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mgmt 2
mgmt 2
131
Management
Undergraduate 2
10/16/2011

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Term
incentives
Definition
are combined wih oher parts of wage and salary administration to build a complete reward system that encourages motivation.
Term
cost reeward comparison
Definition
the employee identifies andcompares personal costs and rewards to determine the point at which they are approximately equal.
Term
break even point
Definition
the point at which coss and rewards are equal for a certain level of expected performance.
Term
equal pay act 1963
Definition
affects employers who are engaged in interstate commerce and most employees of federal, state and local governments.
Term
comparable worth
Definition
also seeks to guarantee equal pay for equal work.This approach demands that reward systems be designed so people in different but comparable jobs-those of equal value to the employer-receive similar levels of pay.
Term
management by objectives
Definition
is a cyclical process that often consists of four steps as a way to attain desired performance
Term
four steps in MBO:
Definition
OBJECTIVE SETTING, ACTION PLANNING, periodic reviews, annual evlauation
Term
objective setting
Definition
joint determintation by manager and employee of appropriate levels of future perfromance for the employee, within the context of overall unit goals and resources.
Term
action planning
Definition
participative or even independent planning by the employee as to how to reach those objectives. Providing some autonomy to employees is invaluable;they are more likely to use in genuity as well as feel more committed to the plan's success.
Term
periodic reviews
Definition
joint assessment of progress toward objectives by manager and employee, perfrmed informally and sometimes spontaneously.
Term
annual evaluation
Definition
more formal assessment of success in achieving the employee's annual objectives, coupled with a renewal of the planning cycle.
Term
performance appraisal
Definition
plays a key role in reward systems It is the process of evaluating the performance of employees, sharing that info with them and searching for ways to improve their performance.
Term
Appraisal is necessary in order to
Definition
allocate scarce resources in a dynamic environment, motive and reward employees, give employees feedback about work, maintain fair relationships within groups and coach and develop employees and comply with regulations
Term
performance orienation
Definition
it is not enough for employees o put fourth effort; that effort must result in the attainment of desired outcomes.
Term
extensive feedback systems
Definition
employees can fine tne their performance if hey know how they are doing in the eyes of the organization and receive this info regularly and candidly.
Term
appraisal inerview
Definition
this is a session in which the supervisor provides feedback to the employee on past performance, discusses any problems that have arisen and invites a response.
Term
self appraisal
Definition
this is an opportunity for the employee to be introspetive and to offer a personal assessment of his or her accomplishments, strengths, and weaknesses.
Term
leadership style
Definition
total pattern of explicit and implicit leaders' actions as seen by employees
Term
autocratic leaders
Definition
centralize power and decision making in themselves. they structure the complete work situation for their employees, who are expected to do they are told and not htink for themselves.
Term
consultative leasders
Definition
approach one or more employees and ask them for input prior to making a decision.
Term
participative leaders
Definition
clearly decentralize authority. Decisions are not unilateral, as with the autocrat, because they use inputs from followers and participation by them.
Term
performance feedback
Definition
leads to both improved performance and improved atitudes-if handled properly by the manager.
Term
360 degree feedbac
Definition
this is he process of systematically gathering data on a person's skills, abilities, and bheaviorsfrom a variety of sources-the manager, peers, subordinates and even customers or clients. These perspecives are examined to see where problems exist in he eyes of one or more groups.
Term
praise
Definition
the provision of approval or admiration for an employee's positive qualities or worthwile achievements.
Term
attribution
Definition
he process by which people interpret and asign causes for their own and others' behavior.
Term
self serving bias
Definition
claiming undue credit for their success and minimizing their own responsiblity for problems.
Term
fundamental attribution bias
Definition
is oftenexhibited when judging others. People tend to attribute others' achievements to good luck or easy tasks and they assume others failed to try hard enough or simply lacked personal characteristics if they failed.
