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Micro, Ass 1, Renee's Questions
Ass 1
290
Microbiology
Graduate
05/19/2011

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Cards

Term
1.     What is the flagellum of prokaryotes powered by?
Definition
1.     Proton motive force (proton gradient)
Term
2.     How does the flagellum of prokaryotes move?
Definition
2.     Rotates (like a propeller)
Term
3.     How does the flagellum of the eukaryote move? How is it powered?
Definition
3.     Whip-like; ATP hydrolysis
Term
4.     What are the cilia-like structures in prokaryotes called that are involved in adherence or exchange of genetic material?
Definition
4.     Fimbriae/Pili
Term
5.     What are bacterial cell walls composed of?
Definition
5.     Peptidoglycan
Term
6.     What do antibiotics target in bacteria?
Definition
6.     Peptidoglycan
Term
7.     T/F Bacteria cell membranes contain cholesterol.
Definition
7.     F
Term
8.     T/F Prokaryotes usually have single, circular chromosomes without histones or introns.
Definition
8.     T
Term
9.     T/F Shape cannot be used as a diagnostic tool for determining bacteria.
Definition
9.     F – Shape is an important diagnostic tool.
Term
10.  What are the six shapes or Bacteria?
Definition
10.  Coccus– Sphere; Coccobacillus – elongated sphere; Bacillus – rod; Vibrio – “comma”; Spirillum – rigid corkscrew shape; Spirochete – flexible corkscrew shape
Term
11.  What are some problems associated with diagnosis based on shape?
Definition
11.  bacteria change shape during growth – especially during stationary phase; Pleomorphic organisms don’t have a specific shape
Term
12.  What arrangement do streptococci take?
Definition
12. Long chain of cells
Term
13.  What bacterium is described as a “bunch of grapes”?
Definition
13.  Staphylococci
Term
14.  Do all bacteria contain a capsule?
Definition
14.  No, but gram + or – can have capsules
Term
15.  What regulates capsule production?
Definition
15.  Growth phase and growth environment
Term
16.  What layer is directly inside the capsule of a gram + cell?
Definition
16.  Fibrillar layer (protein layer)
Term
17.  T/F All gram + cells have this layer.
Definition
17.  F
Term
18.  What is characteristic of the peptidoglycan layer in a gram + cell?
Definition
18.  Thick, >40 layers, Highly cross-linked
Term
19.  What is characteristic of the peptidoglycan layer in a gram – cell?
Definition
19.  Thin, 1-2 layers, not highly cross-linked
Term
20.  What layer is inside the peptidoglycan layer?
Definition
20.  Cytoplasmic membrane
Term
21.  What cell type has an outer membrane? Where is it found?
Definition
21.  Gram - ; directly inside the capsule (if present)
Term
22.  What are 2 features of the outer membrane?
Definition
22.  Lipopolysaccharide, Unique Proteins
Term
23.  What are the proteins called and what do they do in the outer membrane?
Definition
23.  Porins; Diffusion channels, adhesions, antibiotic resistance
Term
24.  In Gram – what is the region called between the outer membrane and the cytoplasmic membrane?
Definition
24.  Periplasmic space
Term
25.  What are 2 features of the Periplasmic space?
Definition
25.  Contains the peptidoglycan layer, enzymes involved in cell wall biosynthesis
Term
26.  T/F The cytoplasmic membrane and cytoplasm are very similar in Gram + and – bacteria.
Definition
26.  T
Term
27.  What is the extracellular, carbohydrate rich coating on some bacteria called?
Definition
27.  Glycocalyx
Term
28.  Where is the glycocalyx made?
Definition
28.  In the cell then exported to exterior
Term
29.  What are the 2 types of glycocalyx?
Definition
29.  Capsule and Slime layer
Term
30.  What is the capsule composed of?
Definition
30.  Repeating carbohydrate subunits
Term
31.  What are 2 roles of the Capsule?
Definition
31.  Prevent cell from drying out, act as an energy source.
Term
32.  How does the capsule act as a virulence factor? Why is this good?
Definition
32.  Prevents bacterium from recognition by hiding its antigenic components, antipagocytic – blocks complement deposition; Targets for vaccines.
