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Micro Exam I - Lectures 1-3
Micro Exam I - Lectures 1-3
95
Microbiology
Professional
05/06/2011

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Term
What is the study of the occurrence, distribution, & control of disease?
Definition
Epidemiology
Term
Define prevalence vs. incidence.
Definition
Prevalence - Snapshot in time - how many cases currently. Indicdence - Number of cases over a period of time.
Term
Define mortality, morbidity, comorbidity.
Definition
Mortality - incidence of death. Moribidity - incidence of disease - fatal and non-fatal. Comorbidity - other diseases that infect as a result of the 1st disease.
Term
Define endemic, epidemic, pandemic.
Definition
Endemic - constantly present, low morbidity. Epidemic - High numbers but localized. Pandemic - an epidemic that's spread to the whole world.
Term
Define virulence, pathogenicity, infectiousness.
Definition
Virulence - ability to cause disease. Pathogenicity - ability to cause disease. Infectiousness - ability to cause infection.
Term
T/F Reservoirs must be living objects.
Definition
False, soil, bedding, surgical instruments can be reservoirs.
Term
What is the prodromal period of infection?
Definition
Mild signs/symptoms. Occurs before accute period.
Term
Describe primary/secondary/tertiary prevention.
Definition
Primary - Prevention. Secondary - Diagnose and treat early. Tertiary - Reduce negative impacts of established disease.
Term
What is a carrier?
Definition
Subclinically infected ind. that spreads the disease - acts as a reservoir. Can be chronic - carry disease despite no symptoms, or naturally resistant to it (Typhoid Mary).
Term
What is the iceberg effect?
Definition
By the time you start to see deaths, you have many more cases that aren't sick yet.
Term
What is the diff. between Direst host-to-host and Indirect host-to-host transmission?
Definition
Indirect uses vector, inanimate objects, water; direct is thru the air or direct contact.
Term
What is a nosocomial infection?
Definition
Hospital acquired infection. Many are opportunistic due to comp. immune pts.
Term
BEINGS is what?
Definition
Major risk factors for disease. Biological/Behavioral Environment Immuno factors Nutrition Genetics Services.
Term
What is the proper way to write genus/species?
Definition
Italics (or underline), capitalize first word, lower second.
Term
What does strepto/staphylo mean?
Definition
Strepto - chains, staphylo - clusters.
Term
What is cocci/bacilli?
Definition
Colli - round, bacilli - rod.
Term
Which type of media allows many to grow, but some look different?
Definition
Differential.
Term
What part of a gram + cell stains?
Definition
Cell wall.
Term
What is an F plasmid?
Definition
Fertility - codes the genes to make pili - which allows for gene transfer.
Term
What is a glycocalyx?
Definition
Just outside the cell wall - helps in protection from phagocytes. Also helps form biofilms.
Term
T/F a pili is a gram-negative bacterial appendage that are used to adhere to animal cells.
Definition
False - that's a fimbriae.
Term
T/F a pili is used for chromosome transfer.
Definition
True.
Term
What is inside of an endospore?
Definition
DNA and part of cytoplasm.
Term
T/F Only gram - cells make endospores.
Definition
False - only gram + does.
Term
What is serotyping?
Definition
Distinct variations w/in a subspecies of bacteria.
Term
What are the 4 phases on a bacterial growth curve?
Definition
Lag, Log, Stationary, Death.
Term
T/F Transduction is transferring of DNA from one bacteria to another via a virus.
Definition
True.
Term
T/F Transformation is swapping genes over a pili.
Definition
False - this is conjugation.
Term
What is transformation?
Definition
Taking up naked DNA from the env. and incorporating into your genome.
Term
What are jumping genes?
Definition
Transposons. Sequences of DNA that can move to new positions in the genome.
Term
Describe a plasmid.
Definition
DNA molecule, separate from the chromosomal DNA. Circular and often DS. Non-essential but often advantageous.
Term
What bacteria is typically on your skin?
Definition
Staphs - skin is acidic, can also activate CMI.
Term
Describe the flora of the lungs.
Definition
Strep. pneumonia.Defenses are cilia, mucus.
Term
T/F Men are more likely to get UTIs.
Definition
False - Urethra of women is much shorter.
Term
What is LD50?
Definition
Dose needed to kill 50% of animals in a study. Low LD50 = more virulent.
Term
T/F Attenuation means dead.
Definition
False, it's just less virulent. This is used in vaccines.
Term
What are 2 aspects of invasiveness?
Definition
colonization and invasion.
Term
What is an exotoxin?
Definition
Secreted. Breaks down the ext. env.
Term
Give some examples of exotoxins.
Definition
Hemotoxin (break down RBCs), A-B toxins.
Term
What is an endotoxin?
Definition
Not secreted - just part of the cell.
Term
T/F LPS is an endotoxin.
Definition
True. Part of the cell wall.
Term
What is an enterotoxin?
Definition
Exotoxin in the intestines.
Term
What is a pathogenicity island?
Definition
A group of genes that can be on a plasmid or main chromosome. Code for a group of things that make them more virulent. Ex. exotoxin & capsule.
Term
How are pathogenicity islands acquired?
Definition
Horizontal gene transfer.
Term
T/F Endocarditis and Oral Sterp are 2 examples of organisms that make biofilms.
Definition
True.
Term
T/F Antiseptics are for use outside the body.
Definition
True.
Term
Give examples of an antisectic?