Term
perceptual set
Definition
people tend to perceive what they expect to perceive.
Term
self fulfilling prophecy
Definition
suggests that a manager's expectations for an employee may cause the manager to treat theemployee differently and that the employee will then respond in a way that confirms the initial expectations
Term
Galatea effect
Definition
which high expectations by employees themselves lead to high performance.
Term
perfromance management
Definition
a belief that employee performance can be managed and improved, whether it comes about goal setting, a streamlined organizational structure, better technology, new arrangements of working schedules, high involvement of employees or better motivation of employees.
Term
economic incentive system
Definition
some type can be applied to almost any job. The basic idea is to induce a high level of individual, group or org performance by making an employee's pay contingent on one or more of these dimensions.
Term
complete pay program
Definition
comprehensive reward system that uses different bases f pay to accomplish various objectives(retention, production and teamwork)
Term
piece rate
Definition
provides a simple, direct connection between performance and reward
Term
wage incentives
Definition
are a form of merit pay, provide more pay for more output orresuls, often referred to as pay for performance.
Term
rate setting
Definition
the process of determining the standard output for each job, which becomes the fair day's work for the invidivdual.
Term
loose rates
Definition
when employees are able to reach standard output with less than reasonable levels of effort.
Term
output restriction
Definition
workers limit their production and thus defeat the purpose of the incentive.
Term
profit sharing
Definition
a system that distributes to employees some portion of the profits of business, either immediately or deferred until a later date.
Term
gain sharing plan
Definition
estabilishes a historical base period of organizational performance, measures improvements, and shares the gains with employees on some formula basis.
Term
skill based pay
Definition
rewards individuals for what they know how to do. Employees are paid for the range, depth and types of skills in which they demonstrate capabilities.
Term
leadership
Definition
the process of influencing and supporting others to work enthusiastically towardachieving objectives.
Term
trais
Definition
physical, intellectual or personality characteristics-that differed between leaders and nonleaders or between successful and unsuccessful leaders.
Term
technical skill
Definition
refers to a person's knowledge of and ability in any type of process or technique
Term
human skill
Definition
the ability to work effectively with people and to build teamwork.
Term
conceptual skill
Definition
the ability to think in terms of models, frameworks, and broad relationships, such as long range plans.
Term
participative leaders
Definition
clearly decentralize authority. Decisions are unilateral as with the autocrat, because they use inputs from followers and participation by them.
Term
consideration
Definition
also known as employee orientation. concerned about human needs of their employees. They try to build teamwork, provide psychological support and help employees with their personal problems.
Term
structure
Definition
tak orientation. Beleive they get results by keeping people constantly busy, closely monitoring employee actions, ignoring their personal issues and emotions and urgin them to produce at ever higher levels.
Term
glass ceiling
Definition
an invisible barrier that prevented many females from reaching important positions.
Term
managerial grid
Definition
tool for identifying a manager's own style.
Term
contigency model
Definition
developed by fred fielder. Builds upon the previous distinction between task and employee orientation and suggests that the most appropriate leadership style depends on whether the overall situation is favorable, unfavorable, or in an intermediate stage of favorability.
Term
leader-member relations
Definition
determined by the manner in which the leader is acceped by the group.
Term
task structure
Definition
reflects the degree to which one specific way is required to do the job.
Term
leader position power
Definition
describes the organizational power that goes with the position the leader occupies.
Term
development level
Definition
the task specific combination of an employee's task competence and motivation to perform.
Term
path-goal leadership
Definition
states that the leader's job is to use structure, support, and rewards to create a work environment that helps employees reach the organization's goal.
Term
task support
Definition
help assemble resources, budgets, power and other elements taht are essential to get the job done.
Term
locus of control
Definition
alternative beliefs about whether the employee's achievements are the product of his or her own effort.
Term
self perceived task ability
Definition
employees who have high confidence in their potential wil lreact most favarbly to a supportie leader.
