Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Micro Atchley Block 12
KYCOM Block 12
163
Microbiology
Graduate
12/07/2013

Additional Microbiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
what are two other names for hospital acquired infection
Definition
nosocomal infection
iatrogenic infection
Term
what are the qualifications of HAI
Definition
acquired in hospital >48h after admission
Term
who is at high risk for HAI
Definition
IV, port, cath, intubation, ICU, post op, immune compormised
Term
how can HAI be prevented
Definition
hand washing, infection control programs, prudent antibiotic use
Term
sources of HAI
Definition
self, others, air, food, dust, IV, cath, washbowl, bedpan, endoscope, ventilator, water, disinfectants
Term
#1 hospital acquired infection in adults
Definition
URI
Term
3 top causes of UTI HAI and their gram stain
Definition
1. E. coli GNR
2. Candidia KOH
3. P. aeruginosa GNR
Term
#2 hospital acquired infection in adults
Definition
surgical wounds or LRI
Term
2 causes of surgical wound infection HAI and their gram stain
Definition
1. S. aureus GPC
2. P. aeruginosa GNR
Term
what is the most likley introduction method of microbes in a HAI LRI
Definition
ventilator
Term
3 top causes of LRI HAI and their gram stain
Definition
1. S. ayreys GPC
2. P. aerguinosa GNR
3. A. baymanni GNR
Term
what is the most likley introduction method of microbes in a HAI bacteremia
Definition
IV
Term
what is the #1 HAI in infants and kids
Definition
bacteremia
Term
3 top causes of HAI bacteremia and their gram stain
Definition
1. S. aureus GPC
2. enterococci GNR
Term
4 signs of pneumonia
Definition
fever
purulent sputum
leukocytosis
decline in O2
Term
#1 cause of CA pneumonia
Definition
S. pneumonia
Term
S. aureus aka
Definition
MRSA/MSSA
Term
S. aureus: catalase, coagulase, hemolysis?
Definition
B hemolytic
catalase positive
coagulase negative
Term
which HA pneumo are difficult to treat, why
Definition
S. aureus - resistance due to mecA gene mutating PBP2a

P. aeruginosa - antibiotic resistance : two drug bug

A. baumannii - B lactaminase, alters porins, efflux pumps
Term
transmission of S. aureus
Definition
nares, skin
Term
P. aeruginosa: oxidaze, lactose?
Definition
oxidase positive
non-lactose fermentind
Term
P. aeruginosa: color, smell
Definition
green
grapes
Term
P. aeruginosa: who does it invade
Definition
weak invader: compormised
Term
P. aerguinosa: where does it live and transfer on
Definition
soil, water, plants, animals, intestinal flora, skin, medical devices, hands
Term
P. aerguinosa: virulence factors (2)
Definition
endotoxin A: similar to diptheria toxin

antiphagocytic and adhesive capsule
Term
P. aerguinosa: 7 clinical signs / conditions
Definition
Burns
endocarditis
pneumonia
sepsis
external malignant otitis media
UTI
diabetic osteomyelitis
Term
Acinetobacter baumannii: oxidase, catalase?
Definition
catalse positive
oxidase negative
Term
Acinetobacter baumannii: location/transmission
Definition
ubiquitous: present everywhere
soil, water, skin, secretions, medical devices, hands
Term
Acinetobacter baumannii: who does it infect
Definition
weak invader: compormised
Term
Acinetobacter baumannii: 4 clinical signs / conditions
Definition
Burns
E
Pneumonia
Sepsis
E
UTI
D
O
Term
Clostridium difficile: gram stain, metabolism, reproduction
Definition
anaerobic
GPR
spore forming
Term
C. difficule: clinical condition, its cause, its tx
Definition
pseudomembranous colitis
cause: clindamycin (metronidazole, vancomycin)
tx: metronidazole, vancomycin
Term
cause of FUO Post Op 1-2 days
Definition
wind: atelectasis, pneumonia
Term
cause of FUO Post Op 3 days
Definition
water: UTI
Term
cause of FUO Post Op 5 days
Definition
walk: deep vein thrombosis
Term
cause of FUO Post Op 7 days
Definition
wound: surgical wound infection
Term
cause of FUO Post Op 1-10 days
Definition
weird: drug induced fever
Term
cause of FUO Post Op 10 days
Definition
wonder where: abscess
Term
what are the 7 steps of sepsis
Definition
infection
bacteremia fungemia
systemic inflammatory response syndrome
sepsis
severe sepsis
septic shock
multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
Term
define infection
Definition
inflammatory response to microbe due to invasion of a sterile site
Term
define bacteremia/fungemia, what are the potential causes
Definition
presence of microbe in blood
causes: bacteria, fungi, virus, parasite