Term
33.  What is another name for the Slime layer?
Definition
33.  Exopolysaccharide, EPS
Term
34.  What is the major distinguishing factor between a capsule and slime layer?
Definition
34.  Capsules are more firmly attached to cell
Term
35.  T/F Capsules are easily stained.
Definition
35.  F – difficult to stain because they are mostly carbohydrate
Term
36.  What kind of stain can be used to stain capsules?
Definition
36.  India Ink – leaves a halo around the cell
Term
37.  What is movement based on chemical sensing called?
Definition
37.  Chemotaxis
Term
38.  What are Flagella composed of?
Definition
38.  Flagellin protein
Term
39.  Why is Flagellin a major antigenic target?
Definition
39.  Its high copy number
Term
40.  What recognizes Flagellin?
Definition
40.  TLR5 (Toll-Like Receptor 5)
Term
41.  What can Flagellin be used for in verifying the organism?
Definition
41.  Used for Strain Typing
Term
42.  What provides the energy for rotation?
Definition
42.  Proton Motive Force
Term
43.  T/F Flagella arrangement is diagnostic for some species of bacteria.
Definition
43.  T
Term
44.  What is a single flagellum at one pole of the cell called? Example?
Definition
44.  Monotrichous; Vibrio
Term
45.  How is a Lophotrichous cell organized?
Definition
45.  One pole with several flagella.
Term
46.  How are Peritrichous cells organized? Example?
Definition
46.  Flagella all over the cell; Salmonella, Escherichia
Term
47.  What is a cell called that has flagella at both poles?
Definition
47.  Amphitrichous
Term
48.  What is characteristic of a Spirochete?
Definition
48.  Endoflagella
Term
49.  How do Endoflagella work?
Definition
49.  Wound around cell not exposed to external environment, forms an axial filament, Rotation of Flagella causes bacterium to move like a corkscrew.
