathogen microorganism, induces a complex sequence of events, known as inflammatory response


3 major events of inflammatory response are:

1. Vasodilation- (red) due to chemical release

2. Increase in capillary permeability

3. Influx of phagocytes from the blood into the tissues

 

(redness comes due to eradication-as a defense)

Term

Which cells are components of innate immune defense?

Definition
Innate immune system includes

  A. NK cells

  B. Dendritic cells

  C. Macrophages

  D. Granulocytes


Generated in the bone marrow

Found in the blood, spleen and lymph nodes, liver, lung, intestine
Term

How soon after infection is the innate immune response triggered?

Definition
9-96 hours
Term
Natural Killer Cells (NK)
Definition

-attack unhealthy cells (infected)

-Large granular lymphocytes

-specialized in killing

-develop in the bone marrow

- dervie from CLP and HSC

-major surface markers are NK1.1 and NKp46

-found in spleen, blood, liver, lymph nodes

-exist in small numbers in lymphoid organs

Term
Killing tumor and infected cells
Definition
What is the major function of NK cells?
Term

1. Recognition of infected cells

2. Release of perforins and granzymes

3. Induction of cell death "apoptosis"

Definition
What do NK cells do? (3 steps)
Term
Dendritic Cells (DC)
Definition

-cells with several denrites

- specialized in ANTIGEN PRESENTATION

-develop in the bone marrow

- derive from CMP and HSC

-major surface markers are CD11c & MHC class II

-exist in small numbers in lymphoid organs

Term
sampling and presenting antigens to T-Lymphocytes
Definition
What is the major function of Dendritic cells?
Term
it involves degrading pathogens into small pieces than presentation of antigens by MHC molecules
Definition
What is the mechanism involved in Dendritic Cells?
Term
TRUE
Definition
TRUE or FALSE: Dendritic cell is the most potent of all the antigen-presenting cells
Term
Macrophages
Definition

-Big Eaters

-special in Phagocytosis

-develop in the bone marrow

-dervie from HSC-CMP-GMP-monocytes

-major surface markers are CD11b & MHC Class II

-exist in small number in lymphoid organs

-can present Antigen presentation 

-mainly in lymph nodes

Term

1. in the liver

2. in the lungs

3. in connective tissues

4. in the bones

5. in the kidney

6. in the brain

Definition

mononuclear cells: macrophages are dispersed throughout the body and are named according to their tissue location:

1. Kupffer cells-?

2. Alveolar Macrophages- ?

3. Histiocytes- ?

4. Osteoclasts- ?

5. Messanglal cells- ?

6. Macroglial cells- ?

Term

Major function: to engulf and digest cellular debris and pathogens= phagocytosis

 

-processing and presentation of antigens to T-Lymphoctyes

Definition
What are the functions of Macrophages?
Term
Granulocytes
Definition

-characterized by presence of granules in cytoplasm

-called Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes (PMN or PML)= nuclear lobed into three segments

3. derived from HSC-CMP-GMP

4. 3 types: Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils

Term

Neutrophils: -Predominant in acute inflammation

- 50-70% of circulating whitle blood cells

 

Eosinophils: -Associated with allergic inflammation and parasitic infection

- found predominantly in tissues rather than bloodstream

 

Basophils: -Associated with anaphylactic allergy

-found in blood or in tissues (as Mast Cells)

Definition

What are Neutrophils?

 

What are Eosinophils?

 

What are Basophils?

Term
- it is the release of anti-mibrobial molecules from secretory vesicules "granules"
Definition

Macrophages=Granulation

 

What is Granulation?

Term
through Cytokines (which are messengers=secreted proteins)
Definition
How do cells communicate?
Term

1. Bind to a specific cell-surface receptor & then signaling takes place, which alters cell functions:

-increasing the # of surface receptors for other molecules

- suppressing their own effect by feedback inhibition

- results in production of other cytokines

 

2. cytokines can share similar functions: Redundant

 

3. Are pleiotopic- diff. cell types to secrete the same cytokine or for single cytokine to act on several diff. cell types

 

4. act synergistically (two or more cytokines acting together) or anagonistically (causing opposing activities)

Definition
What are the functions of cytokines?
Term

Autocrine- if the cytokine acts on the cell that secretes it

 

Paracrine- if the cytokine acts on closed neighbor cell

 

Endocrine- if the cytokine diffuses to distant regions of the body (carried by blood)

Definition

Cytokine Action

 

What is Autocrine?