does not mean septicemia
Term
causes of systemic inflammatoy response syndrome
Definition
infection, organ failure, trauma, burns, shock
Term
qualifications for SIRS
Definition
temp >38 or <35C
HT >90
RR >20
pCO@ <32
WBC <1200, <4000, >10% band cells
Term
qualifications for sepsis
Definition
SIRS with at least one organ dysfunction, hypoperfusion, HYPOTENSION

evidence of or strong suspicion of infection

ex symptoms: LACTIC ACIDOSIS
oliguria
altered mental status
mottled skin
DIC
ARDS
CHF
Term
qualifications for septic shock
Definition
sepsis with hypotension despite fluid recussitation, requires vasopressors
Term
what is a determinant of outcome of septic shock
Definition
>3 organs failing means 50% chance of living
Term
qualifications for multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
Definition
progressive distand organ failure
Term
causes of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
Definition
infection, burns, shock, trauma, other
Term
what causes 50% of septic shock
Definition
gram positive organisms

S. aureus: LRT
S. pneumo: pneumo
enterococcus: UTI
Term
what causes 30% of septic shock
Definition
Gram negative bacteria
E. coli
Term
top three sources of infection leading to sepsis
Definition
lung 40%
abdomen 20%
urine 15%
Term
manifestation of end organ dysfunction: carduac
Definition
tachycardia, decreased contraction
Term
what is the second most common end organ dysfunction at the time of sepsis DX
Definition
cardiac
Term
manifestation of end organ dysfunction: pulmonary
Definition
tachypena, respiratory alkalosis/acidosis, ARDS
Term
what is the most common end organ dysfunction at the time of sepsis DX
Definition
pulmonary
Term
manifestation of end organ dysfunction: vascular
Definition
decreased tone, increased permeability, shock
Term
manifestation of end organ dysfunction: hematologic
Definition
DIC, thrombocytopenia, prolonged PTT/PT
Term
what are the limits on PTT/PT
Definition
PTT>60 sec
PT > 1.5
Term
manifestation of end organ dysfunction: renal
Definition
pre-renal azotemia, acute failure, acute tubular necrosis, increased BUN/CR
Term
manifestation of end organ dysfunction: hepatic
Definition
increased transaminases, bilirubiin, jaundice
Term
manifestation of end organ dysfunction: CNS
Definition
confusion
Term
manifestation of end organ dysfunction: metabolic
Definition
acidosis, shock
Term
manifestation of end organ dysfunction: GI
Definition
malabsorption
Term
what on gram negatives cause septis
Definition
LPS/endotoxins
bacterial flagellin
nucleic acids
Term
what on gram positives cause sepsis
Definition
trichoic acid
peptidoglycan
superantigens (cause TSS)
bacterial flagellin
nucleic acids
Term
what microbes dont have peptidoglycan
Definition
mycoplasma and ureaplasma
mostly chalmydia

