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Micro Exam 1: Historical and Morphology/ Structures and Stai
N/A
39
Microbiology
Undergraduate 2
11/26/2012

Additional Microbiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Bug that caused the great plague in Vienna?
Definition
Yersinia Pestus
Term
Who was the first to visualize microorganisms (anamacules)?
Definition
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Term
First vaccine delivered by who? and for what? 18th century
Definition
Jenner, small pox.
Term
Theory of spontaneous generation?
Definition
Organisms were generated form rotting organic material.
Term
Theory of spontaneous generation disproved by who? How?
Definition
Pasteur and Tyndall, using swan necked tubes, boil broth, remains sterile for many days.
Term
Who first demonstrated the value of hygeine?
Definition
Semelweiss
Term
Pasteurization developed by who?
Definition
Pasteur
Term
Lister - how did he improve surgical infections?
Definition
Spraying antisepsis over the surgical field.
Term
Wide spread use of this technique leads to eradication of illness and death caused by previously common infections ie. measels, diptheria
Definition
Immunization!
Term
Koch's postulates - used for what? What are the four postulates?
Definition
Used to establish if an organism is the cause of disease.
1. Same organism must be found in all cases of the disease
2. organism must be isolated and grown in pure culture.
3. Organisms from pure culture must reproduce the disease in a healthy susceptible animal.
4. organism must then again be isolated from infected animal.
Term
Cocci - what shape, and two types?
Definition
Ball. Strepto - chain, Staphylo - cluster.
Term
Bacilli - what shape? Different types?
Definition
Rods.
Very short rods (almost spherical) - coccobacilli
curved rods - vibrio
spiral rods - spirochaetes
Term
Filaments with branching are called?
Definition
Actinomycetes
Term
Flagella - structure?
Definition
Long slender, made of protein, whip like.
Term
Flagella purpose? organization of flagella?
Definition
enable bacteria to move, rotating like a propeller.
single - monotrichous
multiple - peritrichous
Term
Fimbrae - structure, what is their purpose?
Definition
short and thin proteins. enable the bacteria to stick to things.
Term
Pili - structure similar to? Function?
Definition
Similar to fimbrae, involved in transfer of DNA between bacteria.
Term
Bacterial Capsule - produced by cell using what? Function?
Definition
Slime layer produced by the cell using polysaccharides, make organism look bigger and slippery, so it is harder to ingest :. harder to defend against.
Term
Bacterial cell wall - different from that of fungi and plants. Made of ? Function?
Definition
made of peptidoglycan (lattice structure with cross links), serves to maintain cell shape and integrity.
Term
Uniqueness of the bacteria cell wall allows it to be targeted by?
Definition
antibiotics.
Term
How do we use the cell wall for identification?
Definition
Gram stains, different for Gram Pos and Gram neg.
Term
Difference between Gram + and Gram - wall structure?
Definition
Gram pos - has thick peptidoglycan layer that traps the stain and no outer membrane.
Gram neg - has an outer membrane and a thin layer of peptidoglycan.
Term
Cell membrane structure and functions?
Definition
Lipid bilayer with proteins.
Controls the entrance and exit of substance from the cell.
Contains enzymes involved in cell wall production, cellular metabolism and production of extra cellular materials (gram negative contains endotoxin).
Term
Where does metabolism take place in the bacteria?
Definition
Cytoplasm.
Term
Ribosomes of the bacteria made of? Function? are they distinct from other organisms ribosomes?
Definition
RNA and protein subunits (2), they are the structure where proteins are made. different from plant and animal ribosomes.
Term
Bacterial chromosome - made of? How is it different from eukaryotic cells?
Definition
Made of DNA, single long circular molecule of DNA not separated from the the cytoplasm (anucleate).
Term
Plasmids - what are they? What is their purpose?
Definition
small circular pieces of DNA, separate from chromosome, can be transferred between bacteria (can confer genes for ATBX resistance)
Term
Inclusions - what are they? Function?
Definition
granules int he cytoplasm, may act as storage of various substances.
Term
Endospores - what are they?
Definition
environmentally tough, dormant forms.
Term
Do endospores grow or divide? How long can they survive?
Definition
No they do not grow or divide, can remain viable for long periods of time.
Term
Bacteria fall under which domain? and which kingdom?
Definition
Prokaryotes, monera.
Term
Taxonomy based on need for O2:
Aerobic
Capnophilic
Facultative
Anaerobe
Microaerophilic
Definition
A - grows in air, obligate if it must have O2.
C - needs CO2
Facultative - grows in air and can grow without oxygen.
Ana - grows without oxygen, most do not grow well with O2 as it is toxic to them.
Micro - grows in low concentration of O2, but not in absence of air.
Term
Staining organisms - what does it allow us to do? What happens to the organisms?
Definition
Allows us to visualize using light microscopy, organisms are killed in the process.
Term
Simple stains
Definition
stain is applied and colours the organism - ex. methylene blue.
Term
Complex stains - uses?
Definition
stains may be combined, stain different structures. Giemsa stain - malarial parasites nucleus red and cytoplasm blue.
Term
Gram stain - stains different organism based on which structure?
Definition
Cell wall.
Term
Method for gram stain
Definition
Crystal violet - stains all bacteria dark purple.
Iodine - binds to crystal violet and fixes it.
Alc/acetone - washes out of gram negative bacteria.
Safranin - stains gram negative bacteria pink.
Term
Acid Fast Stain - uses? exampes?
Definition
Some bacteria cannot be stained with gram stain. ex. Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Term
Acid Fast stain process?
Definition
forces a red stain into cells. Wash out the stain with alcohol and acid. Restaining (counterstain with blue or green)
Acid fast organisms retain the red. Others are blue.
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