Term
decision making model
Definition
selecting among various degrees of leadership was developed by v.h. vroom and others.
Term
neutralizers
Definition
attributes of subordinates, tasks and organizations that actually interfere with or diminish the leader's attempts to influence employees.
Term
subs for leaderships
Definition
are factors that make leadership roles unnecessary through replacing them with other sources.
Term
enhancers for leadership
Definition
elements that amplify a leader's impact on the employees.
Term
sensemaking
Definition
process of finding order in complex or ambiuous situations, requiring situational awareness, data gathering from multiple sources, the two way act of fitting data into a mental model and or adapting a mental to fit the data, and checking others on an ongoing basis to gain from their perspectives.
Term
empowerment
Definition
any process that provides greater autonomy to employees through the sharing of relevant info and the provision of control over factors affecing job performance.
Term
participation
Definition
the mental and emotional involvement of people in group situations that encourages them to contribute to group goals and share responsiblity for them.
Term
ethical imperative
Definition
rests on the conclusion that highly non particpative jobs cause both psychological and physical harm to employees in the long run.
Term
leader member exchange model
Definition
suggests that leaders and their followers develop a unique reciprocal relationship.
Term
area of job freedom
Definition
for any depatment is its area of discretion after all restraints have been applied.
Term
emotional intelligence
Definition
combination of two personal abilities-self awareness and self management and two compentencies-social awareness and relationship management.
Term
quality circles
Definition
voluntary groups taht receive training in process improvements and problem solving skills and then meet to produce ideas for improving producivity and working conditions.
Term
TQM
Definition
gets every employee involved in the process of searching for continous improvements in their operations
Term
self managing teams
Definition
natural work groups that aregiven a large degree of decision making autonomy; they are expected to control their own behavior and results.
Term
employee ownership
Definition
emerges when employees provide the captial to purchase control of an existing operation.
Term
servant leadership
Definition
help others attain relevant goals while developing their skills and abilities.
Term
entitlement
Definition
belief that they deserve thigs b/c society owes it to them.
Term
spillover effect
Definition
occurs in both directions between job and life satisfaction.
Term
job involement
Definition
the degree to which employees immerse themselves in their jobs, invest time and energy in them and view work as a central part of their overall lives.
Term
organizational commitment
Definition
the degree to which an employee identifies with the organization and wants to continue actively participating in it.
Term
psychological withdarwal
Definition
daydreaming on the job.
Term
physical withdrawal
Definition
unauthorized absences, early departures, extended breaks, or work slowdowns.
Term
performance satisfaction effort loop
Definition
level of satisfaction leads to either greater or lesser commitment, which then affects effort and eventually affects performance again.
Term
turnover
Definition
the proprtion of employees leaving an organization during a given time period.
Term
absences
Definition
caused by legitimate medical or personal reasons
Term
presenteeism
Definition
occurs when employees come to work despie troublesome physical and emotional health conditions that substantially affect their work performance.
Term
org citizenship behaviors
Definition
are discretionary and helpful actions above and beyond the call of duty that promote the organization's success.
Term
closed end questions
Definition
present a choice of answers in such a way that employees simply select and mark the answers that best represent their own feelings.
Term
open end questions
Definition
seek responses from employees in their own words.
Term
relaibility
Definition
the capacity of a urvey instrument to produce consistent results, regardless of who administers it or when someone responded o it.
Term
validity
Definition
thecapaciy to measure what they claim to measure.
Term
legitmacy of org influence
Definition
has been developed from reasearch. Two key variables are where i occurs and he degree of job relatedness.
Term
surveillance devices
Definition
have emerged through advances in computer technology.
Term
electronic monitoring
Definition
takes many forms, including automatic counting of key strokes made by data entry personnel, remote observations of the screens of desktop computer operators, surreptitious reading of an employee's email, etc.
Term
hoesty tests
Definition
integrity tests, attempt to get the respondent to disclose info about his or her pervious or prospective honesty.