Term
50.  What is an example of a bacterium with Endoflagella?
Definition
50.  Syphilis
Term
51.  What projections are used for adherence?
Definition
51.  Fimbriae
Term
52.  What projections are used for transfer of genetic material between bacteria?
Definition
52.  Pili
Term
53.  What protein are Pili made up of?
Definition
53.  Pilin
Term
54.  T/F Pili can be found on ALL gram + and – cells.
Definition
54.  F – not all cells produce pili, but they can be found on Gram + or -
Term
55.  How are Pili involved in Motility?
Definition
55.  Extension of pili, adhering to surface, then retracting
Term
56.  What is a Biofilm? What is essential for this?
Definition
56.  Organized system of bacteria formed on surfaces; Adherence by Pili
Term
57.  What is a Mesosome?
Definition
57.  Invaginations of the plasma membrane that can form vesicles in Gram + or -
Term
58.  What is the Gram + cell envelope made from?
Definition
58.  > 40 peptidoglycan layer, Contains teichoic and lipoteichoic acids
Term
59.  What substance in Gram +, are not found in Gram – cells?
Definition
59.  Teichoic acids
Term
60.  How are teichoic acids linked to peptidoglycan?
Definition
60.  Covalently
Term
61.  How are lipoteichoic acids anchored to the cytoplasmic membrane?
Definition
61.  Lipid Tail
Term
62.  What is used to aid in identification of the bacteria?
Definition
62.  Teichoic and lipoteichoic acids
Term
63.  T/F Both Gram + and – can form spores.
Definition
63.  F – Only some Gram + can form spores
Term
64.  What is a Spore?
Definition
64.  Dormant Bacterial form that resists heat, desiccation, and many chemicals
Term
65.  When do spores develop and how long do they live?
Definition
65.  In response to nutrient limitations or stress; Long-Lived!
Term
66.  What is present in a Gram – cell that Gram + cells do not have?
Definition
66.  Outer Membrane
Term
67.  What does this membrane function as?
Definition
67.  Permeability barrier
Term
68.  What is inbetween the inner and outer membrane?
Definition
68.  Periplasmic Space
Term
69.  T/F the peptidoglycan layers in Gram + and – are the same.
Definition
69.  F – the peptidoglycan layer in Gram – cells is thin 1-2 layers.
Term
70.  Why is the peptidoglycan layer a good drug target?
Definition
70.  Unique to bacteria and essential in most bacteria.
Term
71.  T/F All Bacteria have a peptidoglycan cell wall
Definition
71.  F – Mycoplasm and Chlamydiae do not
Term
72.  What makes up the “Glycan” portion of the cell wall?
Definition
72.  NAM-NAG, linked disaccharide chain repeated
Term
73.  What can cleave this linkage?
Definition
73.  Lysozyme – found in human tears and mucus membranes
Term
74.  What makes up the “peptide” portion?
Definition
74.  Pentapeptide composed of D- And L- amino acids
Term
75.  What portion of the peptidoglycan are crosslinked?
Definition
75.  Pentapeptides
Term
76.  What is the 3 step process of peptidoglycan synthesis?
Definition
76.  1. Single disaccharide linked to a pentapeptide are synthesized in the cytoplasm. 2. Translocated across cytoplasmic membrane. 3. Disaccharide chain links to growing chain, and cross linking occurs between glycan chains