 

What is Paracrine?

 

What is Endocrine?

 

Term

Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern

 

 

Pattern Recognition Receptor

Definition

Ligand is on the pathogen and contians a PAMP. What is PAMP?

 

Receptor is on the innate cells and contains a PRR. What is PRR?

Term
human cells
Definition
PAMP are signature molecules expressed only in microbes not in ____?
Term
Bacteria, Virus, Parasite, Fungi
Definition
name some types of pathogens?
Term
Flagellin
Definition
a structure by itself, on a bacteria. part of PAMP that helps recognize patterns.
Term
Zymosan
Definition
Yeast is a PAMP. and is recognized by ?
Term
True
Definition
True or False: Innate cells can also sense intracellular virus- the double stranded RNA
Term
Pattern Recognition Receptors
Definition
What is PAR?
Term
PAR- Pattern Recognition Receptors
Definition

- Represent the sensor system for pathogens

-Are receptors for PAMPS

-Are mainly expressed in innate cells

-Can be found at the surface or inside the innate cells

Term

B1. Toll-like Receptor (TLR)

B2. Nod Like-Receptor (NLR)

B3. Macrohpage-Mannose Recepor (MMR)

Definition
What are the types of PAR?
Term

-Membrane Associated receptor

-Expressed on surface

-Expressed inside cell/vacoules

Definition
What are a Toll-Like Receptors (TLR)?
Term

-cyosolic receptors

-Not expressed on the surface

-Expressed inside cell/free in the cytoplasm

Definition
What are Nod-Like Receptors (NLR)?
Term

-Mannose-rich glycans are short carbohydrate chains with the sugar mannose or fructose as the terminal sugar

-They are commonly found in microbial glycoproteins and glycolipids but are rare in those humans

Definition
What are Macrophage-Mannose Receptor (MMR)?
Term
Phagocytosis
Definition

1: Bacteria binding to MMR

2: Microbe is ingested by

    phagocytosis

3: Phagosome is formed

4: Phagolysosome is formed by

    fusion between phagosome

    and lysosome

5: Enzymes digest the microbe

6: Residual body is formed

7: Discharge of waste material

Term

After phagocytosis, macrophages and dendritic cells can

participate in antigen presentation, in which the phagocyte

moves parts of the ingested material back to its surface

Definition
What happens after phagocytosis?
Term
which recruit other phagocytes to the site of infections or stimulate dormant lymphocytes (naïve T cells)
Definition

 Phagocytes can communicate with other cells by  producing cytokines, which do what?

Term

1. Destroy invading pathogens and any toxic molecules they produce

2. Highly specific to the particular pathogen that induced them

3. The innate responses call the adaptive immunce responses into play,and they both work together to  eliminate the pathogens

4. Provide long-lasting protection. A person who recovers from measles, for ex. is protected for life against measles by the adaptive immune system

5. The ability to distinguish forgeign from self is afundamental feature of the adaptive immune system

Definition
Functions of Adaptive Immunity?
Term
Neutrophils
Definition

Which type of granulocytes is most abundant in the blood?

Term

Senses pathogens by recognition of PAMPs

Definition

What is the function of Toll-like receptors in the immune response?

Term
Dendritic cells, Macrophages
Definition

Which cells of the immune system are phagocytes?

Term

Cytotoxicity- Kills infected cells

 

Phagocytosis- Kills pathogens directly

Definition

What are the differences between killing by phagocytosis and 

       killing by cytotoxicity?

