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Mgmt 301 Exam 3
Chap 8, 11-13
142
Management
Undergraduate 1
04/06/2014

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Term
organizing
Definition
arranges people and resources to work toward a common goal.
Term
organization structure
Definition
a system of tasks, reporting relationship, and communication linkages.
Term
organization chart
Definition
describes the arrangement of work positions within an org.
Term
division of labor
Definition
means that people and groups perform different jobs.
Term
formal structure
Definition
the official structure of the org.
Term
supervisory relationships
Definition
lines between positions show routes for formal communication flows.
Term
major subunits
Definition
how jobs are grouped together identify work units, teams, or divisions.
Term
levels or mgmt
Definition
the number of mgmt layers are shown top to bottom.
Term
informal structure/shadow org
Definition
the network of unofficial relationships among an orgs members.
Term
social network analysis
Definition
identifies the informal structures and their embedded social relationships that are active in an org.
Term
departmentalization
Definition
the process of grouping together people and jobs into work units.
Term
functional structure
Definition
groups together people with similar skills who perform similar tasks.
Term
advantages for functional structures
Definition
1. economies of scale make efficient use of human resources.
2. functional experts are good at solving tech probs.
3. training within functions promotes skill development.
4. career paths are avail. within each function.
Term
functional chimneys/functional silos prob.
Definition
a lack of communication and coordination across functions.
Term
disadvantage for functional structures
Definition
hard to pinpoint responsibilities for things such as cost containment, product/service quality, and innovation.
focus on functional goals = lack of focus for good of overall org.
Term
divisional structure
Definition
groups together people working on the same product, in the same area, or with similar customers.
Term
product structure
Definition
groups together people and jobs working on a single product/service.
Term
potential adv. for divisional structures
Definition
1. expertise is focused on special products, customers, or regions.
2. better coordination exists across functions within divisions.
3. there is better accountability for product/service delivery.
4. easier to grow/shrink in size as conditions change.
Term
geographical structure
Definition
brings together people and jobs performed in the same location.
Term
customer structure
Definition
groups together people and jobs that serve the same customers or clients.
Term
matrix structure
Definition
combines functional and divisional approaches to emphasize project/program teams.
Term
cross-functioned team
Definition
brings together members from different functional departments.
Term
potential adv. of matrix structures
Definition
1. performance accountability rests with program, product, or project managers.
2. better communications exists across functions.
3. teams solve prob. at their levels.
4. top managers spend more time on strategy.
Term
team structure
Definition
uses permanent and temp. cross-functional teams to improve lateral relations.
Term
potential adv. of team structures
Definition
1. team assignments improve comm., cooperation, and decision making.
2. team members get to know each other as persons, not just job titles.
3. team memberships boost morale and increase enthusiasm and task involvement.
Term
network structure
Definition
uses IT to link with networks of outside suppliers and service contractors.
Term
potential adv. of network structures
Definition
1. lower costs due to fewer full-time employees.
2. better access to expertise through specialized alliance partners and contractors.
3. easy to grow/shrink with market conditions.
Term
virtual org.
Definition
uses info. tech to operate as a shifting network of alliances.
Term
organizational design
Definition
the process of configuring orgs to meet environmental challenges.
Term
centralization
Definition
top mgmt keep the power to make most decisions.
Term
decentralization
Definition
top mgmt allows lower levels to help make many decisions.
Term
delegation/3 steps to delegation
Definition
the process of entrusting work to others.
1. assign responsibility
2. grant authority
3. create accountability
Term
empowerment
Definition
give people freedom to do their jobs as they think best.
Term
bureaucracy
Definition
emphasizes formal authority, rules, order, fairness, and efficiency.
Term
mechanistic design
Definition
bureaucratic, using a centralized and vertical structure.
Term
compressed workweek
Definition
allows a worker to complete a full time job in less than five days.
Term
flexible working hours
Definition
gives employees some choice in daily work hours.
Term
telecommuting
Definition
involves using IT to work at home or outside the office.
Term
co-working center
Definition
a place where telecommuters share office space outside the home.
Term
job sharing
Definition
splits one job between two people.
Term
leadership
Definition
the process of inspiring others to work hard to accomplish important tasks.
Term
power
Definition
the ability to get someone else to do something you want done.
Term
reward power
Definition
achieves influence by offering something of value.
Term
coercive power
Definition
achieves influence by punishment.
Term
legitimate power
Definition
achieves influence by formal authority.
Term
expert power
Definition
achieves influence by special knowledge
Term
referent power
Definition
achieves influence by personal identification.
Term
vision
Definition
a clear sense of the future.
Term
visionary leadership
Definition
brings to the situation a clear sense of the future and an understanding of how to get there.
Term
leadership style
Definition
the recurring pattern of behaviors exhibited by a leader.
Term
autocratic leader
Definition
acts in unilateral command and control fashion.
