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MGSC-300
Exam #2
114
Computer Science
Undergraduate 2
03/15/2011

Additional Computer Science Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Saas
Definition
Software-as-a-Service
Term
Software
Definition
Detailed instructions to control behavior of computer and its periherals
Term
Program
Definition

Set of instructions to the computer, ordinarily executed in sequential fashion

 

--Stored (program must be in primary storage-RAM)

 

--Series of statements or instructions processed one at a time (unless parallel or multiprocessing)

 

--Computer "understands" binary code

Term
Software types
Definition

Application Software

 

System Software

Term
Application Software
Definition
Performs information processing tasks for end users
Term
System Software
Definition
Manages and supports operations of computer systems and networks
Term
Custom Software
Definition
Software applications that are developed within an organization for use by that organization
Term
COTS Software
Definition

Commercial/Common Off-the-Shelf

 

Software developed with the intention of selling the software in multiple copies to multiple companies

Term
Web Browser
Definition

Software applications that support navigation through the point-and-clich, hyperlinked Web resources

 

Becoming a universal software platform for Internet-based applications (email, search, discussion, phone calls, IM, file transfer, etc.)

Term
E-mail
Definition
Software to communicate by sending and receiving messages and attachments via the Internet, intranet or extranet
Term
Instant Messaging or Chatting
Definition
Receive electronic messages instantly
Term
Weblog or Blog
Definition

A personal website in dated log/diary format

 

Updated frequently with new information about a subject or range of subjects (often with responses/comments)

Term
Groupware
Definition

Software that helps workgroups collaborate on group assignments

 

--Email, discussion groups, databases, audio, and video conferencing

 

--E.g., Lotus Notes, Novell GroupWise, Microsoft Exchange

 

--Windows SharePoint Services and WebSphere both allow teams to create websites for information sharing and document collaboration

Term
ASPs
Definition
Application Service Providers
Term
Application Service Providers
Definition

ASPs

 

Companies that own, operate and maintain application software, data, and computer system resources

 

One accesses the ASP for a fee over the internet

 

Pay-as-you-go

 

Useful for, e.g., ERP systems, CRM systems, etc.

 

BUT, the ASP provider owns the software...

 

Increasingly, cloud computing...

Term
Cloud Computing
Definition

Software, data, and virtualized hardware resources are provided as a service over the Internet

 

-No technology knowledge, expertise, or control needed

 

-Often confused with grid computing

 

-Pay-for-use avoids capital expenditures

 

-Sharing "perishable and intangible" computer power improves utilization rates

 

-Capactiy can be scaled upward almost instantly

 

-immediate access to broad range of applications

 

-Contracts can generally be terminated at any time

Term
Cloud Computing Essentials
Definition

Accessible over the internet

 

Rapid scalability

 

On-demand self-service

 

Metered service

 

Resources (comuting, storage, and/or software) pooled to serve multiple customers

Term
Cloud Computing Deployment Options
Definition

Private cloud (one company has exclusive rights)

 

Community cloud (several companies share the infrastructure)

 

Public cloud (open to anyone to join)

Term
EULA
Definition
End User License Agreement
Term
Operating System
Definition

the most important/frequently used system software

 

Integrated system of programs that:

 

(1)--Manages the operations of the CPU

(2)--Controls the input/output, storage resources, and activities of the computer system

(3)--Provides support services as the computer executes application programs

 

 

Must be loaded and activated before the tasks can be accomplished

Term
User Interface
Definition

Part of the operating system that allows you to communicate with it to load programs, access files, etc.

 

3 main types:

 

--Command Line Interface (CLI)

--Pull-down menu-driven

--Graphical user interfaces (GUI) like Windows

Term
CLI
Definition
Command Line Interface
Term
Resource Management
Definition

Part of operating system that manages the hardware and networking resources of a computer system

 

Includes CPU, memory, secondary storage device, telecommunications, and input/output peripherals

 

Virtual Memory

Term
Virtual Memory
Definition

Swapping parts of programs and data between memory and magnetic disks

 

Gives the appearance of unlimited memory

Term
File Managment
Definition

Part of the operating system that controls the Creation, Deletion, and Access of files of data and programs

 

(e.g., open, save, copy, paste, select, rename,...)

