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Microbacteria USMLE selected facts
not an comprehensive review
195
Medical
Professional
03/31/2011

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Cards

Term
where is beta lactamase found in bacteria?
Definition
periplasm, space b/t the cytoplasmic membrane and outer membrane in gram-negative bacteria.
Term
teichoic acid is found in which type of bacteria?
Definition
gram positive only
Term
which bacteria has no cell wall?
Definition
mycoplasma, contain sterols
Term
Silver stain is used to detect?
Definition
legionella and Fungi (eg, Pneumocystis)
Term
what stain is used to diagnose Whipple's disease?
Definition
PAS (periodic acid-Schiff)
Term
What is Ziehl-Neelsen stain?
Definition
AKA acid fast, positive red, negative blue
Term
How do you culture H. influenzae?
Definition
Chocolate agar with factors V and X.
Term
What agar is used to grow TB?
Definition
Lowenstein-Jensen agar, and it takes 3 to 4 weeks.
Term
What is MacConkey's agar?
Definition
for growing lactose fermenting enterics. contains bile salt and crystal violet, gram positive won't grow. fermentation turns pink.
Term
What's Sabouraud's agar?
Definition
used to grow Fungi.
Term
4 obligate aerobes
Definition
Nocardia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Bacillus.
Nagging Pests Must Breathe
Term
what are the 3 obligate anaerobes
Definition
Clostridium, Bacteroides, and Actinomyces.
Anaerobes Can't Breathe Air.
Term
What are the two obligate intracellular
Definition
Rickettsia, Chlamydia. Can't make own ATP.
Stay inside (cell) when it is Really Cold
Term
what does positive quellung reaction mean?
Definition
encapulated bug is present, capsule swells when specific anticapsular antisera are added.
Quellung=capsular "swellung."
Term
which bacteria are encapsulated bacteria?
Definition
Klebseilla pneumoniae, Salmonella, Streptococus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type B (B polysaccharide), and Neisseria meningitidis.
Kapsules Shield SHiN.
Term
what are the 4 bugs that are urease positive?
Definition
Proteus, Klebsiella, H. pylori, Ureaplasma
Particular Kinds Have Urease
Term
What's bacterial virulence factor Protein A and what does it do?
Definition
S. Aureus. Binds Fc region of Ig. Prevents opsonization and phagocytosis.
Term
What's IgA protease?
What does it do?
which bugs have it?
Definition
Enzyme that cleaves IgA. Screted by S. Pneumoniae, H. influenzae type B, and Neisseria (SHiN) in order to colonize respiratory mucosa.
Term
What is M protein
Definition
(group A streptococcus), helps prevent phagocytosis.
Term
what exotonxin does corynebacterium diphtheriae have?
Definition
it inactivates elongation factor (EF-2)
Term
what exotoxins does E coli have?
Definition
heat-labile toxin stimulates Adenylate cyclase. heat-stable toxin stimulates Guanylate cyclase. Both causes diarrhea.
"Labile like the Air, Stable like the Ground"
Term
how does clostridium perfringens toxin work?
Definition
it's an alpha toxin that causes gas gangrene, it produced gaps in membrane
Term
how does C. Tetani toxin work?
Definition
it blocks the relase of inhibitory neurotansmitter GABA and glycine; causes "lockjaw."
Term
how does C. Botulinum toxin work?
Definition
blocks the release of Ach
Term
how does Bacillus antracis toxin work?
Definition
Edema factor, part of the toxin complex, is an adenylate cyclase.
Term
Is S. Saprophyticus novobiocin sensitive or resistant?
Definition
resistant
Term
is S. epidermidis novobiocin sensitive or resistant?
Definition
sensitive
Term
Is Viridian streptococci Optochin sensitive or resistant?
Definition
resistant
Term
is S. Pneumoniae optochin sensitive or resistant?
Definition
sensitive
Term
is streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococci) bacitracin sensitive or resistant?
Definition
resistant
Term
Can penicillin G and Vancomycin be used on gram negative bugs?
Definition
no. the gram negative outer membrane layer inhibits entry of penicillin G and vancomycin. We can use penicillin derivative ampicillin
Term
Can N. gonorrhoeae ferment maltose?