Term

1. T-cells develop in the bone marrow and migrate to thymus

2. Positive selection- T cells that can interact with MHC

3. Negative Selection- T cells that can interact with MHC with only low avidity(entusiasm)

4. Maturation and seeding in the lymphoid system

5. Binding of pathogenic peptides to MHC leads to high-avidity interactions with the TCR and results in T-cell activiation

 

Definition
What is negative and positive selection of T cells?
Term
 
 

1. Exogenous Antigens

Foreign antigens that enter the body from the outside by   injection, ingestion, or inhalation

MHC II


2. Endogenous Antigens

Foreign antigens that are generated within the cell because of viral or intracellular bacterial infection

MHC I

Definition
What are MHC I and MHC II?
Term

-All cells express MHC I because if virus infects cell can alert  CD8 T cells to kill infected cell

 

-MHC II only expressed by innate cells that are able to phagocytose pathogen and present it on MHC II which binds to TCR on CD4 T cells= Helper T cells

Definition
What are the differences between MHC I and MHC II?
Term
Macrophages, B cells, and Dendritic cells
Definition
What are antigen-presenting cells?
Term
ü Small round cells

 

ü Derive from HSC - CLP - T cell progenitor

 

ü Develop in the thymus
ü Express a special receptor called T cell receptor (TCR)

 

ü Major surface markers are TCR, CD4, and CD8

 

ü Found in spleen, lymph nodes, blood

 

ü Represent 60% of lymph Nodes
Definition
What are T-Lymphocytes?
Term

- The V region of the TCR a(alpha) and b(beta) regions 

- highly variable from one t-cell clone to the next

-reflecting their role in antigen presentation

-recognize peptide fragments presented with MHC I and MHC II molecules found on APCs or target cells

Definition
What are the functions of TCR (T cell receptors)?
Term
with CD3 to form TCR complex
Definition
TCR is associated with what?
Term

Co-receptor CD4 and CD8 allows prolonged engagement between the antigen presenting cell and the T cell

Definition
what does the receptors CD4 and CD8 do in the T Lymphoctye?
Term

Th- which expresses CD4 glycoproteins on their surfaces

 

Tc- which expresses CD8 glycoproteins on their surfaces

 

(therefore, acquired immunity is composed of activated CD4(Th) and CD8(Tc) cellular responses)

 

Definition
what are the T cell subsets on T Lymphocytes?
Term

Naive Cells-  are cells that have matured, in the central lymphoid organ, have entered the lymphatic system, but that have yet to encounter their cognate antigen

 


Effector Cells- are cells that have been activated by their cognate antigen, and are actively involved in eliminating a pathogen


Memory Cells- are long-lived survivors of past infections

Definition

In state of Activation for T Lymphocytes,

what are Naive Cells, Effector Cells, and Memory cells?

Term

1. progenitor T Cells leave the bone marrow and enter the thymus

2. After arriving at the thymus, these cells enter the outer cortex and begin to proliferate slowly

3. During 3wks of development in the thymus, the differentiating T-Cells progress through a series of stages marked by the changes in their cell surface phenotype

Definition
How are T cells developed?
Term
-T cell progenitors (pre-T cells) derive from CLP and HSC
 
-Pre-T cells leave bone marrow and populate thymus
-Pre-T cells develop into CD4+CD8+ thymocytes and express TCR and CD3
-CD4+CD8+ thymocyteslose CD4 or CD8 and mature into CD4+ and CD8+ T cells
-Mature CD4+ and CD8+ T cells leave thymus to peripheral lymphoid organs
Definition
How do T Cells achieve maturation?
Term
üTCR is formed during T cell development in the thymus
ü Without TCR a T cell cannot develop

 

ü TCR undergo sequence of gene recombination

 

ü Gene recombination produces limitless assortment of TCR responsible for T cell diversity


ONE T cell = SEVERAL copies of same TCR

ONE clone of T cells = ONE specificity for TCR

ONE thymus = LIMITLESS clones of T cells

ONE thymus = LIMITLESS specificity of TCR

Definition
How is the T Cell diverse from other cells?
Term

ANTIGEN = IMMUNOGEN

  Large foreign molecules that can elicit an immune response 

-Proteins and polysaccharides are more immunogenic than lipids and nucleic acids

-Antigens from individuals of same species are less immunogenic than those from distant species