even though all atypicals, NOT legionella
Term
what do viruses have that can cause septis
Definition
nucleic acids
Term
role of TLR
Definition
have PRR (pattern recognition receptors) that see pathogen associated molecules (PAMPS) on microbes
trigger release of proinflammatory metiators
Term
MOA of TNF/IL-1/INFy
Definition
pro inflammatory
release ROS and lipid mediators from PMN/mono/esino which cause vasodilation, permeability of capillaries, fever, hypotension, coagulation
Term
endothelial cells and macrophages causes release of these 4 things when stimulated by TNF/IL1
Definition
NO
PLA2
COX2
LOX
Term
what does NO do
Definition
vasodilation
increased pulmonary A pressure
decreased CO
Term
what does PLA2 do
Definition
activate PAF which causes hypotension
Term
what does COX2 do
Definition
activate PGE2 which causes fever, pain,inflammation
Term
what does LOX do
Definition
activate leukotrienes causing neutrophil chemotaxis
Term
define passive immunity, what are the benifits and down sides
Definition
subject receives antibodies in form of Ig
immunity is not long term but good when immunity is needed rapidly
Term
what is an example of natural passive immunity
Definition
mother to child
IgG through placenta
IgA through breast milk
Term
what is an example of artificial passive immunity
Definition
immunization with antibodies
Term
define active immunity
Definition
subject is exposed to infection and produces antibodies
Term
what is an example of natural active immunity
Definition
natural infection
Term
what is an example of artificial active immunity
Definition
immunization with antigen administration
Term
why do we combine active and passive immunity for rabies
Definition
when infected with rabies you give the antibodies to take care of initial antigen

the antibodies are short lived so they outlive the initial infectin so give the vaccine too so it picks up when the antibodies run out
Term
define Ro
Definition
basic reproductive number
average number of people directly infected by one infected person when they enter a susceptible popultation
Term
what factors affect Ro
Definition
duration of infection
infectiousness of the organism
number of susceptible people they come in contact with
Term
what is the overall percent of people who need to be vaccinated to protect the population from an epidemic
Definition
85%
Term
what are the live attenuated vaccines
Definition
rotavirus
influenza
MMR
varicella/yellow fever
Term
what vaccines are contraindicated in those with egg allergies
Definition
influenza
Term
what vaccines are contraindicated in those with neomycin allergies
Definition
MMR and inactivated salk polio
Term
what are the contraindications to live attenuated vaccines, why
Definition
immune compormised, pregnancy

may revert to wild type and become virulent again
Term
what is a live attenuated vaccine made of, how does it work
Definition
pathogen is active but has reduced virulence
they colonize, infect, and replicate within pt but do not cause disease

this generates the most robust immunological response without auctally getting the disease
Term
when is the DTap administered, why
Definition
6wk to 6yo
it is a pediatric vaccine, if given to adult it works fine but they have already had it so their arm will swell and be very painful because the vaccine is a higher concentration
Term
when is the Tdap vaccine administered, why
Definition
when an adult
it is less concentrated and kids who have not been vaccinated before will not respond to it
Term
how do you get shingles
Definition
if you have HAD varicella zoster. NOT if you just had the vaccine
Term
why are the rates of shingles increasing
Definition
kids are now vaccinated and are not exposing the active disease to their parents so they do not get a "booster" exposure and the immune system weigns allowing it to surface again
Term
4 nose flora
Definition
S. aureus
S. epidermitis
diptheroids
streo
Term
7 skin flora
Definition
S. epi
s. aureus
diptheroids
strep
pseudomonas
anaerobes
candidia
Term
3 SI flora
Definition
lactobacilli
strep
bacteroides
Term
5 LI flora
Definition
99%...
bacteroides, fusobacteroim, enterococcus fecalis