Term
77.  What step is targeted by bacitracin?
Definition
77.  Step 1
Term
78.  What catalyzes crosslinking b/w glycan chains?
Definition
78.  Transpeptidase activity of penicillin-binding proteins
Term
79.  What step is the target of B-Lactam Antibiotics?
Definition
79.  Cross linking step, Step 3
Term
80.  What is similar about the peptidoglycan structure among Gram + and -?
Definition
80.  NAM-NAG, pentapeptides bound to disaccharide.
Term
81.  What is different about the structure?
Definition
81.  Gram + have a L-lysine at the 3rd position, Gram – have a DAP
Term
82.  T/F DAP is only found in prokaryotes
Definition
82.  T
Term
83.  What extra feature do some Gram + cells have?
Definition
83.  Interpeptide bridge, 5 glycines attaché to the 3rd position L-lysine
Term
84.  Where does cross-linking occur in Gram – cells?
Definition
84.  Between DAP on one and 4th D-Ala of another, (5th D-Ala released)
Term
85.  Where does cross-linking occure in Gram + cells?
Definition
85.  Interpeptide and 4th D-ala, or L-lys and 4th D-ala (if no interpeptide) (5th D-ala is released)
Term
86.  How many distinct forms of peptidoglycan have been found in gram positive bacteria?
Definition
86.  8
Term
87.  Where are these differences found?
Definition
87.  Pentapeptide and interpeptide bridges
Term
88.  What is necessary for cellular rigidity?
Definition
88.  Peptidoglycan cross-linking
Term
89.  What are PBPs?
Definition
89.  Penicillin binding proteins, secreted proteins that are anchored to the outer surface of the cytoplasmic membrane
Term
90.  What are the 2 categories of PBPs?
Definition
90.  High molecular weight and Low molecular weight
Term
91.  What do High Molecular weight PBPs do?
Definition
91.  Essential for growth, encode transpeptidase and transglycosylase activities
Term
92.  What do Low Molecular weight PBPs do?
Definition
92.  NOT essential for growth, Encode ONLY carboxypeptidase activity
Term
93.  What does B-Lactam antibiotics (penicillin) inhibit?
Definition
93.  Transpeptidase and Caraboxypeptidase activities, Cant’s Grow!
Term
94.  What percentage of pentapeptides are cross-linked in Gram -? Gram +?
Definition
94.  20-30%; 80-90%
Term
95.  What is the glycosidase called that hydrolyses the NAM-NAG bond?
Definition
95.  Lysozyme
Term
96.  What type of cells is this an important antibacterial defense against?
Definition
96.  Gram +
Term
97.  Why is lysozyme less important in defense against Gram -?
Definition
97.  Presence of the Outer Membrane prevents lysozyme access to the peptidoglycan layer.
Term
98.  Which type of cell has extensive cross-linking?
Definition
98.  Gram +
Term
99.  What is the main function of the Outer Membrane?
Definition
99.  Permeability barrier
Term
100.        What does the Outer Membrane protect the cell against?
Definition
100.        Antibiotics, lysozymes, toxins, etc.
Term
101.        What are 4 functions of proteins in the outer membrane?
Definition
101.        Autoagregation, Adhesins, Flagella/Pili, Phage recognition
Term
102.        Where are Lipopolysaccharides located?
Definition
102.        Outer leaflet of outer membrane
Term
103.        What is responsible for the permeability barrier properties of the Outer Membrane?
Definition
103.        Lipoplysaccharide
Term
104.        What is essential for viability?
Definition
104.        Lipopolysaccharide
Term
105.        How is the O-antigen attached to the Lipid A?
Definition
105.        Core polysaccharide
Term
106.        What is the O-antigen composed of?
Definition
106.        Repeating oligosaccharides
Term
107.        T/F The O-antigen is Highly variable and can be quite long.
Definition
107.        T
Term
108.        T/F The O-antigen is essential.
Definition
108.        F – it is not essential
Term
109.        What is the morphology of an O-Ag +? O-Ag - ?
Definition
109.        Smooth colonies; rough or dry on agar plates.
Term
110.        T/F The core polysaccharide is not essential for growth.
Definition
110.        F – it is essential for growth
Term
111.        What makes up the core polysaccharide?
Definition
111.        7 Conserved carbohydrates
Term
112.        What unique carbohydrates does the core polysaccharide have?
Definition
112.        2-keto-3-deoxyoctonoic acid (KDO), Heptose
Term
113.        What type of cell is Lipid A unique to?
Definition
113.        Gram -
Term
114.        What is Lipid A commonly referred to as?
Definition
114.        Endotoxin
Term
115.        What is Lipid A recognized by?
Definition
115.        TLR4
Term
116.        What part of the LPS is responsible for the barrier properties of the outer membrane?
Definition
116.        Lipid A
Term
117.        How do some pathogens alter the structure of LPS?
Definition
117.        Enzymatic reactions
Term
118.        What can an altered LPS cause?
Definition
118.        Altered interactions with innate immune response
Term
119.        What can a Reduction of negative charge of the LPS result in?
Definition
119.        Altered interaction with TOL receptors and resistance to cationic antimicrobial peptides. (RESISTANCE!)
Term
120.        T/F Alterations in Acylation results in altered interaction with TLR
Definition
120.        T
Term
121.        T/F Lipid A is not essential for Growth
Definition
121.        F
Term
122.        What is Lipid A made up of?
Definition
122.        Acylated glucosamine disaccharide
Term
123.        What imparts negative charges to LPS?
Definition
123.        Phosphorylation
Term
124.        What adaptive responses do some organisms have to affect interaction with the innate immune system?
Definition
124.        Cap the phosphorylated part, or enzymatically remove the phosphate group.
Term
125.        What is the inside leaflet of the outer membrane made up of?
Definition
125.        Phospholipids
Term
126.        What makes up the outer leaflet?
Definition
126.        LPS
Term
127.        What can lead to resistance to antimicrobial peptides?
Definition
127.        Reduction of negative charges of LPS
Term
128.        What stabilizes the LPS?
Definition
128.        Salt bridges
Term
129.        How are the Salt Bridges formed?
Definition
129.        Magnesium ions bound to phosphates of adjacent LPS molecules
Term
130.        T/F Some antibiotics target Salt bridges to destabilize the outer membrane?
Definition
130.        T
Term
131.        What stimulates pro-inflammatory signal transduction pathways?
Definition
131.        LPS via TLR4
Term
132.        How can endotoxic shock become life-threatening?
Definition
132.        IL-1 induction causes fever, macro & PMN activation causes oxidative damage , increased hypotension from increased permeability, thrombosis, tissue necrosis
Term
133.        T/F cytoplasmic membrane is a target for antibiotics.
Definition
133.        F
Term
134.        What is the difference between Gram + and – in secretion of proteins?
Definition
134.        Gram +: secreted across 1 membrane Gram -: secreted through 2 membranes; many proteins first secreted into periplasm, further processed then secreted into environment.
Term
135.        How many different mechanisms for protein secretion in bacteria are there?
Definition
135.        6
Term
136.        What is Type 1 and where are they found?
Definition
136.        ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter; in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Term
