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Mental Health Exam 3
I can do all things through Christ!
373
Nursing
Undergraduate 3
10/15/2011

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Term
T or F:
depression affects people of:
- certain ages and cultures
-specific socioeconomic status
Definition
FALSE: depression affects people of all ages, cultures, and socioeconomic status
Term
are mood changes depression or depressive disorders?
Definition
no
Term
are mood changes normal?
Definition
yes there are normal fluctuations in our mood
Term
what do normal fluctuations in mood indicate?
Definition
that we are perceiving changes in the world and are responding to them
Term
when our ability to adapt is ineffective or non-existent our coping skills....
Definition
are to poor to deal with fluctuations in mood
Term
can mood changes become pathological or depressive?
Definition
yes
Term
mood depression is called t
Definition
the common cold of psychiatry
Term
what is the first step in the grief response?
Definition
denial
Term
denial
Definition
1. we need more time to adapt
2. pretend it didn't happen for a while
a. do NOT directly challenge someone in denial with reality, give them time to adapt
Term
what is the second stage of the grief response?
Definition
anger
Term
anger
Definition
1. occurs as we recognize our pain
2. statements like: "why did this happen to me?"
3. Allow the griever to vent and encourage talking
Term
what is the third step in the grieving process?
Definition
bargaining
Term
statements like, "if only I had done this" are signs of
Definition
bargaining, the third stage in the grieving process
Term
during the bargaining stage of grief it is important to
Definition
listen and offer support
Term
what the fourth stage of the grief response?
Definition
depression/guilt
Term
this statement: "why didn't I do that? or make sure that was done?"
represents what stage of the grief response?
Definition
depression or guilt, the 4th stage
Term
what is the 5th and final stage in the grief process?
Definition
acceptance
Term
what are the stages of the grief response?
Definition
1. denial
2. anger
3. bargaining
4. depression/guilt
5. acceptance
Term
acceptance
Definition
1. must recognize that it did happen
2. depression often follows this realization so provide privacy, and let them talk and you listen
Term
each time a person goes through the grief response cycle,
Definition
the less intense it is
Term
acute grieving takes about
Definition
3-4 months but could be longer
Term
the resolution in acute grieving could take up to
Definition
1 year
Term
the time it takes to process the loss in acute grieving could take
Definition
the rest of one's life
Term
grieving difficulty and timing vary with the
Definition
type of loss
Term
what is an adaptive grief response?
Definition
where one is able to work through the grief and not lose their self esteem
Term
maladaptive grief responses
Definition
1. delayed
2. prolonged
3. exaggerated
Term
delayed grief response
Definition
maladaptive; becomes fixated in denial that it never happened
Term
prolonged grief response
Definition
maladaptive; fixated in grief and stuck in stage and never moves on to acceptance. shrines rendering divine characteristics to the departed are seen here at times
Term
exaggerated grief response
Definition
fixated in anger and pain, suffering
Term
pain turned outward is exhibited as
Definition
anger
Term
pain turned inward is exhibited as
Definition
depression
Term
persons stuck in maladaptive grief response can suffer from a permanent loss of
Definition
self esteem
Term
a debilitating disease that can cause emotional, physical, mental, and social suffering
Definition
depression
Term
can a depressed person just "snap out of it" or "think positive or cheerful thoughts"
Definition
no
Term
depressed individuals are fighting to live and perform
Definition
even the most mundane activities like getting out of bed
Term
the DSM-IV-TR defines two types of depressive disorders, what are they?
Definition
1. major depressive disorder (MDD)
2. dysthymia
Term
MDD
Definition
is major depressive disorder
1. is a significant change in the ability to function
2. may occur with psychosis
3. includes 5 or more symptoms that occur daily for at least two weeks
Term
dysthymic disorder
Definition
1. may occur over 2 years
2. includes depressed mood swings that can impact social, occupational, and general daily areas of function
Term
bipolar disorders are cycles of
Definition
mood swings
Term
what are the types of bipolar disorders?
Definition
type 1 and type 2
Term
bipolar disorder type 1
Definition
1. primarily manic episodes
2. the manic episodes are very severe
3. there are also depressive episodes
4. the longer one lives, the less occurrence of the manic phase there are and more of the depressive episodes there are
5. the manic and depressive episodes may last a month or two or a week or two or they can be mixed: manic for one hour and then depressed the next
Term
bipolar disorder type 2
Definition
1. are depressive episodes with periods of hypomania. hypomania is not as severe as the regular mania seen in type 1 bipolar disorder is
Term
hypomania
Definition
seen in type 2 bipolar disorder, between episodes of depression. is not severe as regular mania
Term
it is common to see a bipolar 1 patient when they are:
and a bipolar 2 patient when they are:
Definition
it is common to see a bipolar 1 patient when they are: manic
and a bipolar 2 patient when they are: depressed
Term
cyclothymic disorder
Definition
1. is caused by cycles of hypomania and depression
2. is less severe than bipolar disorder
3. usually treated in an outpatient facility
Term
what are the physiological/biological variables that play a part in depressive disorders?