then...
E. coli, lactobacillus
Term
6 vagina flora
Definition
lactobacillus
E. coli
GBS
diptheroids
candidia
trichomonas
Term
4 urethra flora
Definition
S. epi
strep
GNR
diptheroids
Term
1 lung flora
Definition
PJP
Term
6 throat flora
Definition
S. viridans
S. pyogenes
S. pneumo
neisseria
H. influenza
S. epi
Term
5 gingiva flora
Definition
bacteroides
actinomyces
fusobacterium
trichomonas
entaoemba gingivalis
Term
1 teeth flora
Definition
S. viridans
Term
4 mouth flora
Definition
S. viridans
Strep
E. corrodenes
candidia
Term
4 common pathogens eye
Definition
S. aureus
HIB
N gonorrhea
C trachomatus
Term
3 common pathogens sinus
Definition
S. pneumo
H. influenza
M. cararrhalis
Term
3 common pathogens URT
Definition
S. pyogenes
H. ineluenza
B. pertussus
Term
1 common pathogens GI
Definition
H. pylori
Term
8 causes of food poisoning
Definition
camplobacter
E. coli
salmonella
shigella
C. difficile
becillus
aeromonas
listeria
Yersinia
Term
5 common pathogens UTI
Definition
E. coli
P. mirabilis
E. fecalis
S. saphrophiticus
P. aeruginosa
Term
6 common pathogens STD
Definition
C. trachomatis
N. gonorrheae
T. pallidum
M. genitalium
U. urealyticum
H. ducreyi
Term
3 common pathogens skin
Definition
S. aureus
S. pyogenes
P. aeruginosa
Term
3 common pathogens otitis media
Definition
S. pneumo
H. influenza
M. catarrhalis
Term
5 common pathogens meningitis
Definition
S. pneumo
N. meningitidis
H. influenza
GBS
listeria
Term
4 common pathogens HA pneumo
Definition
P. aeruginosa
NRSA
K. pneumo
actineobacteri
Term
3 common pathogens CA pneumo
Definition
S. pneumo
atypical bacteria
H. influenza
Term
4 common pathogens for atypical pneumo
Definition
mycoplasma, chalmydophila, legionalla

TB - not atypical, fungal, mentally grouped only
Term
explain how to distinguish the staphs
Definition
all gram positive cocci
all catalase positive
S. aureus is coagulase positive
S. epi is novobiocin susceptible
S. saphrophiticus is novobiocin resistant
Term
explain how to distinguish the streps
Definition
all gram positive cocci
all catalase negative

a hemolytic
- optochin sensitive S. pneumo
- optochin resistant S. viridans, S. mutans, S. sanguis

B hemolytic
-Bacitracin sensitive GAS (S. pyogenes)
-Bacitracin resistant GBS (S. aglactiae)

Y hemolysis
-6.5%NaCl positive E. fecalis
-6.5%NaCl negative S. gallolyticus (S. bovis)
- grows on Bile azide esculin agar
Term
explain how to distinguish the GPR
Definition
acid fast positive: mycobacterium

acid fast negative
-spores: clostridium, bacillus
-none: corynebactrium, listeria
Term
explain how to distinguish the GP filamentous
Definition
acid fast positive: nocatdia

acid gast negative: actinomyces
Term
what are the difficult to culture / atypical bacteria
Definition
chalmydia/chalmydophlia
mycoplasma
ureaplasma
legionella
Term
explain how to distinguish the GNDC
Definition
glucose fermenting negative: moraxella catarrhalis

glucose fermenting positive
- maltose ferment positive: N. meningitidis
- maltose ferment negative: N. gonorrhea
Term
what are the GN coccoid rods, how can one be distuinguished
Definition
haemophius: needs X and V factors
pasturella
brucella
bordatella pertussus
Term
what are the GN comma rods
Definition
camplobacter jejuni
vibro chlera
Term
explain how to distinguish the GNR
Definition
lactose ferment positive: Klebsiella, E. coli, enterobacter