Definition
What is an antigen?
Term

Immunologically active portion of the antigen 

Definition
What is an epitope?
Term

Immunogenicity-The ability of an antigen

to induce an

Immune Response


Antigenicity-The ability of an antigen

to bind specifically

to an Antibody

Definition
Name some properties of an Antigen?
Term
Exogenous Antigens
Definition
a foreign antigen that enters the body from the outside by injection, ingestion, or inhalation?
Term
Endogenous Antigens
Definition
a foregin antigen that are generated within the bell because of ciral or intracellular bacterial infection?
Term
Auto-Antigens
Definition
self antigens that are recognized by the immune system?
Term

Antigens must be degraded into small peptides and bound to protein called MHC proteins

Definition
What is antigen processing?
Term

They are specialized for the presentation of intracelluar antigens to the TCR of CD8+ T-Cells

 

(Endogenous Peptides)

Definition
What is MHC class I?
Term

They are specialized for the presentation of extracellular antigens to the TCR of CD4+ T-Cells  

 

(Exogenous Peptides)

Definition
What is MHC class II?
Term

Specialized cells = Antigen Presenting Cells (APC)

FDendritic cells
FMacrophages
FB cells
Definition

All cells express MHC-I but only specialized cells express MHC-II, What are those cells?

Term

1. Present endogenously derived peptides

 

2. Peptide (antigen) can be either self-derived or derived from viruses

 

3. Because MHC class I is present on all cells, any cell can interact with T-Cells if infected by a virus

Definition
What are the properties of MHC Class I?
Term

1. Present exogenous antigens

 

2. Antigen has been phagocytosed and processed, ex. bacteria

 

3. This is performed by professional antigen-presenting cells. ex. macrophages

Definition
What are the properties of MHC class II?
Term
The sequence of events involved in the formation of peptide. MHC complexes would require degradation of antigen into peptides
Definition
What is the definition of antigen presentation?
Term
Humoral Immune Response
Definition

-Aspect of immunity that is mediated by secreted antibidoes, produced in the cells of the B lymphocyte lineage (B Cell)


-Involves substances found in the humors or body fluids


-Secreted antibodies bind to antigens on the surfaces of invading microbes (such as viruses or bacteria), which flags them for destruction

Term
Immunoglobulins (Ig)
Definition
Antibodies are known as what?
Term
Variable Region
Definition
Which region of the Ig accounts for antigen-binding specificty?
Term

IgG

IgA

IgM

IgD

IgE

Definition
What are the 5 classes of Ig?
Term
Soluble Form
Definition

-a form of antibody where the antibodies are:

-called free antibodies

-secreted into the blood and other fluids

Term
Surface Bound Form
Definition

a form of antibody where antibodies are:

-attached to the surface of a B Cell

-called surface immunoglobulin (sIg) or membrane immunoglobuling (mIg)

-sIg is part of the B Cell receptor (BCR) composed of surface-bound IgD or IgM and associated Ig-ab hetero dimers

Term
It is determined by the amino acids sequence in the variable regions of the heavy and light chains.
Definition
How is an Immunoglobulin (Ig) specificity determined?
Term

Paratopes

 

Epitopes

Definition

Antigen Binding Site?

 

Antigenic Determinants on an antigen?

Term

Antigenic Determinants are in variable regions, and they both have millions of different specificities

 

Definition
What are the similarities between Ig and TCR?
Term

Ig- Form is free or surface bound

-No antigen presentation by MHC

-Free Antigens

-No Antigen Processing

 

TCR- Form is ONLY surface bound

-Antigen presentation by MHC

-Antigen processing required

Definition
What are the differences of Ig and TCR?
Term
IgG
Definition

an Ig that:

-makes up 75% of total serum antibodies

-only antibody that crosses placenta

-responsible for protection of newborns

-provides defense against bacterial toxins

Term
IgA
Definition

an Ig that:

-is found in mucosa (GI, respiratory, urogenital tracts) and secretions (saliva, tears, nasal fluids, breast milk)