Term
impairment testing
Definition
method usually consists of a brief motor skills test performed on a computer.
Term
genetic monitoring
Definition
identifies harmful substances in the workplace, examines their effects on the genetic makeup of employees and provides the basis for corrective action.
Term
dicipline
Definition
management action to enforce organizational standards.
Term
preventive discipline
Definition
action taken to encourage employees to follow standards and rules so infractions don't occur.
Term
corrective discipline
Definition
action that follows infracion of a rule; it seeks to discourage further infractions so future acts wil be in compliance with standards.
Term
progressive discipline
Definition
means there are stronger penalties for repeated offenses.
Term
job scope
Definition
has two dimensions-breadth and depth.
Term
job breadth
Definition
# of different tasks an individual is directly responsible for.
Term
job enlargement
Definition
employees with narrow job breadth were sometimes given a wider variety of duties in order to reduce their monotomy.
Term
job rotation
Definition
involves periodic assignment of an employee to completely different sets of job activites.
Term
job enrichment
Definition
takes a differen approach by adding additional motivators ot a job to make it more rewarding.
Term
core dimensions
Definition
skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy and feedback.
Term
skill variety
Definition
alows employees to perform different operations that often require different skills.
Term
task identity
Definition
allows employees to perform a complete a piece of the work.
Term
task signifcance
Definition
refers to the amount of impact as perceived by the worker tha the work has on other people.
Term
autonomy
Definition
it is the job charactersistic that gives employees some discretion and control over job related decision and it appears to be fundamental in building a sense of responsiblity in workers.
Term
dues paying
Definition
consists of the total costs thatt a person's group believes an individual should pay for the privileges of full acceptance and continuing membership in it.
Term
workplace incivility
Definition
occurs when employees fail to exhibit concern and regard for others-or worse disrespect each oher on the job.
Term
win win conflict
Definition
both parties perceive they are in a better position than they are were before the conflict began.
Term
confronting
Definition
can be viewed as a resolution approach, since this method addresses the basic differences involved and eventually removes them through creative problem solving.
Term
assertiveness
Definition
process of expressing feelings asking for legitimate changes and giving and receiving honest feedback.
Term
interpersonal facilitation
Definition
the capacity to focus on tohers' personal needs, sensitiveness, and idiosyncrasies and then work to keep conflict under control and collaborationhigh among team members.
Term
stroking
Definition
defined as any act of recognition for another.
Term
positive strokes
Definition
feel good when they are received and they contribute to the recipiens sense of ewell being and self esteem.
Term
negative strokes
Definition
hurt physcially oremotionally and make recipients feel less proud of themselves.
Term
mixed strokes
Definition
a message in which a person sends or receives a combination of both positive and negative messages; it is thus often unclear what the overall inten was meant to be.
Term
unconditional strokes
Definition
presented without any connection to behavior.
Term
five bases of power
Definition
personal power, legitimate power, expert power, reward power,coercive power.
Term
personal power
Definition
refereant power or charismatic power comes from each individually. it is the aiblity of leaders to develop followers fro m the strength of their own personalities
Term
legitimate power
Definition
known as position power and official power comes from higher authority.
Term
expert power
Definition
known as the authority of knowledge comes from specialized learning.
Term
reward power
Definition
the capacity to control and administer items valued by another. It arises from an individual's ability to give pay raises recommend somene for promotion or transfer or even make favorable work assignments.
Term
coercive power
Definition
the capacity to punish another or at least create a perceived threat to do so.
Term
norm of reciprocity
Definition
in society where two people in a continuing relationship feel a strong obligation to repay their social debts to each other.
Term
posturing
Definition
consists of positioning oneself for visiblity aming sure that others knowabout your success and practicing skills of one upmanshp over others.
Term
impression management
Definition
ability to protect and enhance their self imagewhile intentionally affecting another's assessment of them.
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