137.        What type of substrates to ABC transporters secrete?
Definition
137.        Drugs, carbohydrates, peptides, proteins
Term
138.        What type is the General Secretory pathway?
Definition
138.        Type II
Term
139.        What are Type II pathways unique to and what do they involve?
Definition
139.        Bacteria; chaperones, and signal peptides
Term
140.        What type is associated with pathogenic strains?
Definition
140.        Type III “contact dependent secretion systems”
Term
141.        How do Type III mechanisms work?
Definition
141.        Directly inject effector proteins into the host cell cytoplasm
Term
142.        What type is associated with conjugation?
Definition
142.        Type IV
Term
143.        What is an example of Type IV?
Definition
143.        Helicobacter, Pertussis Toxin
Term
144.        What Type is related to Porin Proteins?
Definition
144.        Type V, Autotransporters
Term
145.        How do Autotransporter work?
Definition
145.        Exports proteins to the cell surface where they are released by proteolytic cleavage into the extracellular environment
Term
146.        What Type was discovered most recent?
Definition
146.        Type VI
Term
147.        How do bacteria divide?
Definition
147.        Binary fission
Term
148.        What kind of growth does this result in?
Definition
148.        Exponential growth. Cell number = 2n, where n = number of divisions
Term
149.        What does division by binary fission require?
Definition
149.        1) Extension of cell wall; 2) Replication of the genome; 3) Segregation of Chromosomes by membrane attachment; 4) Septum formation
Term
150.        How is Growth Rate equated?
Definition
150.        Growth Rate = ∆ in #cells / unit time
Term
151.        What is the generation time?
Definition
151.        The time required for one cell to grow and divide into two cells.
Term
152.        What is the generation time dependent on?
Definition
152.        Growth conditions – pH, temp, salinity, nutrients, etc.
Term
153.        What are the four phase of the bacterial growth curve?
Definition
153.        Lag Phase, Esponential (log) Phase, Stationary Phase, Death Phase
Term
154.        What phase is associated with adapting to a new environment?
Definition
154.        Lag Phase
Term
155.        What phase has a great death rate than growth rate in culture?
Definition
155.        Death Phase
Term
156.        What phase corresponds with a maximal DNA and protein synthesis?
Definition
156.        Log Phase
Term
157.        In what phase do bacteria have an elevated resistance to antibiotics?
Definition
157.        Stationary phase
Term
158.        What phase may cells need to synthesize enzymes?
Definition
158.        Lag Phase
Term
159.        Why might cells need to synthesize enzymes?
Definition
159.        To utilize nutrients in the medium or for adaptive responses to changes in osmolarity, pH, temperature, etc.
Term
160.        In what phase are bacteria most susceptible to drugs?
Definition
160.        Log Phase
Term
161.        What phase is the best time to do differential staining?
Definition
161.        Log Phase
Term
162.        What phase do cells become metabolically inactive?
Definition
162.        Stationary phase
Term
163.        What phase do gram + bacteria produce spores?
Definition
163.        Stationary phase
Term
164.        What phase is the growth rate equal to the death rate?
Definition
164.        Stationary phase
Term
165.        What is a complex aggregation of microorganisms encased in a protective, adhesive carbohydrate matrix?
Definition
165.        Biofilm
Term
166.        What are Biofilms characterized by?
Definition
166.        1) Surface attachment; 2) structural heterogeneity; 3) genetic diversity; 4) complex community interactions