Definition
no
Term
Is N. gonorrhoeae associated with Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome?
Definition
yes
Term
Can N. meningitidis ferment maltose?
Definition
yes
Term
Waterhouse-Friderchsen syndrome is associated with which bacteria?
Definition
N. Meningitidis.
Term
How do you grow Legionella pneumophila?
Definition
charcoal yeast extract culture with iron and cysteine.
French legionnaire with his silver helmet (silver statin), sitting around a campfire (charcoal) with his iron dagger (iron)-he is no sissy (cysteine).
Term
What's triple therapy for H. Pylori?
Definition
1. metronidazole, bismuth, and either tetracycline or amoxicillin;2
2. metronidazole, omeprazole, and clarithromycin
Term
What are the three spirochetes?
Definition
Borrelia
Leptospira
Treponema
Term
what is the name of the tick that transmits Borrelia burgdorferi?
Definition
Ixodes
Term
What is Treponema pallidum?
Definition
causes syphilis
Term
What is Argyll Robertson pupil?
Definition
associated with neurosyphillis. Accommodates but does not react to light
Term
what is VDRL?
Definition
Venereal disease research lab test...for syphillis
Term
what is FTA-ABS?
Definition
FTA (Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody) - Abs (absorption). for treponemes.
Find The Antibody-ABSolutely:
most specific
earliest positive
Remains positive the longest
Term
VDRL false positives
Definition
VDRL
Viruses (mono, hepatitis)
Drugs
Rheumatic fever
Lupus and leprosy
Term
What are the two pathogen you can get from unpasteurized diary products?
Definition
1. Brucella spp.->brucellosis/undullant fever
2. listeria
Term
Gardenerella vaginalis
Definition
gray vaginal discharge with a fishy smell. Clue cells.
I don't have a CLUE why I smell FISH in the VAGINA GARDEN
Term
what's the classic triad of rickettsiae?
Definition
Headache, fever, and rash(vasculitis)
Term
Where does Rickettsial rash start?
Where does typhus rash start?
Definition
Rickettsia on the wRist, Typhus on the Trunk.
Term
Q fever
Definition
Q fever is Queer because it has no rash, has no vector, and has negative Weil-Felix (a test for rickettsiae), and its causative organism can survive outside for a long and does not have Rickettsia as a its genus name (caused by Coxiella burnetii)
Term
What is Weil-Felix reaction?
Definition
positive for Rickettsia. Pt's serium is mixed with Proteus antigens, antirickettsial antibodies corss react and agglutinate.
Term
Does Mycoplasma pneumoniae contain cell wall? contain cholesterol in membrane?
Definition
No cell wall, the only bacterial membrane containing cholesterol. Therefore we have to treat with tetracycline or erythromycin
Term
what kind of helminth is associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder?
Definition
Schistosoma
Term
which parasite causes brain cysts and seizsure?
Definition
Taenia solium (cysticercosis)
Term
What causes Typhoid fever?
Definition
Salmonella typhi
Term
what is reassortment?
Definition
when viruses with segmented genomes (eg, influenza virus) exchange segments. High frequency recobination. cause of worldwide influenza pandemics
Term
What is complementation?
Definition
when 1 of 2 viruses that infect the cell has a mutation that results in a nonfunctional protein. The nonmutated virus "complements" the mutated one by making a functional protein that serves both viruses.
Term
how live attenuated vaccines induce immunity differently than killed vaccines?
Definition
live attenuated vaccines induce humoral and cell medicated immunity while killed vaccine only induce humoral immunity
Term
what's the only live attenuated vaccine that can be given to HIV positive pt?
Definition
MMR = Measles, mumps, and rubella
Term
what's the only DNA virus that does not have dsDNA?
Definition
Parvoviridae. "part-of-a-virus"
Term
What's the only dsRNA virus?
Definition
reoviridae. "repeato virus"
Term
Are purified dsDNA and (+) strand ssRNA virus infectious?
Definition
yes
Term
are purified nucleic acids of (-) strand ssRNA and dsRNA viruses infectious?