Definition
1. genetics
2. neurotransmitter deficiency:
- norepinephrine
- serotonin
- dopamine
Term
what are some chemical imbalances that can lead to depressive disorders?
Definition
1. meds
2. intracranial pathology
3. electrolyte/hormonal disturbance
4. nutritional deficiency
5. chronic illness
Term
what should be assessed first before sending a patient to a psychiatric unit?
Definition
their medical problems
Term
depression is aggression
Definition
turned inward
Term
what the sociocultural/psychosocial variables of depressive disorders?
Definition
1. aggression is turned inward
2. learned helplessness
3. usually reject advice
4. with medication and behavior modification some may able to take control of their lives
Term
does childhood depression look different from adulthood depression?
Definition
yes
Term
childhood depression
Definition
1. will often show anger or hyperactivity and get into fights at school
2. will have school problems
Term
one of the best ways to assess children is by the way that they
Definition
play
Term
besides observing they way that a child plays, what are some other assessment variables that can be observed for depressive behavior?
Definition
eating and sleeping patterns
Term
if a child has had eating and sleeping pattern problems lasting for several weeks,
Definition
refer them to an evaluation
Term
adolescent depression
Definition
1. anger or agression
2. deliquency
3. substance abuse
4. sexual acting out
5. not just hormones raging which is normal
6. look for changes that last several weeks
Term
when depression invades the adult's normal lines of defense (NLOD) there are several observable outcomes. what are they?
Definition
1. affective
2. behavioral
3. cognitive
4. physiological
Term
what are affective characteristics that are observable when depression invades the NLOD?
Definition
1. affective: sadness to total despair and hopelessness
Term
what are the behavioral characteristics that are observable when depression invades the NLOD?
Definition
behavioral:
1. slowed activity or psychomotor retardation
2. poor hygiene
3. agitation
4. fetal positioning
Term
what are cognitive characteristics that are observable when depression invades the NLOD?
Definition
cognitive:
1. obsessed with negative thoughts
2. have difficulty with concentration and memory
3. frequently suffer from guilt, helplessness, and worthlessness
4. may become delusional and suicidal
Term
what are physiological characteristics that are observable when depression invades the NLOD?
Definition
physiological:
1. loss of energy
2. fatigue
3. slowed body systems
4. changes in eating patters (constipation, anorexia, and insomnia)
5. mild depression can causes overeating and oversleeping.
6. diurnal nature: feel worse in the AM but better as the day progresses.
Term
one of the most common psychiatric disorders among the elderly
Definition
depression
Term
what are some of the things that can contribute to depression in the elderly?
Definition
1. many lossess
2. change in health
3. bereavement overload due to a possible short time in all of this happening
Term
elderly people are often misdiagnosed for senility when it could be
Definition
depression
Term
what would be helpful to patients who are elderly and depressed?
Definition
a reduced dose of an antidepressant
Term
T or F:
depression is often a SE of medications or combinations of medications
Definition
TRUE
Term
flexible lines of defense
Definition
treatment
Term
changing the person's thinking and reaction patterns usually requires a combination of
Definition
meds and therapy
Term
can you cure the disease?
Definition
no, but you can alleviate the symptoms
Term
used to treat depression and the depressive symptoms of schizophrenia and bipolar depression
Definition
antidepressants
Term
how do antidepressants work?
Definition
increasing the concentrations of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin
Term
give some examples of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
Definition
1. citalapram (celexa)
2. fluoxetine (prozac, serafem)
3. fluvoxamine (luvox)
4. parozetine (paxil)
5. sertraline (zoloft)
Term
give some examples of nonselective reuptake inhibitors
Definition
1. venlafazine (effexor)
2. duloxetine (cymbalta)
Term
duloxetine (cymbalta)
Definition
is a nonselective reuptake inhibitor that is also a central pain inhibitor that is used with alot of somatic patients
Term
monoamine oxidase inhibitors
Definition
1. early drugs
2. not frequently used now
3. SE include diet issues due to tyramine accumulation which could lead to a hypertensive crisis
(I just ate a salami sandwich)- check BP/VS/ and reaction
Term
tricyclics
Definition
1. cheaper
2. not the best drugs we have to offer at this time
3. patients can OD
Term
give some examples of tricyclic drugs
Definition
1. amitriptyline (elavil)
2. clomipramine (anafranil)
3. doxepin (sinequan)
4. imipramine (tofranil)
Term
give some examples of hetrocyclics
Definition
1. bupropion (zyban, wellbutrin)
2. mirtazapine (remeron)
3. trazodone (desyrel)
Term
bupropion (zyban, wellbutrin)
Definition
a hetrocyclic antidepressant that helps stop smoking
Term
mirtazapine (remeron)
Definition
hetrocyclic antidepressant that will help with sleep and is given at night
Term
trazodone (desyrel)
Definition
hetrocyclic antidepressant that will help those with trouble sleeping and should be given at night
Term
abrupt dose changes can causes
Definition
problems
Term
all doses of medications should be
Definition
gradually adjusted over time
Term
what type of therapy is most recommended for depression?
