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MGMT exam 1 cph. 3
emphasizing cultures, ethics, and norms
32
Business
Undergraduate 2
10/04/2011

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Term
informal institutions
Definition

*can be found anywhere

*come from socially transmitted information and are a part of the heritage that we call cultures, ethics, and norms

*underpinned by the normative and cognitive pillars 

Term
formal institutions
Definition

*politics, laws, economics

*important but they make up a small part of the rules of the game that govern individual/firm behavior.

*specifies the dos and the donts. 

Term
lingua franca
Definition

any language that is widely used as a means ofcommunication among speakers of other languages. ex: English is the lingua franca used as a global business language and is driven by two factors.

 

 

 

 

Term

what two factors drive English as the dominate global business language?

 

what are 2 disadvantages of English being solely dominate?

Definition
  1. English speaking countries contribute the largest share (40%) of global output. 
  2. Recent globlization has called the use of one common language.
 
  1. Not knowing the local language when abroad working only allows you to communicate with locals that speak english and you miss a lot of the culture
  2. weak or no ability to speak foreign languages makes it difficut or impossible to detect translation errors. 
Term
culture and its 2 propronents
Definition

the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another


1. There is NO strict one to one correspondence between cultures and nation states exist 

2. Culture has many layers, such as regional, ethnic, and religious.


Term
ethnocentrism
Definition

self-centered mentality within a society; people tend to perceive their own culture, ethics, and norms as “natural, rational, and morally right”

 
Term
Leading world languages
Definition
  1. Chinese 20%
  2. English 6%
  3. Hindi 5%
  4. Spanish 5%
Term
2 major components of culture that impact global business:
Definition
  1. language
  2. religion
Term
Leading Religions
Definition
  1. Christianity 1.7 billion people
  2. Islam 1 billion
  3. Hinduism 750 million
  4. Buddhism 350 million
*85% of the worlds pop report having some religious belief
Term
ecological fallacy
Definition

This fallacy assumes that all members of a group exhibit characteristics of the group at large. 

Stereotypes are one form of ecological fallacy. 

 

ex:A study is done that shows people from Springfield score higher on the SATs, on average, than people from Shelbyville. Assuming that a randomly selected individual from Springfield scored higher on the SATs than a randomly selected individual from Shelbyville is an ecological fallacy. Since the SAT scores given in the study were an average, it is indeed possible that the individual from Springfield scored in the bottom ten percent on the SATs and the individual from Shelbyville just happened to score in the top 10%. 

Term
what are the 3 ways to systematically understand cultural differences:
Definition
  1. context approach
  2. cluster approach
  3. dimension approach
Term
context
Definition
the background against which interaction takes place
Term
low context culture
Definition

communication is taken at face value

North American and Western European countries

"no means no"

 
Term
high context culture
Definition

communication relies on unspoken conditions or assumptions

Arab and Asian countries

"no does not necessarily mean no"
Term

Cluster

 

Ronen & Shenkar clusters

Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior (GLOBE)

Huntington Civilizations

Definition

a group of countries that have similar cultures

 

R & S: 8 clusters which covers 44 countries

GLOBE: 10 clusters which covers 62 countries

Huntington: 8 civilizations covering every country

 

**the underlying idea is that people and firms are more comfortable doing business with other countries within the same cluster/civilizations. 

Term
Dimension approach
Definition

Focuses on multiple dimensions of cultural differences both within and across cultures.

 
ex: hofstedes dimensions of culture
Term

ethics 

 

code of conduct

Definition

The principles, standards, and norms of conduct governing individual and firm behavior. 

**There is overlap between what is ethical and legal. But in some cases, what is legal may be unethical. 

 

code of conduct: a set of guidelines for making ethical decisions. 

 
 
Term
ethical relativism 
Definition

a perspective that suggests that all ethical standards are relative. 

"when in Rome, do as the Romans do"

 

Unrealistic-->would have to accept any local practice

Term
ethical imperialism
Definition

the absolute belief that "there is only one set of ethics, and we have it"

 

*unrealistic-->it may cause resentment and backlash among locals

Term
defensive strategy 
Definition
a response to an ethical challenge that focuses on regulatory compliance. 
Term
accommodative strategy
Definition
a response to an ethical challenge that involves accepting responsibility. 
Term
proactive strategy
Definition
a strategy that anticipates ethical challenges and addresses them before they happen.
Term
3 views of ethics:
Definition
  1. a negative view: suggests that firms may simply jump onto the ethics bandwagon under social pressures to appear more legitimate without becoming better. 
  2. a positive view: maintains some firms may be self-motivated to do it right regardless of social pressure
  3. an instrumental view: believes that good ethics may simply be a useful instrument to help make money. 
Term

Alternate view:  Three Core Principles

for managing ethics
Definition

Respect for human dignity and basic rights

Respect for local traditions 

Respect for institutional context 

 

Term
corruption
Definition

The abuse of public power for private benefits usually in the form of bribery, in cash or in kind. 

 

competition should be based on products and services, but corruption distorts that basis, causing misallocation of resources and slowing economic development. 

 

Gift-giving is part of negotiating and relationship building in some parts of the world. But it’s a matter of degree: there are limits in all cultures beyond which an action becomes corrupt. 

 
Term
Norms
Definition
are the prevailing practices of relevant players -the proverbial "everybody else" that affect the focal individuals and firms. 
Term

Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA)

 
Definition

Forbids illegal payments or gifts to officials of foreign governments for the sake of getting or retaining business

 

Passed in 1977 in response to:

Large – multi-million $ payments

$55 million to Italian political parties

$4 million to political parties in Korea

Provides U.S. corporations with an institutional reason not to pay bribes.

However some payments are okay

Avoid injury or violence

Facilitate officials performing ‘normal business functions’

 
Term
strategic responses to norms: 
Definition
  1. reactive strategy (deny responsibility, do less than required)
  2. defensive strategy (admit responsibility but fight it, do the least that is required) 
  3. accommodative strategy (accept responsibility, do all that is required
  4. proactive strategy (anticipate responsibilty, do more than required). 
Term
cultural intelligence:
Definition
an individuals ability to understand and adjust to new 
Term
managers should enhance cultural intelligence through 3 phases:
Definition
  1. awareness (the recognition of both the pros and cons of your own cultural mental software and the appreciation of people from other cultures)
  2. knowledge (refers ti the ability to identify symbols , rituals, and taboos in other cultures)
  3. skills (good practices based on awareness and knowledge of other cultures)
Term
what is the meaning of global mindset?
Definition

Global Mindset  is the ability  to influence others who  are different than you. It is  a critical combination of intellectual, psychological and social capital :  

Intellectual Capital  refers to  your global business  savvy, cosmopolitan  outlook, and cognitive  complexity.

 

Psychological Capital  refers  to your passion for  diversity, quest for  adventure, and your self- assurance.

 

Social Capital  refers to your  intercultural empathy,  interpersonal impact, and  diplomacy

 
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