Definition
no
Term
are most viruses haploid? what's the exception?
Definition
all viruses are haploid except retroviruses.
Term
DNA viruses replicate in the nucleus or cytoplasm?
Definition
nucleus
Term
RNA viruses replicate in the nucleus or the cytoplasm?
Definition
cytoplasm
Term
Is HBV an RNA or DNA virus?
Definition
DNA, AKA Hepadnavirus
Term
What causes conjunctivitis or "pink" eye?
DNA, RNA?
naked? enveloped?
Definition
adenovirus, which is a naked DNA virus
Term
what virus causes aplastic crises in sickle cell disease, "slapped cheeks" rash-erythema infectiosum (fifth diease)?
DNA, RNA?
enveloped?
Definition
Parvovirus B19
ssDNA, naked
Term
Does papillomavirus has an envelop? DNA or RNA?
Definition
naked and DNA
Term
What does Polyomavirus or JC virus cause?
DNA, RNA?
envoloped?
Definition
progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in HIV. DNA and naked
Term
Are poxvirus which causes smallpox DNA or RNA viruses? enveloped or naked?
Definition
DNA and enveloped
Term
name three disease that's caused by EBV
Definition
Mononucleosis
Burkitt's lymphoma
nasopharygeal carcinoma
Term
What is Tzanck Test?
Definition
used to assay for HSV-1, HSV-2, and VZV
Tzanck heavens I do no have herpes
Term
Is Poliovirus RNA or DNA? Has envelop?
Definition
Piconaviruses family, RNA and has no envelope
Term
Rhinovirus RNA or DNA? has envelope?
Definition
Piconaviruses family, RNA, naked
Term
Is Coxsackievirus RNA or DNA? has envelope?
Definition
Piconavirus, RNA and naked
Term
Is HAV RNA or DNA, enveloped?
Definition
Piconavirus family, naked and RNA
Term
pt presents with high fever, black vomitus, and jaundice. Councilman bodies seen in liver
Definition
Yellow fever, caused by flavivirus
Term
what virus is the major cause of actue diarrhea in the United States during winter, especially in day-care centers, kindergartens?
Definition
Rotavirus
ROTA=Right Out The Anus.
Term
what virus contains hemagglutinin and neuraminidase?
Definition
Influenza viruses
hemagllutinin promotes viral entry and neuraminidase promotes progeny virion release.
Term
what are the five pathogens of TORCH infections?
Definition
Toxoplasmosis
Other infections
Rubella
Cytomegalovirus
Herpes
Term

a small child presents with cough, coryza, and conjunctivitis.  His month looks like this

[image]

Definition
Measles

3Cs of measles;
Cough
Coryza
Conjenctivitis
and look for Koplik spots.
Term
pt presents with parotitis, Orchitis(inflammation of testes), and aseptic Meningitis.
Definition
Mumps, a paramyxovirus
Mumps makes your partoid glands and testes as big as POM-poms
Term

pt presents with fever, malaise, photophobia, and hydrophobia, what this is image?

[image]

Definition
Rabies infection. The picture is Negri bodies, cytoplasmic inclusions in neurons infected by rabies virus.
Term
what pathogen is kaposi's sarcoma associated with?
Definition
HHV-8
Term
Name 3 types (sporadic, inherited, and acquired) prion diseases
Definition
Sporadic: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
inherited: Gerstmann-Staussler-Scheinker syndrome
Acquired: Kuru
Term
What's the dominant flora in skin?
Definition
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Term
what's the dominant flora in the nose?
Definition
S. epidermidis; colonized by S. Aureus
Term
what's the dominant flora in Oropharynx?
Definition
Viridans group streptococci
Term
what's the dominant flora in Dental plaque ?
Definition
streptococcs mutants
Term
what's the dominant flore in colon?
Definition
Bacteroides > E. Coli
Term
what's the dominant flore in vagina?
Definition
Lactobacilius, colonized by E. coli and group B strep
Term
What pathogens are found in contaminated seafood?
Definition
Vibrio parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus
Term
what pathogens are found in reheaded rice?
Definition
Bacillus cereus
Term
what pathogens are found in meats, mayonnaise, and custard?