Term
Task Management
Definition

Part of the operating system that manages the accomplishment of computing tasks of the end users

 

Multitasking

Term
Multitasking
Definition

Task management approach that allows for several tasks to be performed in a seemingly simultaneous fashion

 

(Assigns only one task at a time to CPU but switches between tasks to quickly it looks like it is executing all programs at once)

 

Also loosely called multiprogramming or time-sharing

Term
Virtual Machines
Definition

In multitasking, CPUs can execute so quickly it can give the appearance of being several computers

 

Conjoin multitasking with virtual memory, and you have virtual machines

 

In practice, instead of buying multiple servers, configure one server into several virtual servers--save upfront purchase expense and expense of powering and maintaining several real servers

Term
Utilities
Definition

Miscellaneous housekeeping functions

 

Example--Norton utilities includes data backup, virus protection, data compression, etc.

Term
Performance Monitors
Definition
Programs that monitor and adjust computer system to keep them running efficiently
Term
Security Monitors
Definition
Programs that monitor and control use of computer systems to prevent unauthorized use of resources
Term
OSS
Definition
Open Source Software
Term
Open Source Software
Definition

OSS

 

Premise: make software freely available to other programmers to remove bugs, add new features, streamlin operation, etc.; often astonishingly fast evolution of user-valued software at higher quality

 

Contra: closed or proprietary software, only available to programmers within the company that developed it; slow evolution, slow to remove bugs, add new features, etc.; a company that goes out of business strands its software users

 

Often is free; sometimes even free OSS has a fee (DVD, documentation, training, support, etc.)

Term
Middleware
Definition
Software that helps diverse software applications exchange data and work together more efficiently
Term
Machine Languages
Definition

First-generation languages written exclusively in 0's and 1's

 

All program instructions have to be written using binary codes unique to each type of computer (PC, Apple, Supercomputer, etc.)

 

Programmers have to know the internal format and operations of the specific type of CPU

 

ALL computer programs ultimately must be translated to machine language

Term
Assembler Languages
Definition

Second-generation languages

 

Symbols are used to represent operation codes and storage locations (STO X for "STOre the result in location is X")

 

Need language translator programs (called Assemblers) to convert the assembly language instructions into machine code

 

Primarily used by systems programmers (who program system software)

Term
High-Level Language
Definition

3rd generation languages such as COBOL (common Business Oriented Language), BASIC, FORTRAN (Formula Translation)

 

Instructions that use brief statements or arithmetic expressions

 

Macroinstructions: each statement generates several machine instructions when translated by compliers or interpreters

 

Easier to learn that assembler

 

Machine independent

 

But, less efficient than assembler

Term
Nonprocedural
Definition

users specify results they want while computer determines the sequence of instructions that will accomplish those results

 

4GL (Fourth generation language)

Term
Objects
Definition

combinded by object-oriented languages from data elements and the procedures that will be performed upon them.

 

could be data about a bank account and the procedures performed on it such as interest calculations

Term
HTML
Definition

HyperText Markup Language

 

 

A page description language that creates hypertext documents for the Web

Term
XML
Definition

Extensible Markup Language

 

 

Describes the contents of Web pages by applying identifying tags of contextual labels to the data in Web documents

Term
Java
Definition

object-oriented programming language that is simple, secure and platform independent

 

Java applets can be executed on any computer

Term
Source Code
Definition

High-Level language instructions written in "semi-English"

 

 

Term

Machine Language

 

(Binary Code)

Definition
Formatted 0's and 1's that a particular computer understands
Term
Assembler
Definition

Mnemonics for machine language

 

(DIV for "divide")

 

Term
Compiler
Definition
Translates High-Level Code, aka Source Code, into machine language winding up with 0's and 1's
Term
Object Code
Definition
Translated instructions ready for loading into the instruction register and computer execution
Term
Interpreters
Definition

As a computer program is executing

 

they fetch te next Source Code instruction

 

They also decode it (into Object Code, or machine language)

 

