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Methods and Research Final
Columbia University Methods and Research Final
49
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
12/16/2012

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Term
INFORMED CONSENT
Definition
Ensures that patients are aware of the risks involved in taking part in a study
Term
RESPECT FOR PERSONS
Definition
the respect that is due everyone simply by function of being a human
Term
BENEFICENCE
Definition
Moral Obligation to act in the benefit of others
Term
JUSTICE
Definition
states that research can must be based on laws
Term
INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD (IRB)
Definition
Board that monitors research involving humans. They focus on risk-benefit analysis to determine whether research should be conducted. Consists of 8 members serving rotating two year terms
Term
INSTITUTIONAL ANIMAL CARE AND USE COMMITTEE
Definition
IACUC: reviews protocol and conducts evaluations of an institutions animal care and use practices, which includes the results of inspections
Term
OFFICE OF RESEARCH INTEGRITY
Definition
Oversees and directs Public Health Service research activities on behalf of the secretary of Health and Human Services, with the exception of the responsibilities of the FDA
Term
BEHAVIORAL CATEGORIES
Definition
The general and specific classes of behavior one is trying to study
Term
COHEN'S KAPPA
Definition
A statistical measure of inter-rater agreement for qualitative items (.3 measurement is acceptable)
Term
QUALITATIVE DATA
Definition
Deals with descriptions, data can be observed but not measured
Term
QUANTITATIVE DATA
Definition
Deals with numbers, data can be measured
Term
NATURALISTIC OBSERVATIONS
Definition
Subject is observed in its natural habitat without any intervention or manipulation by the observer
Term
ETHNOGRAPHY
Definition
qualitative research design aimed at exploring cultural phenomena
Term
PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION
Definition
where someone collecting data participates in the study that is being explored
Term
NONPARTICIPANT OBSERVATION
Definition
where behavior is observed without interacting with the participants
Term
SOCIOMETRY
Definition
A way of measuring the degree of relatedness among people
Term
SOCIOGRAM
Definition
a graphic representation of social links a person has
Term
INTERVENTION PHASE
Definition
In a single subject baseline design: when the treatment is introduced and the independent variable evaluated
Term
ABAB DESIGN
Definition
Study where:
Baseline found
Treatment Introduced
Treatment Withdrawn
Treatment Reintroduced
Term
INTRASUBJECT REPLICATION
Definition
In a single-subject design, each treatment is repeated at least once for validation
Term
REVERSAL STRATEGY
Definition
Running a second baseline phase after the intervention phase, in a single subject baseline study
Term
INTERSUBJECT REPLICATION
Definition
The behaviors of multiple subjects are compared for validity
Term
CASE HISTORY
Definition
Indepth investigation of a single person, event or group. Data typically gathered using observations and interviews
Term
ARCHIVAL RESEARCH
Definition
Research in which existing data are used to test a hypothesis
Term
CONTENT ANALYSIS
Definition
Technique for systematically describing written, spoken, or visual communication. It provides a quantitative description
Term
META-ANALYSIS
Definition
Technique for integrating quantitative research statistically. Uses multiple studies as a single unit of information and combines them
Term
MIXED DESIGN
Definition
A study that contains both between subjects and within subjects manipulations of independent variables
Term
NESTED DESIGN
Definition
In a multifactor experiment, the levels of one factor are similar but not identical to another. Used to identify variation in a system
Term
COVARIATE
Definition
Two related variables X their standard deviation
Term
QUASI-INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
Definition
In a non-experimental study, the independent variable that is used to create different groups
Term
QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
Definition
Not using randomly assigned groups, but instead uses matching or other means of obtaining equivalence in groups
Term
TIME SERIES DESIGN
Definition
A series of observations made on the same variable over time
Term
PRETEST-POSTTEST
Definition
Uses the same groups of subjects and tests them both before and after the treatment intervention
Term
CROSS-SECTIONAL DESIGN
Definition
Type of design involving the one time collecting of information from a given sample of population elements
Term
LONGITUDINAL DESIGN
Definition
Fixed sample of population that is measured repeatedly. The sample remains the same, thus providing a series of pictures which represent both the situation and the changes taking place.
Term
COHORT-SEQUENTIAL DESIGN
Definition
Combines both cross-sectional and longitudinal designs. A new cohort is added to the study every years and studied throughout the duration
Term
BASELINE DESIGN
Definition
Experiment Design that begins with the concurrent measure of two subjects in baseline condition followed by a treatment variable to one subject while the baseline remains the same for the other
Term
BEHAVIORAL BASELINE
Definition
Used to determine the amount of controlled variability in data. It is the level of behavior under the baseline and intervention phases of a single subject baseline design
Term
BASELINE PHASE
Definition
Phase of a single-subject baseline design in which you establish the level of performance one the dependent measure before introducing treatment
Term
SYSTEMATIC REPLICATION
Definition
conducting a replication of an experiment while adding a new variable to investigate
Term
DIRECT REPLICATION
Definition
exactly replicating an experiment exactly
Term
MULTIPLE BASELINE DESIGN
Definition
two or more independent baselines are established. The independent variable is then separately introduced in a staggered fashion to each baseline. After one gets sable, its introduced to the next.
Term
DISCRETE TRIALS DESIGN
Definition
Subjects receive each treatment dozens of hundreds of times
Term
Why is informed consent important? How does the Murry example fail to provide informed consent?
Definition
Informed consent is important because participants have the right to base their decision to participate on what exactly will happen to them in the experiment. The Murry experiment does not have informed consent b/c the participants did not know they were going to be interrogated and humiliated.
Term
What is the IRB, who does it consist of, and why is it important
Definition
The IRB (Institutional Review Board) consists of 8 elected members including a chair. It is important b/c it regulates experiments and makes sure they are humane
Term
Why are observational studies useful or necessary? Give an example of one?
Definition
Observational Studies:
1. Provide info about relations among variables in a population
2. Document info that could be usefull for future stiudies
3.Describe change through a sequence of surveys
Example: research comparing lung cancer in smokers and non smokers. Researchers cannot force a non smoker to smoke a pack a day, so instead they observe people who already smoke.
Term
Quantifying in Observational Study
Definition
Frequency method (frequency within a time period)
Duration (length of behavoir)
Intervals method (Descrite time intervals)
Term
What are the limitations of observational studies?
Definition
1. Nonrandomized allocation to exposer so strong likelyhood of bias and confounds
2. Data likely to be incomplete and poor quality
3. Outcome less likely to be validatid
Term
Why is interrater reliability inportant?
Definition
1. Degree of agreement among raters
2. Ensures results w
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