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MGMT 371 Test 2
Meglino, USC
113
Management
Undergraduate 2
10/28/2011

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Term
Organizing
Definition
the deployment of organizational resources to achieve strategic goals
Term
Organization structure
Definition
the framework in which the organization defines how tasks are divided, resources are deployed, and departments are coordinated
Term
Organization chart
Definition
the visual representation of an organization's structure
Term
Work specialization
Definition
the degree to which organizational tasks are subdivided into individual jobs (sometimes also called division of labor)
Term
Chain of command
Definition
an unbroken line of authority that links all individuals in the organization and specifies who reports to whom
Term
Authority
Definition
the formal and legitimate right of a manager to make decisions, issue orders, and allocate resources to achieve outcomes desired by the organization
Term
Responsibility
Definition
the flip side of the authority coin; it refers to the duty to perform the task or activity one has been assigned
Term
Accountability
Definition
means that people with authority and responsibility are subject to reporting and justifying task outcomes to those above them in the chain of command
Term
Delegation
Definition
when managers transfer authority and responsibility to positions below them in the hierarchy
Term
Line authority
Definition
the formal power to direct and control immediate subordinates
Term
Staff authority
Definition
right to advise, counsel, and recommend in the manager's area of expertise
Term
Span of management
Definition
refers to the number of employees reporting to a supervisor (sometimes called span of control)
Term
Tall structure
Definition
characterized by an overall narrow span of management and a relatively large number of hierarchical levels
Term
Flat structure
Definition
characterized by an overall broad span of management and relatively few hierarchical levels
Term
Decentralization
Definition
means that decision authority is pushed down to lower organizational levels
Term
Centralization
Definition
means that decision authority is located near top organization levels
Term
Cross-functional team
Definition
a group of employees from various functional departments that meet as a team to resolve mutual problems
Term
permanent team
Definition
a group of employees from all functional areas permanently assigned to focus on a specific task or activity
Term
team-based structure
Definition
structure in which the entire organization is made up of horizontal teams that coordinate their activities and work directly with customers to accomplish organizational goals
Term
virtual network structure
Definition
structure in which organization subcontracts most of its major functions to separate companies and coordinates their activities from a small headquarters organization
Term
modular approach
Definition
approach in which a manufacturing company uses outside suppliers to provide large chunks of a product such as an automobile, which are then assembled into a final product by a few employees
Term
small-batch production
Definition
type of manufacturing technology that involves the production of goods in batches of one or a few products designed to customer specification
Term
mass production
Definition
characterized by long production runs to manufacture a large volume of products with the same specifications
Term
continuous process production
Definition
involves mechanization of the entire workflow and nonstop production, such as in chemical plants or petroleum refineries
Term
technical complexity
Definition
the degree to which complex machinery is involved in the production process to the exclusion of people
Term
service technology
Definition
characterized by intangible outputs and direct contact between employees and customers
Term
digital technology
Definition
characterized by use of the internet and other digital processes to conduct or support business operations
Term
Motivation
Definition
the arousal of enthusiasm and persistence to pursue a certain course of action.