lactose fermentnegative
- oxidase negative: acinetobacter, proteus, salmonella, shigella
- oxidase positive: helicobacter
camplobacter, vibrio, PSEUDOMONAS
Term
what does moraxella cararrhalis ferment
Definition
nothing
Term
what diseases does moraxella cararrhalis cause
Definition
otitis media
UTI
Term
what does N. lactamia ferment
Definition
glucose, maltose, LACTOSE
Term
what does N. meningitidis ferment
Definition
glucose, MALTOSE
Term
what does N. gonorrhea ferment
Definition
GLUCOSE only
Term
what does E. coli ferment
Definition
lactose
Term
what are the ways to identify P. aerguinosa
Definition
non lactose fermenting
oxidase positive
Term
what are the ways to identify S. saphrophyticus
Definition
Novobiocin resistant
catalase positive
coagulase negative
Non-mannitol fermenting
Term
what are the ways to identify S. epi
Definition
novobiocin sensitive
catalase positive
coagulase negative
Term
how is syphilis identified
Definition
RPR/VDRL positive
Term
what does herpes look like
Definition
cluster of painful blisters
Term
what does ducrei look like
Definition
soft cancer
very painful
Term
what does chalmydia L1-3 cause, what are the symptoms
Definition
lymphogranuloma venerium: nodes swell, erupt, form open sore
Term
what does chalmydia A-C cause
Definition
trachoma
Term
what does chalmydia serotype D-K cause
Definition
STI
PID
urethritis
ectopic pregnancy
neonatal conjunctivitis/pneumo
Term
how is chalmydia identified
Definition
non-infectious reticular bodies in cells
(infectious elementary bodies are invisible)
Term
how is gonorrhea diagnosed
Definition
GNDC intracellular - in male (lactobacillus in female is too similar)

nucleic acids in female
Term
symptoms of gonorrhea
Definition
burning urination
cream colored purulent discharge
Term
why wouldnt an antibiotic work for an STD
Definition
they have a secondary infection
Term
what is a complication of gonorrhea
Definition
septic arthritis
Term
cause of trichomonas
Definition
sexual transmission, ping pong
Term
identification of trichomonas
Definition
possible positive whiff test
frothy green/yellow discharge
strawberry cervic (punctuate microhemorrhages)
wet prep: swimming pears
Term
identification of gardenerella vaginalis
Definition
high pH (bacterial imbalance)
fishy odor on whiff test
clue/glittr cells
Term
identification of candidia
Definition
white thick cottage cheese discharge
hyphe on KOH
Term
locations of candidia
Definition
oral and vaginal thrush
diaper rash
between fingers
body folds - red
Term
identification of HSV
Definition
tzank cells: multinucleated giant cells on wright gemisa stain
Term
cause of osteomyelitis in sickle cell, why
Definition
salmonella: capillary occlusion due to intravascular sickling may devitalize the gut and infarct allowing salmonella to escape into bone
Term
4 causes newborn meningitis
Definition
listeria
GBS
rubella
E. coli
Term
5 causes adult meningitis
Definition
S. pneumo
N. meningitis
H. influenza
GBS
listeria
Term
most likley cause of CAP
Definition
S. pneumo
Term
most likley cause of HAP
Definition
S. aureus/MRSA
acineobacter
P. aeruginosa
Term
most likley cause of BAP
Definition
S. aureus/MRSA
acineobacter
P. aeruginosa
Term
HepB blood markers: vaccinated
Definition
+anti-HBs
Term
HepB blood markers: resolved
Definition
+ anti-HBs
+ anti-HBc (IgG)
Term
HepB blood markers: chronic carrier (infectious and not)
Definition
+ HBsAg
+/- HBeAg
+ anti-HBc (IgG)
Term
HepB blood markers: infected (acute resolving)
Definition
+ HBsAg
+ anti-HBs
+ anti-HBc (IgM)
+ anti-HBc (IgG)
Term
HepB blood markers: acute (early)
Definition
+ HBsAg
+ HBeAg
+ anti-HBc (IgM)
+ anti-HBc (IgG)
Supporting users have an ad free experience!