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mgmt test 2
mgmt
139
Business
Undergraduate 3
11/03/2008

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Term
planning
Definition
is the process of setting objectives and determining what should be done to accomplish them
Term
objectives
Definition
are specific results that one wishes to achieve
Term
strategic plan
Definition
is comprehensive and addresses longer term needs and directions of the organization
Term
operational plan
Definition
is of limited scope and addresses activities to implement strategic plans
Term
policy
Definition
communicates broad guidelines for decisions and actions
Term
procedure
Definition
describes exact rules to be followed in specific situations
Term
project schedule
Definition
is a single use plan for accomplishing a specific set of tasks
Term
budget
Definition
is a plan that commits resources to projects or activities
Term
zero based budget
Definition
allocates resources to a project or activity as if it were brand new
Term
cost benefit analysis
Definition
involves comparing the costs and benefits of each potential course of action
Term
satisficing
Definition
involves choosing the first satisfactory alternative that appears
Term
escalating commitment
Definition
is the tendency to continue to pursue a course of action, even though it is not working
Term
structural problem
Definition
is familiar, straightforward, and clear in its information requirements
Term
unstructured problem
Definition
involves ambiguities and information deficiencies
Term
crisis problem
Definition
is an unexpected problem that can lead to disaster if not resolved quickly and appropriately
Term
certain environment
Definition
offers complete information on possible action alternatives and their consequences
Term
risk environment
Definition
lacks complete information, but offers probabilities of the likely outcomes for possible action alternatives
Term
uncertain environment
Definition
is so poor in information that it is difficult to assign probabilities to the likely outcomes of alternatives
Term
forecast
Definition
is an attempt to predict future outcomes
Term
contingency planning
Definition
identifies alternative courses of action that can be taken if and when circumstances change with time
Term
scenario planning
Definition
identifies alternative future scenarios and makes plans to deal with each
Term
benchmarking
Definition
uses external comparisons to gain insights for planning
Term
participative planning
Definition
includes the people who will be affected by plans and/or asked to help implement them
Term
competitive advantage
Definition
comes from operating in successful ways that are difficult to imitate
Term
strategy
Definition
is a comprehensive plan that sets direction and guides the allocation of resources to achieve long term objectives
Term
strategic management
Definition
is the process of formulating and implementing strategies
Term
mission
Definition
of an organization is its reason for existence as a supplier of goods and services to society
Term
stakeholder
Definition
are those directly affected by an organization and its accomplishments
Term
corporate culture
Definition
is the predominate value system for the organization as a whole
Term
operating objectives
Definition
are specific results that organizations try to accomplishment
Term
SWOT analysis
Definition
examines organizational strengths and weaknesses and environmental opportunities and threats. strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats
Term
core competency
Definition
is a special strength that gives an organization a competitive advantage
Term
corporate strategy
Definition
sets long term direction for the total enterprise
Term
business strategy
Definition
identifies how a division or strategic business unit will compete in its product or service domain
Term
functional strategy
Definition
guides actives within one specific area of operations
Term
growth strategy
Definition
involves expansion of the organization's current operations
Term
retrenchment strategy
Definition
involves reducing the scale of current operations
Term
stability strategy
Definition
maintains the present course of action
Term
strategic alliance
Definition
organizations join together in partnership to pursue an area of mutual interest
Term
e business strategy
Definition
strategically uses the internet to gain competitive advantage
Term
portfolio planning
Definition
approach seeks the best mix of investments among alternative business organizations
Term
BCG matrix
Definition
analyzes business opportunities according to market growth rate and market share
Term
differentiation strategy
Definition
offers products that are unique or different from the competition
Term
cost leadership strategy
Definition
seeks to operate with lower costs than competitors
Term
focused differentiation strategy
Definition
offers a unique product to a specific market segment
Term
focused cost leadership
Definition
strategy seeks the lowest costs of operations within a special market segment
Term
corporate governance
Definition
is the system of control and performance monitoring of top management