Definition
S. aureus.
Term
what pathogens are found in reheated meat dishes?
Definition
Clostridium perfringens
Term
what pathogens are found in improperly canned foods (bulging cans)?
Definition
C. botulinum
Term
what pathogens are found in undercooked meat?
Definition
E. coli O157:H7
Term
what pathogen is found in poultry, meat, and eggs?
Definition
salmonella
Term
What pathogen is comma or S shaped and grows at 42C, oxidase positive, gram neg, acid resistant, and gives you bloody diarrhea?
Definition
Campylobacter
Term
what pathogen is lactose neg and has flagellar and motile and gives you bloody diarrhea?
Definition
Salmonella
Term
what pathogen is lactose negative, has very low ID50, and produces Shiga toxin and gives you bloody diarrhea?
Definition
Shigella
Term
What pathogen has O157:H7, can cause HUS, and makes Shiga-like toxin and gives you bloody diarrhea?
Definition
EHEC
Term
what pathogen invades colonic mucosa and gives you bloody diarrhea?
Definition
Enteroinvasive E. Coli
Term
What pathogen is involved with day care outbreaks, gives you pseudoappendicitis, and bloody diarrhea?
Definition
Yersinia anterocolitica
Term
what pathogen gives you bloody diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis?
Definition
C. difficile
Term
what protozoan which gives you liver abcess also causes bloody diarrhea?
Definition
Entamoeba histolytica
Term
what pathogen causes traveler's diarrhea and produces ST and LT toxins? Watery diarrhea only.
Definition
Enterotoxigenic E. coli
Term
what comma-shaped organisms causes rice water non-bloody diarrhea?
Definition
Vibrio cholerae
Term
what pathogen gives you gas gangrene and watery diarrhea?
Definition
C. perfringens
Term
which protozoa causes watery diarrhea?
Definition
Giardia
Term
which protozoa causes watery diarrhea in immunocompromised pt?
Definition
cryptosporidium
Term
what are the 3 pathogens that causes atypical pneumonia?
Definition
Mycoplasma, Legionella, Chlamydia
Term
what are the 3 common pathogens that causes new born meningitis?
Definition
Group B strep
E. Coli
Listeria
Term
what are the 4 pathogens of meningitis in children (6mos to 6 yrs)?
Definition
streptococcus pneumoniae
Neisseria meningitidis
Haemophilus influenzae type B
Enteroviruses
Term
what are the
Definition
Term
what are the 4 pathogens that can cause meningitis in 6 to 60 yr olds?
Definition
N. meningitidis
Enteroviruses
S. pneumoniae
HSV
Term
what 3 pathogens that can cause meningitis in 60 yrs +?
Definition
S. pneumoniae
Gram neg rods
Listeria
Term
what viruses can cause meningitis?
Definition
enteroviruses (esp. coxackievirus), HSV, HIV, West Nile virus, VZV
Term
what pathogens can cause meningitis in HIV pt?
Definition
cryptococcus
CMV
toxoplasmosis (brain abscess)
JC virus (PML)
Term
which type of pathogen that can cause meningitis but has since declined in the last 10 to 15 years due to vaccine?
Definition
H. influenzae meningitis
Term
what's the cause of meningitis with these CSF findings? bacterial? Fungal/TB, or viral?
incr'd pressure
incr'd PMNs
incr'd proteins
decr'd sugar
Definition
Bacterial
Term
what's the cause of meningitis with these CSF findings? bacterial? Fungal/TB, or viral?
incr'd pressure
incr'd lymphocytes
incr'd proteins
decr'd sugar
Definition
Fungal/TB
Term
what's the cause of meningitis with these CSF findings? bacterial? Fungal/TB, or viral?
incr'd/normal pressure
incr'd PMNs
incr'd/normal proteins
normal sugar
Definition
viral
Term
what is the most common pathogen to cause osteomyelitis?
Definition
S aureus
Term
what the most common pathogen to cause osteomyelitis in sexually active people?
Definition
Neisseria gonorrhoeae (rare), septic arthritis more common.
Term
what's the most common pathogen to cause oesteomyelitis in diabetics and durg addicts?