Term
human relations leader
Definition
emphasizes people over task.
Term
democratic leader
Definition
encourages participation with an emphasis on task and people.
Term
laissez-faire
Definition
leader is disengaged, showing low task and people concern.
Term
contingency leadership perspective
Definition
suggests that what is successful as a leadership style varies according to the situation and the people involved.
Term
Fielder's Contingency Model
Definition
Classifies leadership styles as either task motivated or relationship motivated and views them as strongly rooted in our individual personalities.
Term
Hersey-Blanchard
Definition
Leaders adjust their styles based on the maturity of followers. 4 styles are delegating for able and willing followers, participating style for able but unwilling followers, selling style for unable but willing followers, and telling style for unable and unwilling followers.
Term
substitutes for leadership
Definition
are factors in the work setting that direct work efforts without the involvement of a leader.
Term
authority decision
Definition
made by the leader and then communicated to the group.
Term
consultative decision
Definition
made by a leader after receiving info, advice, or opinions from group members.
Term
group decision
Definition
made by group members themselves.
Term
charismatic leader
Definition
develops special leader-follower relationships and inspires followers in extraordinary ways.
Term
transactional leadership
Definition
directs the efforts of others through tasks, rewards, and structures.
Term
transformational leadership
Definition
inspirational and arouses extraordinary effort and performance.
Term
emotional intelligence
Definition
the ability to manage our emotions in leadership and social relationships.
Term
emotional intelligence quotient
Definition
measure of a persons ability to manage emotions in leadership and social relationships.
Term
4 emotional intelligence factors
Definition
1. self awareness - the ability to understand our own moods/emotions.
2. social awareness - the ability to empathize, to understand the emotions of others.
3. self mgmt - self regulation, ability to think before acting and to be in control of otherwise disruptive impulses.
4. relationship mgmt - ability to establish rapport with others in ways that build good relationships and influence their emotions in positive ways.
Term
House's Path-Goal Theory
Definition
1. directive leader - lets others know what is expected; gives directions, maintains standards.
2. supportive leader - makes work more pleasant; treats others as equals, acts friendly, shows concern.
3. achievement oriented - sets challenging goals; expects high performance, shows confidence.
4. participative - involves others in decision making; asks for and uses suggestions
Term
gender similarities hypothesis
Definition
holds that males and females have similar psychological makeups.
Term
interactive leadership
Definition
strong on communicating, participation, and dealing with prob. by teamwork.
Term
moral leadership
Definition
has integrity and appears to others as good or right by ethical standards.
Term
integrity
Definition
leadership in honesty, credibility, and consistency in putting values into action.
Term
moral overconfidence
Definition
an overly positive view of one's integrity and strength of character.
Term
servant leadership
Definition
means serving others and helping them use their talents to help orgs benefit society.
Term
empowerment
Definition
gives people job freedom and power to influence affairs in the org.
Term
perception
Definition
the process through which people receive and interpret info from the environment.
Term
stereotype
Definition
assigns attributes commonly associated with a group to an individual.
Term
halo effects
Definition
uses one characteristic of a person or situation to form an overall impression.
Term
selective perception
Definition
focuses attention on things consistent with existing belief,s needs, and action.
Term
projection
Definition
assumes others are just like us and assigns our attributes to them.
Term
attribution
Definition
the process of creating explanations for events.
Term
fundamental attribution error
Definition
overestimates internal factors and underestimates external factors as influences on someone's behavior.
Term
self-serving bias
Definition
underestimates internal factors and overestimates external factors as influences on someone's behavior.
Term
impression mgmt
Definition
tries to create desired perceptions in the eyes of others.
Term
personality
Definition
profile of characteristics making a person unique. patterns of behaviors.
Term
Myers-Briggs Personality Test
Definition
Extraversion v. Intro - Is someone outgoing v. shy.
Sensing v. Intuitive - Focus on details v. big pic. when dealing with probs.
Thinking v. Feeling - Does a person rely on logic v. emotions.
Judging v. Perceiving - Does a person prefer order/control v. flexibility.
Term
Big 5 Personality Traits
Definition
1. Extraversion - Talkative, comfy, and confident in interpersonal relationships.
2. Agreeableness - Trusting, courteous, and helpful.
3. Conscientiousness - Dependable, organized, and focused on getting things done.
4. Emotional Stability - Secure, calm, steady, and self confident.
5. Openness to experience - Broad-minded, imaginative, and open to new ideas.
Term
locus of control
Definition
the extent to which one believes what happens is within one's control.
Term
authoritarianism
Definition
the degree to which a person defers to authority and accepts status differences.
Term
machiavellianism
Definition
the degree to which someone uses power manipulatively.
Term
stress
Definition
a state of tension experienced by individuals facing extraordinary demands, constraints, or opportunities.
Term
type a personality
Definition
oriented toward extreme achievement, impatience, and perfectionism.