Term
strategic leadership
Definition
enthuses people to continuously change, refine, and improve strategies and their implementation
Term
entrepreneurship
Definition
is a dynamic, risk taking, creative, and growth oriented behavior
Term
entrepreneur
Definition
pursues opportunities in risk situations
Term
small business
Definition
has fewer than 500 employees, is independently owned, and does not dominate its industry
Term
intrapreneurship
Definition
is entrepreneurial behavior displayed by people or subunits within large organizations
Term
controlling
Definition
is the process of measuring performance and taking action to ensure desired results
Term
output standard
Definition
measures performance results in terms of quantity, quality, cost or time
Term
input standard
Definition
measure work efforts that go into a performance task
Term
management by exception
Definition
focuses managerial attention on substantial differences between actual and desired performance
Term
feedforward control
Definition
ensures that the right directions and resources are available before work begins
Term
concurrent control
Definition
focuses on what happens during the work process
Term
a feedback control
Definition
takes place after an action is completed
Term
internal control
Definition
occurs though self discipline and self control
Term
external control
Definition
occurs though direct supervision or administrative systems
Term
discipline
Definition
is the act of influencing behavior though reprimand
Term
progressive discipline
Definition
ties reprimands to severity and frequency of behavior
Term
economic order quantity (EOQ)
Definition
method orders a fixed number of items every time an inventory level falls to a predetermined point
Term
just in time scheduling (JIT)
Definition
schedules materials to arrive at a work station or facility just in time to be used
Term
quality control
Definition
involves checking processes, material, products, or service to ensure that they meet high standards
Term
management by objectives (MBO)
Definition
is a process of joint objective setting between a superior and subordinate
Term
organizing
Definition
is the process of arranging people and resources to work toward a common purpose
Term
organization structure
Definition
is a system of tasks, reporting relationships, and communication linkages
Term
formal structure
Definition
is the official structure of the organization
Term
informal structure
Definition
is the set of unofficial relationships among an organizations members
Term
functional structure
Definition
groups together people with similar skills who perform similar tasks
Term
functional chimneys problem
Definition
is a lack of communication and coordination across functions
Term
divisional structure
Definition
groups together people who work on the same product, work with similar customers, or work in the same area or processes
Term
matrix structure
Definition
combines functional and divisional approaches to emphasize project or program teams
Term
team structure
Definition
uses permanent and temporary cross functional teams to improve lateral relations
Term
network structure
Definition
consists of a central business core that works with networks of outside suppliers and service contractors
Term
boundaryless organization
Definition
eliminates internal boundaries among parts and external boundaries with the external environment
Term
virtual organization
Definition
is a shifting network of strategic alliances that are engaged as needed
Term
chain or command
Definition
links all persons with successively higher levels of authority
Term
span of control
Definition
is the number of subordinates reporting directly to a manager
Term
delegation
Definition
is the process of distributing and entrusting work to other people
Term
centralization
Definition
is the concentration of authority for most decisions at the top level of an organization
Term
decentralization
Definition
is the dispersion of authority to make decisions throughout an organization
Term
organizational culture
Definition
is the system of shared beliefs and values that develop within an organization and guides the behavior of its members
Term
core values
Definition
are underlying beliefs shared by members of the organization and that influence their behavior
Term
symbolic leader
Definition
uses symbols to establish and maintain a desired organizational culture
Term
multicultural organization
Definition
is based on pluralism and operates with respect for diversity in the workplace
Term
organizational design
Definition
is the process of aligning structures and cultures to best serve mission, strategy and objectives
Term
bureaucracy
Definition
is an organizational form based on logic, order, and formal authority
Term
mechanistic design
Definition
has centralized authority, many rules and procedures, a clear cut division of labor, narrow spans of control, and formal coordination
Term
organic design
Definition
is decentralized with fewer rules and procedures, more open divisions of labor, wide spans or control, and more personal coordination
Term
subsystem
Definition