Object Code is loaded into RAM, then executed, then they fetch the next source code instruction, continuing this cycle until it runs out of source code instructions or executes a "HALT" instruction

Term
bugs
Definition
errors
Term
CASE
Definition
Computer Aided Software Engineering
Term
Computer Aided Software Engineering tools
Definition

A combination of many programming tools into a single application with a common interface

 

Used in different stages of the systems development process (design support, test support)

Term
ERP
Definition
Enterprise Resource Planning
Term
Bit
Definition

Binary Digit

 

0 or 1

Term
Byte
Definition

Combination of eight BITS which represent an alphanumeric character

 

e.g., W, 7

Term
Field
Definition

Collection of BYTES which represent a datum or face

 

e.g., Tuggle, Orange

Term
Record
Definition

Collection of Fields which reflect a transaction

 

Last Name, First Name

Term
Database
Definition

An organization's electronic library of FILES

 

(students, staff, faculty)

Term
Traditional File Environment
Definition

Flat Files

 

Those that are independent of others files

 

Each functional area in a business develops its own applications

 

Each application program develops a unique data file structure

 

 

Term
Entity
Definition

(think "record")

 

a person, place, thing, or event on which we maintain information

Term
Attribute
Definition

(think "field")

 

characteristic or quality describing a particular entity

 

corresponds to a field within a record

Term
Key Field
Definition

a field that uniquely identifies a record

 

used to retrieve, update, sort records

Term
Storage methods
Definition

Sequential file organization

 

Direct (random) file organization

Term
Sequential file organization
Definition

records retrieved in the same physical sequence in which they are stored

 

magnetic tape

Term
Direct (random) File Organization
Definition

access records without regard to physical sequence

 

magnetic/optical disks

Term
DBMS
Definition
Database Management System
Term
Database Management System
Definition

DBMS

 

a program that allows an end user to quickly and easily access the particular data structure in use

Term
Hierarchial Structure
Definition

Early DBMS structure

 

Records arranged in tree-like structure

 

Relationships are one-to-many

Term
Hierarchial Data Model
Definition

Root: Employer

 

First Child: Compensatior, Job Assignment, Benefits

 

2nd Child: Ratings, salary (Compensator), Pension, insurance, health (Benefits)

Term
Network Structure
Definition

Used in some mainframe DBMS packages

 

Many-to-many relationships

Term
Network Data Model
Definition

Variation of Hierarchical model

Often used in mainframe computer systems

Useful for many-to many relationships

 

Class 1--student A, student C

Class 2--Student A, Student B, Student C

Term
Relational Structure
Definition

Most widely used structure

 

Data elements are viewed as being stored in tables

 

Row represents record

 

Column represents field

 

Can relate data in one file with data in another file if both files share a common data element

Term
One-to-one
Definition

one output for every input

 

student--id #

Term
One-to-Many
Definition

Many outputs for one input

 

Class--Student A, Student B, Student C

Term
Many-to-Many
Definition

Multiple outputs for multiple inputs

 

Class 1--Student A, Student C

Class 2--Student A, Student B, Student C

Term
Key Field
Definition
a unique identifier, such as a student ID number, Social Security number, Drivers License Number, etc.
Term
Join
Definition

Combine two or more tables temporarily

 

Looks like one big table

Term
Select
Definition

Create a subset of records that meet a stated criterion

 

Example: Select employees who earn >or equal to $350

Term
Project
Definition

Create a subset of columns in a table

 

Example: Report employee names, pay, and dept. #

Term
Multidimensional Structure
Definition

Variation of relation model

 

Uses multidimensional structures to organize data

 

Data elements are viewed as cubes

 

Popular for analytical databases that  support Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)

Term
Object-Oriented Structure
Definition

Object

 

Encapsulation

 

Inheritance

Term
Object
Definition

Data values describing the attributes of an entity

 

Operations that can be performed on the data

Term
Encapsulation
Definition
Combine data and operations
Term
Inheritance
Definition
New objects can be created by replicating some or all the characteristics of parent objects
Term
DBA
Definition
Database Administrator
Term

Database Administrator

(DBA)

Definition
in charge of enterprise database development and management
Term
DDL
Definition
Data Definition Language
Term
Data Definition Language
Definition

Develop and specify the data contents, relationships, and structure

 

Specifications are stored in data dictionary

Term
Data Dictionary
Definition
Database Catalog containing metadata
Term
Metadata
Definition

data about data

 

(its content, structure, history, when created, format, size...)