Term
intrinsic rewards
Definition
the satisfactions a person receives in the process of performing a particular action
Term
extrinsic rewards
Definition
given by another person, such as a manager, and include pay increases, promotions, and praise
Term
content theories
Definition
emphasize the needs that motivate people
Term
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Definition
proposes that people are motivated by 5 categories of needs-- physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization-- that exist in a hierarchical order (most well-known content theory)
Term
ERG theory
Definition
modification of the needs hierarchy and proposes three categories of needs: existence, relatedness, and growth
Term
hygiene factors
Definition
one element of Herzberg's two-factor theory, focuses on lower-level needs and involves the presence or absence of dob dissatisfiers, including working conditions, pay, and company policies
Term
motivators
Definition
2nd factor of Herzberg's two-factor theory, influences job satisfaction based on fulfilling higher-level needs such as achievement, recognition, responsibility, and opportunities for personal growth
Term
process theories
Definition
explain how people select behaviors with which to meet their needs and determine whether their choices were successful (includes goal-setting theory, equity theory, and expectancy theory)
Term
goal-setting theory
Definition
proposes that specific, challenging goals increase motivation and performance when the goals are accepted by subordinates and these subordinates receive feedback to indicate their progress toward goal achievement
Term
equity theory
Definition
focuses on individuals' perceptions of how fairly they are treated relative to others
Term
equity
Definition
type of situation that exists when the ratio of one person's outcomes to inputs equals that of another's
Term
expectancy theory
Definition
proposes that motivation depends on individuals' expectations about their ability to perform tasks and receive desired rewards
Term
E > P expectancy
Definition
expectancy that putting effort into a given task will lead to a high performance
Term
P > O expectancy
Definition
expectancy that high performance of a task will lead to the desired outcome
Term
valence
Definition
value of outcomes (rewards) to the individual
Term
reinforcement theor
Definition
based on the relationship between a given behavior and its consequences
Term
behavior modification
Definition
the set of techniques by which reinforcement theory is used to modify human behavior
Term
law of effect
Definition
positively reinforced behavior tends to be repeated, and unreinforced behavior tends to be inhibited
Term
reinforcement
Definition
anything that causes a certain behavior to be repeated or inhibited
Term
positive reinforcement
Definition
the administration of a pleasant and rewarding consequence following a desired behavior
Term
avoidance learning
Definition
something that managers apply when they remove an unpleasant consequence once a behavior is improved (also called negative reinforcement)
Term
punishment
Definition
the imposition of an unpleasant outcome following an undesirable behavior
Term
extinction
Definition
withholding positive rewards and essentially ignoring undesirable behavior
Term
job design
Definition
applying motivational theories to the structure of work to improve motivation, productivity, and satisfaction
Term
job enrichment
Definition
incorporation high-level motivators such as achievement, recognition, and opportunities for growth, into the work
Term
work redesign
Definition
altering jobs to increase both the quality of employees' work experience and their productivity
Term
job characteristics model
Definition
model of job design that considers core job dimensions, individuals' critical psychological states, and employee growth-need strength
Term
empowerment
Definition
the delegation of power and authority to subordinates in an organization
Term
engagement
Definition
an emotional and mental state in which employes enjoy their work, contribute enthusiastically to meeting goals, and feel a sense of belonging and commitment to the organization
Term
team
Definition
unit of two or more people who interact and coordinate their work to accomplish a goal for which they are committed and hold themselves mutually accountable
Term
free rider
Definition
a person who benefits from team membership but does not make a proportionate contribution to the team's work
Term
formal team
Definition
created by organizations as part of the formal organization structure
Term
vertical team
Definition
composed of a manager and his or her subordinates in the formal chain of command
Term
horizontal team
Definition
made up of employees from about the same hierarchical level but from different areas of expertise
Term
committee
Definition
long-lasting, sometimes permanent team created as part of the formal organization structure to deal w/ tasks that occur regularly
Term
special-purpose teams
Definition
teams created outside the formal structure to undertake
Term
self-directed
Definition
consists of multiskilled employees who rotate jobs to produce an entire product or service, often led by an elected team member
Term
virtual team
Definition
a team mead up of members who are geographically or organizationally dispersed, rarely meet face to face, and interact to accomplish their work primarily using advanced information and telecommunications technologies
Term
global team
Definition
made up of employees who come from different countries and whose activities span multiple countries
Term
task specialist role
Definition
a team role in which an individual devotes personal time and energy to helping the team accomplish its activities and reach its goal
Term
socioemotional role
Definition
a team role in which an individual provides support for team members' emotional needs and helps strengthen social unity
Term
forming
Definition
stage of team development which is a period of orientation and getting acquainted
Term
storming
Definition
the stage of team development in which individual personalities and roles emerge, along w/ resulting conflicts
Term
norming
Definition
the stage of development in which conflicts are resolved and team harmony and unity emerge.