Definition
Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Term
what is the most common pathogen to cause osteomyelitis in people with sickle cell?
Definition
salmonella.
Term
what is the most pathogen to cause osteomyelitis in people with prosthetic replacement?
Definition
S. aureus and S. epidermidis
Term
what's the most common cause of vertebral osteomyelitis?
Definition
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Pott's disease)
Term
what pathogen causes osteomyelitis from cat or dog bites or scratches?
Definition
Pasteurella multocida
Term
Pt presents with dysuria, frequency, urgency, superpubic pain, and WBCs (but not WBC casts) in urine. What is the diagnosis?
Definition
UTI
Term
What EMB agar is used to grow?
Definition
eosin-methylene blue agar, for E. Coli. Grows as blue black colonies with metallic sheen.
Term
What's the leading bug that causes UTI?
Definition
E. coli. grows on EMB agar and shows metallic sheen
Term
what's the 2nd leading cause of community-acquired UTI in sexually active women?
Definition
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Term
in UTI test, leukocyte esterase positve means water?
Definition
it's bacterial
Term
in UTI tests, nitrite test positive means what?
Definition
gram negative bug
Term
what are the torch infections?
Definition
microbes that may pass from mother to fetus. can cause including hepatosplenomegaly, jaundice, thrombocytopenia, and growth retardation.
Term
Pt presents with painful genital ulcer and inguinal adenopathy. What's the diagnosis?
Definition
Chancroid, caused by Haemophilus ducreyi (it's so painful, you "do cry")
Term
pt presents with genital wars and finds include koilocytes. diagnosis?
Definition
HPV 6 and 11
Term
pt presents with painless chancre, diagnosis?
Definition
treponema pallidum (syphillis)
Term
mech of bacitracin, vancomycin
Definition
block peptidoglycan synthesis
Term
mech of polymyxins
Definition
disrupt bacterial cell membranes
Term
mech of sulfonamides, trimethoprim
Definition
block nucleotide synthesis
Term
mech of fluoroquinolones
Definition
block DNA topoisomerases
Term
mech of rifampin
Definition
block mRNA synthesis
Term
mech of choloramphenicol, marcolides, clidamycin, treptogramins (quinupristin, dalfopristin), linozolid
Definition
block protein synthesis at 50S ribosomal subunit
Buy at 30, CCELL at 50
Term
mech of aminoglycosides, tetracyclines
Definition
block protein synthesis at 30S ribosomal subunit
Buy AT 30, CCELL at 50
Term
what are the three antipseudomonals?
Definition
ticarcillin
carbenicillin
piperacillin
TCP: Take Care of Pseudomonas
Term
what is calvulanic acid?
Definition
beta lactamase inhibitor
Term
What's the drug of choice for penicillin allergic pt and those with renal insufficiency who cannot tolerate aminoglycosides?
Definition
Aztreonam
Term
what are the 4 major side effects of vancomycin?
Definition
Nephrotoxicity, Ototoxicity, Thrombophlebitis, diffuse flushing-"redman syndrome"
NOT the redman!
Term
Why is aminoglycosides ineffective against anaerboes?
Definition
because it requires oxygen for uptake.
Term
three side effects of aminoglycosides
Definition
NOT!

nephrotoxicity
Ototoxicity
Teratogen
Term
what is demeclocycline used for other than as an antibitic?
Definition
It's also an ADH antagonist, it can act as a Diuretic in SIADH.
Term
what kind of antibiotics are Erythromycin, azithromycin, and clarithromycin?
Definition
they are all macrolides...blocks 50S subunit
Term
what is the drug of choice for atypical pneumonia?
Definition
macrolides
Term
what are the key side effects of macrolides?
Definition
Prolonged QT interval
GI discomfort->noncompliance
increases serum concentration of theophyllines
Term
what are the key side effects of Chloramphenicol?
Definition
Bone narrow suppression
so basically anemia, aplastic anemia, and gray baby syndrome
Term
what is the drug of choice for osteomyolitis?
Definition
clindamycin
Term
what is the key side effect of Sulfonamides?