Term
constructive stress
Definition
positive influence on effort, creativity, and diligence in work.
Term
destructive stress
Definition
negative influence on one's performance.
Term
job burnout
Definition
physical and mental exhaustion from work stress.
Term
flameout
Definition
occurs when we communicate extreme agitation in interpersonal comm. or electronic messages.
Term
workplace rage
Definition
aggressive behavior toward co-workers or the work setting.
Term
personal wellness
Definition
the pursuit of a personal health-promotion program.
Term
attitude
Definition
a predisposition to act in a certain way.
Term
cognitive dissonance
Definition
discomfort felt when attitude and behavior are inconsistent.
Term
job satisfaction
Definition
the degree to which an individual feels positive about a job and work experience.
Term
withdrawal behaviors
Definition
include absenteeism and turnover.
Term
organizational citizenship behaviors
Definition
things people do to go the extra mile in their work.
Term
employee engagement
Definition
a strong sense of belonging and connection with one's work and employer.
Term
emotional intelligence
Definition
an ability to understand emotions and manage relationships effectively.
Term
emotions
Definition
strong feelings directed toward someone or something.
Term
moods
Definition
generalized positive/negative feelings or states of mind.
Term
mood contagion
Definition
the spillover of one's positive/negative moods onto others.
Term
motivation
Definition
accounts for the level, direction, and persistence of effort expended at work.
Motivation = Expectancy x Instrumentality x Valence
Term
need
Definition
unfulfilled physiological/psychological desire.
Term
lower-order needs
Definition
physiological, safety, and social needs in Maslow's hierarchy.
Term
higher-order needs
Definition
esteem and self-actualization needs in Maslow's hierarchy.
Term
existence needs
Definition
desires for physiological and material well-being.
Term
relatedness needs
Definition
desires for satisfying interpersonal relationships.
Term
growth needs
Definition
desires for continued psychological growth/development.
Term
need for achievement
Definition
the desire to do something better, to solve problems, or to master complex tasks.
Term
need for affiliation
Definition
the desire to establish and maintain good relations with people.
Term
satisfier factor
Definition
found in job content, such as a sense of achievement, recognition, responsibility, advancement, or personal growth. Improving these factors increases job satisfaction.
Term
hygiene factor
Definition
found in the job context, such as working conditions, interpersonal relations, org policies, and salary. Improving these factors decreases job dissatisfaction.
Term
job design
Definition
the allocation of specific work tasks to individuals and groups.
Term
job enrichment
Definition
increases jbo content by adding work planning and evaluating duties normally performed by the supervisor.
Term
Alderfer's ERG theory
Definition
Collapses Maslow's pyramid into 3 needs. existence>realtedness>growth. frustration regression principle claims an already satisfied lower level need can become reacctivated when a higher-level need cannot be satisfied.
Term
McClelland's Theory
Definition
Needs = achievement>power>affiliation. personal power is exploitative and involves manipulation for the sake of personal gratification. social power involves using power in a socially responsible way, essential to managerial leadership.
Term
perceived negative inequity
Definition
discomfort felt over being harmed by unfair treatment.
Term
perceived positive inequity
Definition
discomfort felt over benefiting from unfair treatment.
Term
expectancy
Definition
a person's belief that working hard will result in high task performance.
Term
instrumentality
Definition
a person's belief that various outcomes will occur as a result of task performance.
Term
valence
Definition
the value a person assigns to work related outcomes.
Term
self-efficacy
Definition
a person's belief that they are capable of performing a task.
Term
law of effect
Definition
states that behavior followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated; behavior followed by unpleasant consequences is not.
Term
operant conditioning
Definition
the control of behavior by manipulating its consequences.
Term
positive reinforcement
Definition
strengthens a behavior by making a desirable consequence contingent on its occurrence.
Term
negative reinforcement
Definition
strengthens a behavior by making the avoidance of an undesirable consequence contingent on its occurrence.
Term
punishment
Definition
discourages a behavior by making an unpleasant consequence contingent on its occurrence.
Term
extinction
Definition
discourages a behavior by making the removal of a desirable consequence contingent on its occurrence.
Term
shaping
Definition
positive reinforcement of a successive approxs to the desired behavior.
Term
law of contingent reinforcement
Definition
deliver the reward only when desired behaviors occur.
Term
law of immediate reinforcement
Definition
deliver the reward asap after the desired behaviors occur.
Term
Berlo's SMCR Comm. Approach
Definition
Source(encodes)> message (content structure)> channel (5 channel)> receiver (decodes).
Term
selective perception
Definition
perceptual distortion that focuses attention on things consistent with your existing beliefs.
Term
exam ?
Definition
when you don't understand personality types, you see people as wrong instead of different.
Term
Motivation equations
Definition
performance = (ability x motivation)
ability = (aptitude(training x experience)).
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