Term
performing
Definition
stage in which members focus on problem solving and accomplishing the team's assigned task
Term
adjourning
Definition
stage during which members of temporary teams prepare for the team's disbandment
Term
team cohesiveness
Definition
refers to the extent to which team members are attracted to the team and motivated to remain a part of it
Term
team norm
Definition
an informal standard of conduct that is shared by team members and guides their behavior
Term
conflict
Definition
antagonistic interaction in which one party attempts to block the intentions or goals of another
Term
task conflict
Definition
conflict that results from disagreements about the goals to be achieved or the content of the tasks to be performed
Term
relationship conflict
Definition
results from interpersonal incompatibility that creates tension and personal animosity among people
Term
superordinate goal
Definition
a larger objective that cannot be obtained by a single individual, is one way team leaders can resolve conflicts
Term
mediation
Definition
the process of using a third party to settle dispute
Term
negotiation
Definition
a conflict management strategy whereby people engage in give-and-take discussions and consider various alternatives to reach a joint decision that is acceptable to both parties
Term
integrative negotiation
Definition
a collaborative approach that is based on a win-win assumption, whereby the parties want to come up with a creative solution that benefits both sides of the conflict
Term
distributive negotiation
Definition
a competitive and adversarial approach in which each party strives to get as much as it can, usually at the expense of the other party
Term
social facilitation
Definition
the tendency for the presence of other people to influence an individual's motivation and performance
Term
organizational control
Definition
the systematic process through which managers regulate organizational activities to meet planned goals and standards of performance
Term
balanced scorecard
Definition
a comprehensive management control system that balances traditional financial measures with measures of customer service, internal business processes, and the organization's capacity for learning and growth
Term
responsibility center
Definition
any organizational department or unit under the supervision of a single person who is responsible for its activity
Term
expense budget
Definition
outlines the anticipated and actual expenses for a responsibility center
Term
revenue budget
Definition
lists forecasted and actual revenues of the organization
Term
cash budget
Definition
estimates receipts and expenditures of money on a daily or weekly basis to ensure that an organization has sufficient cash to meet its obligations
Term
capital budget
Definition
a budget that plans and reports investments in major assets to be depreciated over several years
Term
top-down budgeting
Definition
the budgeted amounts for the coming year are literally imposed on middle- and lower-level managers
Term
bottom-up budgeting
Definition
involves lower-level managers anticipating their department's budget needs and passing them up to top management for approval
Term
balance sheet
Definition
shows the firm's financial position with respect to assets and liabilities at a specific point in time
Term
income statement
Definition
summarizes the firm's financial performance for a given time interval
Term
liquidity ration
Definition
indicates the organization's ability to meet its current debt obligations
Term
activity ratio
Definition
measures the organization's internal performance with respect to key activities defined by management
Term
profitability ratio
Definition
describes the firm's profits relative to a source of profits, such as sales or assets
Term
hierarchical control
Definition
monitoring and influencing employee behavior through extensive use of rules, policies, hierarchy of authority, written documentation, reward systems, and other formal mechanisms
Term
decentralized control
Definition
the organization fosters compliance with organizational goals through the use of organizational culture, group norms, and a focus on goals rather than rules and procedures
Term
open-book management
Definition
allows employees to see for themselves the financial condition of the organization and encourages them to think and act like business owners
Term
total quality management (TQM)
Definition
an organization-wide effort to infuse quality into every activity in a company through continuous improvement
Term
quality circles
Definition
one technique for implementing total quality management and include a group of 6 to 12 volunteer employees who meet regularly to discuss and solve problems affecting the quality of their work
Term
benchmarking
Definition
the continuous process of measuring products, services, and practices against major competitors or industry leaders
Term
six sigma
Definition
a quality control approach that emphasizes a relentless pursuit of higher quality and lower costs
Term
cycle time
Definition
steps that are taken to complete a company process. a reduction in this improves overall company performance as well as quality
Term
continuous improvement
Definition
the implementation of a large number of small, incremental improvements in all areas of the organization on an ongoing basis
Term
ISO 9000 standards
Definition
an international consensus of what constitutes effective quality management as outlined by the international organization for standardization
Term
economic value-added
Definition
measurement systems gauge financial performance in terms of after-tax profits minus the cost of capital invested in tangible assets
Term
market value-added
Definition
a control system that monitors the stock market's estimate of the value of the company's past and expected capital investment projects
Term
activity-based costing
Definition
a control system that identifies the various activities needed to provide a product and allocates costs accordingly
Term
corporate governance
Definition
the framework of systems, rules, and practices by which an organization ensures accountability, fairness, and transparency in the firm's relationship with stakeholders
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