Definition
hypersensitivity reactions...which can cause Stevens Johnson syndromes
Term
what's trimethoprim's key key side effect?
Definition
Trimethoprim=TMP
"Treats Marrow Poorly"
megaloblastic anemia, leukopenia, granulocytopenia
Term
which antibiotics causes tendonitis and tendon rupture in adults?
Definition
Fluoroquinolones
Term
what are the four drugs of RIPE therapy for TB?
Definition
Rifampin
Isoniazid
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol
Term
What's an important side effect of ethambutol, part of the RIPE treatment for TB?
Definition
optic neuropathy (red-green color blindness)
Term
what vitamin def does isoniazid cause?
Definition
B6
Term
what's an side effect of rifampin that's very dramatic but nonhazardous?
Definition
orange body fluides
Term
what's the treatment for VRE?
Definition
linezolid and streptogramins (quinupristin/dalfopristin)
Term
How does amphotericin B work?
Definition
forms membrane pores
Term
how does Nystatin work?
Definition
binds to ergosterol
Term
How do the "Azoles" work?
Definition
inhibit fungal sterol (ergosterol) synthesis
Term
How does griseofulvin work?
Definition
interferes with microtubule function
Term
how does flucytosine work?
Definition
inhibits DNA synthesis by conversion to 5-fluorouracil
Term
how does caspofungin work?
Definition
inhibit cell wall synthesis by inhibiting synthesis of beta-glucan
Term
how does terbinafine work?
Definition
inhibit enzyme squalene epoxidase
Term
what's the mech of amantadine?
Definition
blocks viral penetration/uncoating.
not used anymore b/c of resistance
Term
how do Zanamivir, oeseltamivir work?
Definition
inhibit influenza neuraminidase, decrease the release of progeny virus
Term
How does ribavirin work?
Definition
inhibit synthesis or guanine nucleotides by competitively inhibiting IMP dehydrogenase.
Term
How does acyclovir work?
Definition
Monophosphorylated by HSV/VZV thymidine kinase->guanosine analog. trphophate formed by cellular enzymes. perfereentially inhibits viral DNA ploymerase by chain termination
Term
How does Ganciclovir work?
Definition
5'-monophosphate formed by a CMV viral kinase or HSV/VZV thymidine kinase. Guanosine anagloy. Triphosphate formed by cellular kinase. Perferentially inhibits viral DNA polymerase.
Term
Which one is more toxic? Acyclovir or Ganciclovir?
Definition
Ganciclovir. More toxic to host enzymes than acyclovir.
Term
how does foscarnet work?
Definition
Viral DNA polymerase inhibitor that binds to the pyrophosphate-binding site of the enzyme. Does not require activation by viral kinase.
Term
when do you use foscarnet?
Definition
CMV retinitis in immunocompromised pts when ganciclovir fails; acyclovir-resistant HSV.
Term
what kind of drugs are Saquinavir, ritonavir, indinavir, nelfinavir, and amprenavir?
Definition
All protease inhibitors end in -navir. they work by inhibit maturation of new virus by blocking protease in progeny virions.
Term
what two drugs must HAART generally entail?
Definition
protease inhibitor and reserve transcriptase inhibitor
Term
How does enfuvirtide work?
Definition
it's an fusion inhibitor, it binds viral gp41 subunit; inhibit conformational change required for fusion with CD4 cells
Term
what are the 9 drugs to avoid during pregnancy?
Definition
Sulonamides
Aminoglycosides
Fluoroquinolones
Erythromycin
Metronidazole
Tetracyclines
Ribavirin
Griseofulvin
Choloramphenicol
Term
What bacteria can survive extreme heat?
Definition
Bacillus subtilis
Term
what's more virulent? Shigella or salmonella?
Definition
Shigella
Term
give one example of an reducing sugar.
Definition
fructose
Term
What's the most common cause of renal stone?
Definition
idiopathic hypercalciuria
normal cerium calcium
elevated calcium in urine
Term
what component is gp120 in HIV?
Definition
env
Term
what component is gp41 in HIV?
Definition
env
Term
what component is p17 in HIV?
Definition
matrix
Term
what component is p24 in HIV?
Definition
capsid
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