Term
167.        What percentage of all infections are estimated to be caused by Biofilms?
Definition
167.        80%
Term
168.        T/F Biofilm associated bacteria are resistant to antibiotics.
Definition
168.        T
Term
169.        How do biofilms protect against the immune system?
Definition
169.        Antiphagocytic; Brovide barrier against immune system
Term
170.        During energy production in eukaryotes what is the ultimate electron acceptor?
Definition
170.        Oxygen
Term
171.        What toxic products are produced as a result of metabolism in the presence of oxygen?
Definition
171.        Hydrogen peroxide and Superoxide anion
Term
172.        What type of bacteria require oxygen for growth?
Definition
172.        Obligate aerobe
Term
173.        What are the oxygen requirements of Microaerophiles?
Definition
173.        Oxygen levels form 2-10%
Term
174.        What type of bacteria cannot tolerate oxygen?
Definition
174.        Obligate anaerobes
Term
175.        How do Aerotolerant anaerobes deal with oxygen?
Definition
175.        Do not use aerobic metabolism, but have enzymes that detoxify the poisonous forms of oxygen.
Term
176.        What type of bacteria can grow in the presense of absence of oxygen?
Definition
176.        Facultative anaerobes
Term
177.        What type of metabolism occurs in the absence of oxygen?
Definition
177.        Fermentation
Term
178.        Why are obligate anaerobes killed in the presence of oxygen?
Definition
178.        Lack enzymes required to detoxify toxic forms of oxygen
Term
179.        What specific enzyme do obligate anaerobes lack to detoxify superoxide?
Definition
179.        Superoxide dismutase
Term
180.        What other enzymes do they lack to get rid of the product of superoxide dismutase?
Definition
180.        Catalase and peroxidase
Term
181.        What is formed by superoxide dismutase?
Definition
181.        Peroxide, H2O2
Term
182.        What type of oxygen requirement do most bacteria have?
Definition
182.        Facultative anaerobes; they grow in the presence or absence of oxygen.
Term
183.        What enzyme do all Facultative anaerobes have?
Definition
183.        Superoxide Dismutase
Term
184.        How do low temperatures affect bacterial growth?
Definition
184.        Affects membrane fluidity and enzyme kinetics
Term
185.        How do Maximal temperatures affect bacterial growth?
Definition
185.        Reduced growth due to protein denaturation, thermal lysis and membrane collapse.
Term
186.        What category of growth temperatures are most human pathogens in? What is the temperature range?
Definition
186.        Mesophiles; ~15-45 C
Term
187.        What are the bacteria called that grow at temperatures between -5-20C?
Definition
187.        Psychrophiles
Term
188.        What temperatures do Hyperthermophiles grow at?
Definition
188.        ~65 – 105 C
Term
189.        What bacteria grow best at temperatures between ~45 – 80 C?
Definition
189.        Thermophiles
Term
190.        How do pH levels in the body inhibit microbial growth?
Definition
190.        Certain regions of the body have lower pH which prevents microbial growth. Ex. Vaginal secretions
Term
191.        What is an example of a pathogen that has adapted to an acidic environment?
Definition
191.        Helicobacter pylori
Term
192.        What is an organism that is capable of synthesizing ALL its metabolites called? Example?
Definition
192.        Prototroph; E. coli, Salmonella, Pseudomonas
Term
193.        What is an Auxotroph? Example?
Definition
193.        An organism that has lost the ability to synthesize certain substances required for its growth and metabolism as the result of mutational changes; Chlamydia, Lactobacilli, Haemophilus, Neisseriae, Francisella
Term
194.        What are essential nutrients that bacteria can’t produce on their own called?
Definition
194.        Growth Factor
Term
195.        What is commonly used to identify and differentiate bacteria?
Definition
195.        Nutrient requirements
Term
196.        What mineral is essential from growth?
Definition
196.        Iron
Term
197.        What proteins are used as a host defense to protect iron?
Definition
197.        Lactoferrin and transferrin
Term
198.        How have pathogenic bacteria evolved to get the iron they need?
Definition
198.        1) Transporter for lactoferrin and transferrin; 2) Production of siderophores 3) production of iron releasing cytotoxins
Term
199.        What are Siderophores?
Definition
199.        Iron binding compounds that can ‘steal’ iron from lactoferrin
Term
200.        What two groups do microbial metabolism fall into?
Definition
200.        Anabolism and Catabolism
Term
201.        What type of reactions make new cell components and require energy?
Definition
201.        Anabolism
Term
202.        What happens in Catabolism?
Definition
202.        Breakdown of compounds for building blocks, creation of energy
Term
203.        What common intermediate is made in metabolism?
Definition
203.        Pyruvate
Term
204.        What determines the fate of pyruvate?
Definition
204.        Oxygen
Term
205.        In the presence of oxygen how is pyruvate utilized?
Definition
205.        Funneled through Krebs Cycle.
Term
206.        What are the electrons removed from pyruvate used for?
Definition
206.        Reduce NAD+ à NADH and FAD+ à FADH2
Term
207.        Where are these coenzymes used? Where are the electrons transferred to?
Definition
207.        ECT; oxygen – the final electron acceptor of aerobic respiration.
Term
208.        What occurs in the absence of oxygen?
Definition
208.        Anaerobic respiration – fermentation
Term
209.        How is Pyruvate used in fermentation?
Definition
209.        Degraded to various organic end products; lactic acid, ethanol
Term
210.        What can be used in fermentation to identify and classify bacteria?
Definition
210.        The end products
Term
211.        Which is more efficient in energy production, Aerobic or anaerobic respiration?
Definition
211.        Aerobic
Term
212.        How many ATP can Aerobic respiration produce? Anaerobic?
Definition
212.        38; 2
Term
213.        How are bacteria classified?
Definition
213.        Phenotype and/or genotype
Term
214.        What phenotypic traits can be observed in bacteria?
Definition
214.        1) Staining characteristics; 2) Shape; 3) biotype differentiation; 4) colony appearance; 5) antigen-specific tests
Term
215.        What are RFLP patterns?
Definition
215.        Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism – technique used to differentiate bacteria based on the sizes of chromosomal fragments generated following digestion with a restriction enzyme.