Definition
Mouth wash, Soap, EtOH, Triclyosan, Chlorhexidine, H2O2,
Term
What is the difference between a sterilant and a disinfectant?
Definition
Sterilants kill everything, disifenctans kill most microbes.
Term
What are indicators for high level sterilization?
Definition
Spores - Bacillus and clostridium.
Term
What is an indicator for medium level sterilization?
Definition
Mycob. Tb.
Term
What are indicators for low level sterilization?
Definition
Viruses.
Term
T/F Quaternary ammonium is a good disinfectant.
Definition
Not true. It is a low level one, not good at killing naked viruses.
Term
How does H2O2 work?
Definition
Oxidation. Allows it to destroy a wide range of pathogens.
Term
T/F H2O2 has a short cycle time.
Definition
True - as low as 28 mins for high concentrations.
Term
Describe what bleach is used for.
Definition
Disinfectant - diluted and can kill Mycob. TB, inactivate prions. It will kill many but not all spores.
Term
T/F Leave bleach to soak for 15 mins to disinfect.
Definition
False -- 20 mins.
Term
How does heat work?
Definition
Penetrates and coagulates proteins. Good at penetration - Dry is worse than moist.
Term
T/F Ethylene oxide is good at penetration.
Definition
False - it's a gas - used on medical equipment/instruments. Only works on the surface.
Term
T/F Gluteraldehyde is a sterilizing agent.
Definition
True - as long as you let it soak in long enough. 22 hours.
Term
What are temperature and pressure levels for an autoclave?
Definition
121 C 15 psi, 15 min.
Term
What is the indicator typically used for autoclaves?
Definition
Bac. stearothermophilus.
Term
T/F prions are removed w/ filtration.
Definition
False.
Term
When is filtration used?
Definition
For liquids that will be damaged by heat, irradiation or chemical sterilization. Can remove bacteria and viruses if the pores are small enough.
Term
When is radiation used?
Definition
For heat-sensitive products. It's a cold process.
Term
T/F Radiation has deep penetration power.
Definition
True. Sterilization can be achieved in densely packed material of any geometry.
Term
Which microscopy is used on live specimens?
Definition
Phase contrast.
Term
What allows us to see viruses?
Definition
EM - TEM and SEM.
Term
T/F Gram staining is a differential stain.
Definition
True. Allows you to differentiate.
Term
What color does TB stain in an acid fast test?
Definition
Pink. Otherwise it's blue.
Term
What is used in fluorescent staining to give the specimen a staining?
Definition
Antibody.
Term
What are the 4 types of culture media?
Definition
Enriched, Selective, Differential, Specialized.
Term
What color does a alpha hemolytic organism appear on a differential agar?
Definition
Green.
Term
What color does a beta hemolytic organism appear on a differential agar?
Definition
Beta is clear/yellow.
Term
What color does a gammy hemolytic organisms appear on a differential agar?
Definition
No change - no hemolysis occurs.
Term
What factors influence success of a culture?
Definition
Biology of the organism (ex. extremophiles like hotsprings), site of infection - how hard is it go get, Immune response, Media.
Term
What is a copy machine for DNA called?
Definition
PCR - make copies - amplifies a single or a few copies thousands/millions of times.
Term
What is RFLP?
Definition
Cut DNA, put it in a gel, and you get a fingerprint.
Term
What is used for RFLPs?
Definition
Restriction enzymes.
Term
What is DNA Hybridization?
Definition
Allow you to look for certain DNA in a sample.
Term
What is using DNA probes to look for DNA in a sample called?
Definition
In situ hybridization. Ex. scanning for a virus in a solid tumor.
Term
What is the theory behind a serological diagnosis?
Definition
Inject a mouse, collect the B cells, fuse them w/ a tumor cell. Then screen 1000s of fused cells looking for Abs.
Term
What is being tested for in a serological diagnosis?
Definition
Antibodies.
Term
What is a precipitaiton test?
Definition
Test for antigen/antibody in body fluids by the degree of precip. that occurs in gel/solution. Low sensitivity b/c a large amt of antibody and antigen are needed.
Term
What is an agglutination test?
Definition
A particle is coupled w/ a reagent antigen or antibody. If the tgt antibody or antigen is present, it cross links and agglutination occurs.
Term
T/F agglutination test are less sensitive and slower than other tests.
Definition
False - they are more rapid typically, but still less sensitive.
Term
T/F Agglutination test can determine serotypes of some bacteria.
Definition
True.
Term
What is FLOW cytometry?
Definition
Cells are suspended in a stream of fluid and a detection apparatus counts them. Allows for analysis of many parameters at once.
Term
T/F Flow cytometry is used for diagnosis of blood cancers.
Definition
True. Also used for research/clinical.
Term
What is an ELISA?
Definition
Uses an antibody to look for an antigen. Put viral proteins in a well, add patient serum, if it binds then test is positive.
Term
What is a Western Blot used for?
Definition
HIV - run proteins on a gel from the HIV virus, along w/ patient antibodies.
Term
What are pathignomonic symptoms?
Definition
symptoms that indicate a certain disease - Koplic spots, pseudomembrane on the tonsils.
Term
What do Koplic spots indicate?
Definition
Measles - a pathagnomonic symptom.
Term
What does idiopathic mean?
Definition
We don't know the cause.
Term
What does Iatrogenic mean?
Definition
Came from a health care setting.
Term
What is the lowest concentration of an antimicrobial that will inhibit growth of an organism called?
Definition
MIC - Minimum Inhibitory Concentration.
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