-contribute to protection of newborns

-defends external surface body against attachment of microorganisms

-FOUND IN THE GUT

Term
IgM
Definition

an Ig that:

-is expressed on the surface of B Cells (BCR) and in secreted form

-first antibody to appear in the serum after exposure to antigen (acute infection)

-mainly found in bloodstream

-presence in the cord blood indicates acute fetal infection (does not cross placenta in a healthy situation)

Term
IgD
Definition

an Ig that:

-is mostly present on B Cell Surface (BCR)

-present in serum (soluble form) in trace amounts

-needed for B Cell maturation

Term
IgE
Definition

an Ig that:

-is present in low concentration in serum

-found in respiratory and gastro-intestinal tracks

-involved in parasitic infections, allergic and hypersensitive reactions

Term
Opsonization
Definition

Step in antibodies mediated host defense for IgG:

1. Antibodies bind epitopes on the surface of bacteria= COATING bacteria

2. Antibody-coated antigen attach to macrophages= Fc-Rc receptor binding

3. Engulfment of bacteria by phagocytosis

Term

Immobilization & Prevention of Adherence

 (won't let bacteria Adhere)

Definition

Step in Antibodies Mediated Host Defense for IgA:

1. Bind on cover surface structure (important in adherence)

2. Bind structure in the flagella to block motility

 

Term

Toxin Neutralization

 

(the toxin will damage the cell so IgG will neutralize it)

Definition

Step in Antibodies Mediated Host Defense for IgG:

1. Antibodies bind soluble bacterial toxins and block interactions of toxins with target cell

 

 

Term

1. Agglutination

 

2. Precipitation

Definition

Step in Antibodies Mediated Host Defense for IgM:

 

1. antibodies bind surface of microorganisms and form clumps of particles of large size which will be removed by phagocytosis- (functions towards bacteria)

 

2. antibodies bind soluble toxin and from aggregates of neutralized toxin which will be removed by phagocytosis- (functions toward soluble molecules)1.

Term
B Lymphoctyes
Definition
üSmall round cells

ü Derive from HSC – CLP

ü Develop in the bone marrow

üB comes from Boursa of Fabricus(organ of B cell maturation in birds)
üMake antibodies against soluble antigens

ü Major surface markers are Immunoglobulins and MHC class II

ü Found in spleen, lymph nodes, blood

ü Represent 30% of lymph Nodes

Term

                            - immunoglobulin selection of B Cell

 
Definition


-Immunoglobulin recognizes the cell and the B- Cell will go through an “exam”
Term

Diversity

Diversity of antibodies (and TCR in T cells

Definition
-from the bone marrow you will have migration of different clones
-the immunoglobulin will recognize only one structure.
1. Random rearrangement of segment genes VDJ

2. Random mutation at joining segment genes VDJ

 

 

 
 
 
 
 
Term

Transition from membrane-bound Ig

to secreted Ig is Called

Class Switching

Definition
üPlasma B cell produce antibody in a secreted form rather than   a   membrane-bound form
ü Class Switching allows Plasma B cells to switch from membrane-bound antibody to production of other classes (IgE, IgA, IgG)

 

üEx: circulating B cells switch to IgG production while B cells in mucosal tissues switch to IgA to provide mucosal 
 
 
****The plasma B cells will change the class from IgE and IgG to IgA in the gut

 

In the respiratory tract you will want to switch to an IgE

Term
Activation of B Cell
Definition

- doe NOT require presentation of antigen by MHC but

requires a help / confirmation from a T helper cell

Term

B Lymphocytes

Development: Self/Non-Self Seletion

-Ig Diversity

-No MHC restriction

Activation: Recognition of free antigens

Proliferation:

Differentiation: Plasma B Cells

-Class Switching

Memory

 

T Lymphocytes

Development: Self/Non-Self Seletion

-TCR Diversity

-MHC restriction

Activation: Recognition of MHC-Peptides

Proliferation:

Differentiation: Th & Tc Cells

-No Class Switching

Memory

 

 

 

Definition

B VS. T Lymphocytes

Development

Activation

Proliferation

Differentiation

Memory

Term

Specificity

of Innate and Adaptive Immune Response

Definition

Specific structural components of pathogens are recognized.