Term
216.        What is the taxonomic category ranking below a family and above a species?
Definition
216.        Genus
Term
217.        What are individual organisms displaying similar characteristics?
Definition
217.        Species
Term
218.        How do subspecies usually arise?
Definition
218.        From geographic separation
Term
219.        How can different strains be defined?
Definition
219.        Serotype and biotype
Term
220.        What is an Isolate?
Definition
220.        A pure culture of organism isolated from heterogeneous population of microorganism
Term
221.        What are the bacterial taxonomy relevant to the clinical setting?
Definition
221.        Genus à Species à Strain à Subspecies à Biovar/Biotype à Serovar/Serotype
Term
222.        What is the most deadly subspecies of Francisella tularensis?
Definition
222.        Francisella tularensis ssp. tularensis
Term
223.        How do the two different species of Salmonella differ?
Definition
223.        Salmonella typhi – typhoid fever Salmonella typhimurium – gastroenteritis
Term
224.        What bacteria is a Gram + Cocci, catalase+?
Definition
224.        Staphylococcus
Term
225.        How is streptococcus classified?
Definition
225.        Gram+ cocci, catalase –
Term
226.        What color do gram + stain?
Definition
226.        Purple
Term
227.        What color do gram – stain?
Definition
227.        Pink
Term
228.        What color are gram – after decolorize?
Definition
228.        Unstained
Term
229.        What are the steps for Gram staining?
Definition
229.        1) Fix the bacteria of a slide 2) flood slide with crystal violet 3) Rinse add Iodine 4) Rinse and decolorize 5) Add Safranin and Rinse 6) pat dry
Term
230.        What are 3 exceptions to the gram stain and why?
Definition
230.        Mycoplasma – lack cell wall; Chlamydiae – disulfide linked proteins not peptidoglycan; Mycobacteria – waxy lipids in cell wall
Term
231.        What type of stain is used for Mycobacterium and Nocardia?
Definition
231.        Acid-fast Stain
Term
232.        What is used for a dye in Acid-fast stains? What color does it stain?
Definition
232.        Carbolfuchsin; red
Term
233.        What is added to Acid-fast stains to visualize other cells present?
Definition
233.        Methylene blue
Term
234.        What diseases do Mycobacterium and Nocardia cause?
Definition
234.        Tuberculosis, leprosy, other skin/lung infections
Term
235.        Where can Transient Flora be found?
Definition
235.        Environment – door handles, desks, people
Term
236.        What is the population of organisms called that are regularly found at any anatomical site?
Definition
236.        Resident Flora
Term
237.        T/F Internal tissues contain Resident Flora.
Definition
237.        F – Internal tissues are free of microorganisms
Term
238.        What type of organisms are found in the Resident Flora?
Definition
238.        Bacteria (most), Fungi (few), Protozoa (rare)
Term
239.        What region of the body is most poplulated?
Definition
239.        GI tract
Term
240.        Do the blood, brain, and muscle have normal flora?
Definition
240.        No – Internal tissues are free of microorganisms
Term
241.        What are 3 examples of bacteria that occupy multiple niches of the body?
Definition
241.        Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Corynebactrium spp.
Term
242.        What is Tissue Tropism?
Definition
242.        Favoring growth in one tissue more than another.
Term
243.        What factors can influence flora diversity?
Definition
243.        1) Age and sex 2) Diet and nutrition 3) Sanitation and hygiene
Term
244.        How does normal flora prevent colonization of pathogenic bacteria?
Definition
244.        1) competing for attachement sites and nutrients. 2) Antagonize bacterial growth
Term
245.        What is another benefit of Normal Flora?
Definition
245.        Synthesize and excrete vitamins – K, B12
Term
246.        How can the Normal Flora contribute to disease? Examples?
Definition
246.        Bacteria from one site infect a new site; E. Coli from GI pathogenic in lung or urinary tract; Streptococci to Blood stream from oral surgery