Term
Database Design Process
Definition

Logical Design

 

Physical Design

Term
Logical Design
Definition

Schema--overall logical view of relatinships

 

Subschema--logical view for specific end users

 

Data models for DBMS

Term
Pysical Design
Definition

How data are to be stored and accessed on actual storage devices

 

(disk or tape drive, etc.)

Term
Data Resource Management
Definition

A managerial activity

 

Applies IS technologies like data management and data warehousing to manage the data resources of the firm to meet the information needs of business stakeholders

Term
Operational Databases
Definition

Stores detailed data needed to support businesses and operations

 

also called: subject area databases (SADB), Transaction Databases, and Production Databases

Term
Distributed Databases
Definition

copies or parts of databases stored on servers at multiple locations

 

Advantages: Protection of valuable data, Data can be distributed into smaller databases, Each location has control of its local data, All locations can access any data anywhere, Improved database performance at worksites

 

Disadvantages: Maintaining data accuracy

Term
External Databases
Definition
available for free from WWW (google, facebook, YouTube, Bing, Yahoo, Wikipedia)
Term

Data Warehouse

 

Definition

Stores static (unchanging) data that has been extracted from operational, external and other databases

 

Data is cleaned, transformed, and catalogued

 

Used by managers and professionals for:

--Data mining

--Online analytical processing

--Business analysis

--Market research

--Decision Support

Term
Data Mart
Definition
a subset of a data warehouse for the specific use of an individual department or business process
Term
Data Cleansing
Definition

ensures:

 

--Uniform Naming

--Completeness of records

--Correctness of Records

--Elimination of Irrelevant Records

--Consistency in Records

--Elimination of duplicate Records

Term
Data Mining
Definition

(an important form of BI)

 

Data in data warehouse are analyzed to reveal hidden patterns and trends

 

Examples:

 

--Perform market-basket analysis to identify new business processes

--Find root causes to quality problems

--Cross sell to existing customers

--Profile customers with more accuracy

Term
Traditional File Processing
Definition

Data stored in independent or flat files by department or business application

 

Problems:

--Data Redundancy

--Lack of Data Integration

--Data Dependence

--Lack of data integrity or standardization

Term
Data Redundancy
Definition
Customer Information
Term
Data Dependence
Definition
Files, storage devices, and software are dependent on eachother
Term
Lack of Data Integrity or Standardization
Definition
Different people define data elements, and enter and process the data
Term
Database Management Approach
Definition

The Foundation of modern methods of managing organizational data

 

--Consolidates data records, formerly in separate files, into databases

 

--Data can be accessed by many different application programs

 

--A database management system (DBMS) is the software interface between users and databases

Term

Three Major Functions of DBMS

(Database Management Systems)

Definition

(1)--Create new databases and database applications

 

(2)--Maintain the quality of the data in an organizations databases

 

(3)--Use the databases of an organization to provide the information needed by end users

Term
DBMS Application Development
Definition

Use DBMS software development tools to develop custom application programs (graphical tools to develop menus, data entry forms, reports)

 

A Data Manipulation Language (DML) facilities data-handling activities

Term
Database Maintenance
Definition

Updating a database to, e.g.,

--Reflect new business transactions such as a new sale using a store credit card

--Add new customers

--Delete Old Customers

--Correct/update customer information

 

Done by transaction processing systems with support of DBMS

Term

Database Interrogation

(Use)

Definition
End Users use a DBMS by asking for information via a query or a report generator
Term
Query Language
Definition

Immediate responses to ad hoc data requests

 

SQL

Graphical

Natural Language

Term
SQL
Definition

Structured Query Language

 

An international standard query language found in many DBMS

Term
Graphical
Definition
Point-and-click methods (Access)
Term

Natural Language

 

Definition
Like conversational English
Term
Report Generator
Definition
Quickly specify a report format for information you want printed in a report (also Access)
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