F Innate immune receptors (TLR and NLR) recognize general molecular patterns. Adaptive immune receptors (BCR and TCR) recognize specific structural components of pathogens
Term

Diversity

of Innate and Adaptive Immune Response

Definition

 The total number of foreign molecules recognizable by T and B cells is very large ~ 109 distinct molecular determinants.

F VDJ recombination of BCR and TCR is responsible for immunological diversity
Term

Discrimination of self from non-self

of Innate and Adaptive Immune Response

Definition

The immune system of normal individuals is able to recognize foreign agents while not reacting to components of self

F During their development, B and T cells go through selection processes that eliminate cells with receptors that recognize self
Term

Memory

of Innate and Adaptive Immune Response

Definition

 Ability to respond more vigorously and rapidly to repeated exposures of the same microbe.

F The formation of memory B and T cells accounts for immunological memory and the success of vaccination
Term

: Disorder in which cells of the immune system are missing (B and T Cell)

 

Increased susceptibility to INFECTIONs 

Definition
What is Immunodeficiency?
Term

Full Blood Count

 

 

 

 

Antibodies against surface markers of immune cells (T cells = CD4, CD8, CD3, TCR 

B cells = BCR (IgM, IgD), MHC class II)

 

Definition

               

                  How is Immunodeficiency is diagnosed?

Term

Genetic Factor= Primary Immunodeficiency Lymphocyte Deficiencies 

Antibody Deficiencies 

Phagocyte Disorders

Innate Immunity Deficiencies


                      SCID = Severe Combined

                            ImmunoDeficiency

                             MHC class II deficiency

                             CD3γ deficiency

                                CD8 deficiency 


External Factor= Acquired Immunodeficiency

                                Chemotherapy

                               Drug treatment 

                               Other diseases

                                             

                                      AIDS =

Acquired ImmunoDeficiency

Syndrome


Definition

   

                        What causes Immunodeficiency?

Term
SCID (Severe Combined ImmunoDeficiency)
Definition
üis a severe form of primary immunodeficiency in

which both T and B cells are absent due to a genetic defect

 

ü  Enfant born with this condition, if untreated, usually die

within one year due to severe recurrent infections

Term

SCID is due to mutations in γc gene leading to lack of T and B cells

Definition
What is the cause of SCID?
Term
Bone marrow transplant
Definition
What is a treatment for SCID?
Term
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Definition
ü  AIDS is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) which is responsible for damping numbers of CD4 T cells

 

ü  HIV is transmitted through direct contact of blood, semen, vaginal fluid, and breast milk
Term

HIV infects and destroy CD4+ T cells and as result of killing so many CD4+ T cells Immunity is lost

CD4+T cells are very important in cellular immunity

CD4+ T cells provide HELP to B cells and cytotoxic T cells
Definition
What is the cause of AIDS?
Term

The failure of an organism to recognize its own constituent   parts as SELF which results in an immune response against its own cells and tissues*** Do REACT to SELF***

Definition
What is Autoimmunity?
Term

Systemic Autoimmunity(effects the nervous system)- Immune system attacks

different organs of the body

-Systemic Lupus Erythematosis

                         -Rheumatoid Arthritis

                         - Systemic Sclerosis Dermatomyositis

Autoantibodies directed against contents of the cell nucleus





Organ-specific Autoimmunity-Immune system affects only one organ or tissue type

-Diabetes mellitus type 1 (Pancreas)

                  -Hashimoto's thyroiditis (Thyroid gland)

                  -Multiple sclerosis (Brain)

                  -Myasthenia gravis (Muscles)

Autoreactive T cells with

a TCR specific to myelin components

 

Definition
What causes Autoimmunity?
Term
Type 1 diabetes
Definition

- is an autoimmune disease that results in

destruction of insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas

Term

In Autoreactivity- CD8 recognizes cells represented by B Cells -need a MHC-I  (class I)

 


In Cytotoxicity- B-cell is dead

Definition
Cause of Diabetes Mellitus Type 1?
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