Term
247.        What happens in antibiotic induced diarrhea?
Definition
247.        Antibiotics destroy normal flora allowing opportunistic pathogens to grow.
Term
248.        What are Nosocomial Infections?
Definition
248.        Infections that result from staying in a hospital
Term
249.        Where does Corynebacterium diphtheriae occupy?
Definition
249.        Throat
Term
250.        What bacterium only occupies the urogenital epithelium?
Definition
250.        Neisseria Gonorrhoeae
Term
251.        What are most Nosocomial infections due to?
Definition
251.        Antibiotic-resistant organisms
Term
252.        What 3 factors result in Nosocomial infections?
Definition
252.        1) High prevalence of pathogens 2) Compromised hosts 3) efficient mechanisms of transmission from patient to patient
Term
253.        Where do 25% of Nosocomial infections develop?
Definition
253.        ICU
Term
254.        What is the single most important method to limit cross transmission?
Definition
254.        Hand Hygiene
Term
255.        What is used on the skin or other tissue to reduce microorganisms?
Definition
255.        Antiseptics; Iodine, Alcohol
Term
256.        What is used on inanimate objects to reduce microorganisms?
Definition
256.        Disinfectants; alcohols, phenols, aldehydes, surfactants
Term
257.        The suffix –stasis/-static refers to?
Definition
257.        Inhibition; no complete destruction (stuck like static)
Term
258.        –cide/cidal refers to?
Definition
258.        Destruction or inactivation (homicide)
Term
259.        What 3 environmental conditions affect treatment?
Definition
259.        1) Temperature and pH 2) Composition and Quantity 3) Contact time
Term
260.        How does high temperature control bacterial growth?
Definition
260.        Denaturation of proteins
Term
261.        Why is moist heat more effective then Dry heat?
Definition
261.        Water is a better conductor
Term
262.        T/F Pasteurization sterilizes dairy products and fruit juices.
Definition
262.        F – Not sterilization, heat resistant microbes survive
Term
263.        Is Boiling complete sterilization?
Definition
263.        No
Term
264.        How do you achieve true sterilization?
Definition
264.        121C at 15 psi for 15min
Term
265.        What can survive with boiling?
Definition
265.        Endospores, protozoan cysts, some viruses
Term
266.        What is a very effective dry heat treatment?
Definition
266.        Incineration (inoculating loop)
Term
267.        Why is slow freezing better then quick freezing?
Definition
267.        Crystals form and puncture membranes
Term
268.        How do HEPA filters work?
Definition
268.        Filters microbes out of air and gas
Term
269.        What are the 2 categories of radiation?
Definition
269.        Ionizing and nonionizing
Term
270.        How does ionizing radiation work?
Definition
270.        Creates ions by ejecting electrons from the atoms they strike
Term
271.        What are 3 examples of Ionizing radiation?
Definition
271.        Electron Beams, Gamma Rays, X-rays
Term
272.        What form is used to sterilize food products?
Definition
272.        Gamma Rays
Term
273.        Which has Rapid cell death, but poor tissue penetration?
Definition
273.        Electron beams
Term
274.        What is non-ionizing radiation suitable for?
Definition
274.        Disinfection air, transparent fluids, surfaces
Term
275.        What is the symbol used to label irradiated foods?
Definition
275.        Radura
Term
276.        What is an example of non-ionizing?
Definition
276.        UV radiation
Term
277.        How does it work?
Definition
277.        Excites electrons, making new covalent bonds
Term
278.        What Causes Thymine Dimers?
Definition
278.        UV radiation
Term
279.        What type of chemical control is best for blood, vomit, feces?
Definition
279.        Phenols, Phenolics
Term
280.        What type of organisms are Alcohols not effective against?
Definition
280.        Fungal spores and endospores
Term
281.        What are Tinctures?
Definition
281.        Solutions of other antimicrobial agents in alcohol.
Term
282.        What chemical agent is effective against vegetative bacterial and fungal cells, fungal spores, bacterial endospores, and protozoan cysts, as well as many viruses?
Definition
282.        Halogens
Term
283.        What is used in the treatment of drinking water?
Definition
283.        Ozone
Term
284.        What is an effective sporocide used to sterilize equipment?
Definition
284.        Peracetic acid
Term
285.        What are Quats?
Definition
285.        Antimicrobial surfactants
Term
286.        What can be used to prevent blindness by N. gonorrhoeae?
Definition
286.        1% silver nitrate
Term
287.        What is Thimerosal used for?
Definition
287.        Preserve vaccines
Term
288.        How do heavy metals control bacterial growth?
Definition
288.        Ions precipitate proteins and react with sulfhydryl groups on enzymes
Term
289.        What type of disinfecting agent is Formalin?
Definition
289.        Aldehyde
Term
290.        T/F You’re glad this is the last question.
Definition
290.        T – you’re sane F – you might be a gunner
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