Shared Flashcard Set

Details

MICR 33
Chapter 20
51
Microbiology
Not Applicable
08/07/2012

Additional Microbiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
chemotherapy
Definition
the use of drugs to treat a disease
Term
antimicrobial drugs
Definition
interfere with the growth of microbes within a host
Term
antibiotic
Definition
a substance produced by a microbe that, in small amounts, inhibits another microbe
Term
selective toxicity
Definition
killing harmful microbes without damaging the host
Term
fleming
Definition
1928 discovered penicillin, produced by penicillium
Term
Howard Florey and Ernst Chain
Definition
performed first clinical trials of penicilin
Term
spectrum of antimicrobial activity
Definition
broad spectrum, narrow spectrum, superinfection
Term
Bactericidal drugs
Definition
kill microbes directly
Term
bacteriostatic
Definition
prevent growth of microbes
Term
inhibit cell wall
Definition
penicillins, cephalosporins, bacitracin, vancomycin
Term
inhibit protein synthesis
Definition
chloramphenicol, erythromycin, tetracyclines, streptomycin
Term
inhibit nucleic acid replication
Definition
quinolones, rifampin
Term
Injury to plasma membrane
Definition
polymyxin B
Term
Inhibition of essential metabolite synthesis
Definition
sulfanimide, trimethoprim
Term
Penicillin
Definition
inhibitor of cell wall synthesis

natural (G-injection & V-oral), semisynthetic, and extended-spectrum penicillin

semisynthetic: oxacillin (narrow spectrum only gram+, resistant to penicillinase) and Ampicillin(extended spectrum and many gram negatives)
Term
Beta-lactam antibiotics
Definition
penicillin: penicillinase-resistant penicillin; penicillins + beta-lactamase inhibitors

carbapenems: substitute a C or an S, add a double bond

monobactam: single ring
Term
Cephalosporins
Definition
first-generation: narrow spectrum; act against gram-positive bacteria

2nd-generation: extended spectrum includes gram-negative bacteria

3rd-generation- includes pseudomonads, injected

4th generation- oral
Term
Polypeptide antibiotics
Definition
bacitracin: topical application against gram-positives

vancomycin: glycopeptide, important "last line" against antibiotic-resistant S. aureus
Term
Antimycobacterial antibiotics
Definition
Isoniazid (INH): inhibits mycolic acid synthesis

Ethambutol: inhibits incorporation of mycolic acid
Term
chloramphenicol
Definition
broad spectrum- binds 50S subunit, inhibits peptide bond formation
Term
Tetracyclines
Definition
broad spectrum, interfere with tRNA attachment
Term
Aminoglycosides
Definition
streptomycin, neomycin, gentamicin: broad spectrum, change shape of 30S
Term
glyclycyclines
Definition
MRSA and Acinetobacter baumanii

Bind to 30S subunit, inhibit translation
Term
Macrolides
Definition
Erythromycin is the best known
Gram positives
bind to 50S and prevent translocation
Term
streptogramins
Definition
gram positives, bin to 50s subunit, inhibit translation
Term
oxazolidinones
Definition
linezolid, MRSA, bind to 50S, prevent formation of 70S ribosome
Term
Pleuromutilins
Definition
from mushroom Pleurotis mutilus, MRSA, bind 50S, prevent translocation
Term
Lipopetides
Definition
structural changes int he membrane, arrest of the synthesis of DNA, RNA & protein. MRSA
Term
Polymyxin B
Definition
topical, combined with bacitracin and neomycin in over-the-counter preparation
Term
Rifamycin
Definition
inhibits RNA synthesis, antituberculosis
Term
Quinolones and fluoroquinolones
Definition
Nalidixic acid: Urinary infections
ciprofloxacin
Inhibit DNA gyrase
UTIs
Term
sulfonamides (sulfa drugs)
Definition
competitive inhibitor. Inhibit folic acid synthesis, broad spectrum
Term
Antifungal drugs
Definition
inhibition of Ergosterol synthesis

Polyenes- Amphotericin B

Azoles- Miconazole, Triazole

Allylamines- for azole-resistant infections
Term
Antifungal drugs: cell wall inhibitor
Definition
echinocandins- inhibit synthesis of beta-glucan, cancidas is used against Candida and Pneumocystis
Term
Antifungal Drugs:inhibit nucleic acids
Definition
Flucytosine: cytosine analog interferes with RNA synthesis

Pentamidine isethionate: anti-pneumocystis, may bind DNA
Term
Other antifungals
Definition
Griseofulvin: inhibits microtubule formation, superficial dermatophytes

Tolnaftate: action unknown
Term
Acyclovir
Definition
antiviral drug: structurally resembles the nucleoside deoxyguanosine
Term
Antiviral drugs: enzyme inhibitors
Definition
protease inhibitors, Indinavir: HIV

Integrase inhibitors: HIV
Term
Antiviral Drugs: Entry inhibitors
Definition
entry inhibitors: amantadine: influenza

fusion inhibitors: zanamivir: influenza,
Block CCR5: HIV
Term
Antiviral drugs: Interferons
Definition
prevent spread of viruses to new cells.
Alpha interferon: Viral hepatitis

Imiquimod: promotes interferon production
Term
Antihelminthic drugs: Niclosamide
Definition
prevents ATP generation -tapeworms
Term
Antihelminthic Drugs: Praziquantel
Definition
alters membrane permeability
-flatworms
Term
Antihelminthic drugs: mebendazole and albendazole
Definition
interfere with nutrient absorption
-intestinal roundworms
Term
Antihelmonthic drugs: Ivermectin
Definition
paralysis of helminths
-intestinal roundworms
Term
MIC
Definition
minimal inhibitory concentration
Term
MBC
Definition
minimal bactericidal concentration
Term
Antibiotic resistance
Definition
variety of mutations lead to antibiotic resistance, resistance genes are often on plasmids or transposons that can be transferred between bacteria
Term
forms of misuse of antibiotics
Definition
using outdated or weakened antibiotics, using antibiotics for common cold, using antibiotics in animal feed, not taking all prescribed, using someone else's leftover prescription
Term
Drug combo:
Definition
synergism: 2 drugs greater than effect of either one alone

antagonism: 2 drugs less than either one alone
Term
Antimicrobial peptides
Definition
broad-spectrum antibiotics (nisin, defensins, maganin, squalamine)
Term
Phage therapy and antisense agents
Definition
antisense agents: complementary nucleic acids that block translation of a pathogen's virulence factors
Supporting users have an ad free experience!