is a work unit or smaller component within a larger organization
Term
differentiation
Definition
is the degree of difference between subsystems in an organization
Term
integration
Definition
is the level or coordination achieved between subsystems in an organization
Term
work process
Definition
is a related group of tasks that together create a value for the customer
Term
process reengineering
Definition
systematically analyzes work processes to design new and better ones
Term
process value analysis
Definition
identifies and evaluates core processes for their performance contributions
Term
leadership
Definition
the ability to influence a group towards the achievement of a set of goals
Term
trait theories
Definition
theories that consider personal qualities and characteristics that differentiate leaders from non leaders
Term
behavioral theories
Definition
theories proposing that specific behaviors differentiate leaders from non leaders
Term
contingency theories
Definition
the theory that effective groups depend on a proper match between a leaders style of interacting with subordinates and the degree to which the situation gives control and influence to the leader
Term
transformational theory
Definition
inspires followers to transcend self interest for the good or the organization
Term
charismatic leadership
Definition
(type of transformational) charismatic leaders are those leaders who, by force of their own personal abilities, are capable of having a profound and extraordinary effect on followers

characteristics are: self confidence, dominance, moral conviction, charisma
Term
power
Definition
the ability of one person trying to influence another
Term
dependency
Definition
the degree that B depends on A, effects the power A has over B
Term
Power exists
Definition
when a person makes a judgment and despite their own judgment, follows the judgment of somebody else
Term
influence
Definition
the process of affecting thoughts, behaviors, and feelings of another person
Term
influence exists
Definition
when a person modifies their judgment to become reasonably consistent with another persons judgment (sway to influence)
Term
authority
Definition
the right to influence another person
Term
authority exists
Definition
when a person suspends ones own judgment and accepts the judgment of someone else (has to be granted, can change)
Term
formal power
Definition
dictated by the organization or formal position
Term
legitimate
Definition
(formal) positon
Term
coercive
Definition
(formal) give or withhold puninshment
Term
reward
Definition
(formal)give rewards
downside: expect reward, dependency, loss of reward= no power
inequitable treatment reduces positive feelings for an organization
Term
information power
Definition
(formal) derived from access to and control over information can yield a lot of power. downside- not recipe for managerial success, no collaboration or sharing of information
the more you possess the more problems you can solve, the more others depend on you
Term
resource based power
Definition
access to resources gives employees power
Term
informal power
Definition
expert, referent, network, charismatic
Term
expert power
Definition
superior ability or expertise, generally promoted up hierarchy,: informal goes to formal or they choose not to turn informal to formal: ex rocket scientist
Term
referent power
Definition
from being liked, admired, respected, liked because of who they are, not their expert power. ex: opera! book club
Term
network power
Definition
centrality, linkages, certain individuals in an organizational environment gain power by linking departments though networking
Term
charismatic power
Definition
intense form of referent power- from individuals personality or abilities, get people to follow them (usually have enormous power) more powerful than other people downside: ethics
Term
empowerment
Definition
can increase power by sharing it with others, empowering followers creates more power downside: lose control, can backfire
Term
power tactics
Definition
influence tactics, how you translate power bases into actions
Term
legitmacy
Definition
ones authority position, organizational policy
Term
rational pursuasion
Definition
logical arguments backed up by evidence
Term
inspirational appeals
Definition
use emotion to get people to follow you
Term
consultation tactics
Definition
asking for a persons say in decision
Term
persuade
Definition
offer something
Term
personal
Definition
friends, long term
Term
flattery
Definition
only you
Term
pressure tactics
Definition
demanding or frightening
Term
coalition tactics
Definition
group, everyone agrees, don't be one who doesn't
Term
politics
Definition
political behaviors to increase power
Term
impression management
Definition
process of how one tries to manipulate or control how others see them
Term
organization level
Definition
those judging organization will do it in the right light, good impression, ex. press release
Term
individual
Definition
the impression the individual is making
Term
functional conflict
Definition
task and process
Term
dysfunctional
Definition
relationship conflict
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