Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Methods
Methods
33
Medical
Post-Graduate
09/06/2010

Additional Medical Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
When was Respondent Driven Sampling started?
Definition
In 1997
Term
What are some of the advantages of using Respondent Driven Sampling?
Definition
It has been validated for selecting representative samples of hidden populations and for providing population-based estimates of relevant variables This has been observed in 123 surveillance activities in 28 countries
Term
Why have expiration dates on the coupons?
Definition
It has been reported that expiration date is associated with a 12% increase in sample size
Term
When should Respondent Driven Sampling be used?
Definition
When there is no existing sampling frame;
In situations where accepting membership in a group could be threatening
Term
Should first sample of seeds be chosen at random?
Definition
It does not matter. RDS produces samples that are independent of the initial seed.
Term
Where has Rapid Assessment been conducted?
Definition
RA methods have been used in many different setting globally to understand the complex environment related to IDU. Between 1993 and 2001, a total of 83 RA have been conducted in 70 countries, with 25% of them being associated to the development of interventions or policy change
Term
What is a Rapid Assessment?
Definition
Set of methods used to depict the extent and nature of social and health problem and for suggesting ways in which they might be improved. Methods are applied to a specif location and to a specific health problem. A RA= needs assessment + resource assessment
Term
Why do a RA?
Definition
1. Understad the nature of the problem and the factors that influence it
2. understand the adverce health consequences
3. Identify available resources to respond
4. id interventions that are adequate for a specific context
Term
What can a RA provide?
Definition
1. Feasibility
2. Id obstacles
3. Id appropriatness of intervetnions
Term
What is a needs assessment?
Definition
A systematic appraisal of the type, depth and scope of a problem
Term
What is a resources assessment?
Definition
A systematic approach to the response (people, funds, buildings, knowledge) available to ameliorate a problem.
Term
Name some of the special fetures that differentiate a RA from other methods used in social sciences?
Definition
* fast
*uses existing information
* cost effective
*Inductiveinvestigates many level of society
*inductive
community involvment
* AIMS FOR ADEQUACY RATHER THAN PERFECTION. Reliability and validity are established by cross-checking (triangulation)
* multiple indicators and data sources are used
Term
Why are different data sources used in a RA?
Definition
Because there is no single method that can encompass all the aspects of a complex social problem.
Term
What are the guiding principles of a public health response?
Definition
1. Assess risk factors
2. Minimise of prevent risk and harm
3. id and prevent risk at all levels
4. focus on populations at risk
Term
Name two key determinants of effective service delivery
Definition
Access and availability. Services require to make contact with the target population and then they need to be able to retain the target members.
Term
What do we mean by key people?
Definition
*Fate keepers
*Funders
*Sponsors
All the above are stakeholders
Term
Name the guiding principles in organising a rapid assessment
Definition
1. Local sensitivity
2. Recognition that the RA is ongoing
3. the need for support
Term
What is induction?
Definition
It is the process of generating hypothesis and looking for information to confirm or deny.
Term
What type of existing information will we collect in the Ra?
Definition
1. Routinely collected data
2. Documentary data
Term
Why do we use theoretical samples instead of probabilistic (representative) samples in a RA?
Definition
We use theoretical sampling because ther is no money or time to undertake a probabilistic method and we do not have a sampling frame. Samples can still be representative of the sider social context
Term
What is and why is purposive sampling used in a RA?
Definition
It is used when a quick understanding of the wider population is needed. People are selected as needed.
Advantages: speed and flexibility
Disadvantages:
Term
How can we imporve sampling?
Definition
Use of key informatns
Mapping of location of cases
Term
How to recruit key informats?
Definition
KI are recruited based on purposive samplin. WE will get them as we need as as they become available.
Term
Whu do we conduct interviews?
Definition
* people who already have had the esperience
*
Know local meanings and understandings of risk behavior and health consequences
* People who would often not be consultedby policy makers and planners
Term
How we approach through interviews?
Definition
Unstructured interviews: to explore knowledge and understanding
Structured: to target specific topics
Term
What type of bias is involved in an interview?
Definition
interviewer bias: when the experience or expectations of the interviewer affect the interview
informants bias: participants gives answers that he thinks the researcher wants to hear.
Term
Name some methods that can be used to improve and interview
Definition
1. Mapping
2. Free listing
3. Pile sorting
Term
What is focus group?
Definition
It is a set of individuals that are interviewed collectively because they share a common set of experience, knowledge, shill or background. Having one of this elements in common generates a focus of discussion and helps people express their experiences and beliefs.
Term
Name some advantages of a focus groups discussion
Definition
Produce a lot of info quickly
Great method to id and explore KA and behaviors
Term
What are some of the disadvantages of a focus group discussion
Definition
less control of the discussion
may be dominated by one individual
data CANNOT tell about the frequency of beliefs and behaviors
Term
How are individuals selected for focus groups?
Definition
By purposive sampling
Term
What are some of the bias introduced through observation?
Definition
selective observation
selective memory
change in behavior in people when they are being observed
Term
What estimation techniques are used in a RA?
Definition
case finding and enumeration: assess prevalence of unique visible individuals.
capture-recapture
nomination: prevalence is estimated. multiplier is derived from KI
multiplier: for making informed assumptions. use reported hiv infection s as benchmark and % of injectors who shay they have been tested for HIV as multiplier
This methods areused given the difficulty in using other methods to estimate indicators of interest in this populations
Supporting users have an ad free experience!