Definition
individual, support groups, and group therapy
Term
the goal in the treatment of depression requires a change in
Definition
thinking and reaction patterns
Term
antidepressant drugs are used to treat
Definition
-depression
-depressive symptoms of other illnesses such as schizophrenia and bi-polar
Term
antidepressants work to increase the concentration of what transmitters?
Definition
norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine
Term
name some nonselective reuptake inhibitors
Definition
venlafazine (effexor)
duloxetine (cymbalta): central pain inhibitor
Term
cymbalta
Definition
(duloxetine) is a nonselective reuptake inhibitor and also a central pain inhibitor that is also used with a lot of somatic patients
Term
antidepressants inhibit the
Definition
uptake of neurotransmitters
Term
how long will it take for antidepressants to alleviate depressive symptoms?
Definition
up to 4 weeks
Term
what are some side effects of antidepressants and the interventions to treat them?
Definition
1. dry mouth- offer candy, ice, water
2. sedation/sleepiness- give dose at HS
3. GI distress/nausea- take with food
Term
what side-effects of antidepressants improve over time?
Definition
-headache
-blurred vision
-constipation
-urinary retention
-orthostatic hypotension (fixes in 3 months)
-reduced seizure threshold
-tachycardia and dysrhythmias with overdose
-weight gain/loss
-insomnia, agitation, sexual dysfunction
Term
about how long does it take for orthostatic hypotension to improve while on antidepressants?
Definition
3 months
Term
when on antidepressants what occurs to the seizure threshold?
Definition
it decreases; meaning that seizures are more likely while on antidepressants
Term
what can occur with an overdose of antidepressants?
Definition
tachycardia and dysrhythmias
Term
if while on antidepressants the patient develops insomnia, agitation, or sexual dysfunction what may happen?
Definition
the meds may be changed
Term
as nurses can we share the patient's concerns and symptoms with the MD?
Definition
yes!
Term
discontinuing antidepressants can cause
Definition
side effects and syndromes
Term
when discontinuing antidepressants it is IMPORTANT to know that they must be
Definition
tapered off gradually
Term
why must antidepressants be tapered off gradually during discontinuation?
Definition
to avoid:
-increased depression (suicidal ideation)
-dizziness
-lethargy
-headache/nausea
Term
stopping antidepressants cold turkey leads to a high risk for
Definition
suicide
Term
if a patient MUST discontinue a medication cold turkey, particularly antidepressants, what must be done
?
Definition
there must be a safety plan that has been rehearsed with the patient and the patient must have someone to call, either 911 or a friend because there is a high HIGH HIGH risk for suicide due to increased depression when someone abruptly stops antidepressants
Term
SSRIs, SSNIs,and welbutrin
-have more or fewer side effects?
-how long due they take to work? full effect can take up to how long?
Definition
-have fewer side effects
-takes 3-4 weeks to work and even a year for full capacity
Term
serotonin syndrome causes
Definition
1. if SSRIs are given to close to the discontinuation of MAOIs
2. if meds are not titrated up or down
Term
S/S if serotonin syndrome
Definition
-confusion/disorientation
-mania/restlessness/agitation
-myoclonus
-hyperreflexia
-diaphoresis
-diarrhea
-nausea
-seizures
Term
if you observe the S/S of serotonin syndrome what should you do?
Definition
1. discontine the meds
2. call MD STAT!!!!!!!!!!!
3. treatment must be started with the use of anticonvulsants
Term
is weight gain a permanent side effect of antidepressants?
Definition
yes
Term
indications for the use of ECT:
Definition
1. major depression is the main use
2. extreme cases
3. the meds aren't working
4. patient is suicidal
5. elderly patients who are suicidal
Term
the use of ECT is for the use in
Definition
used in extreme cases and has good results
Term
uses for ECT
Definition
major depression
rarely for manic bipolar and schizophrenia
Term
why is ECT more ideal for elderly patient who are sucidal?
Definition
ECT works more quickly than meds and immediately increases their serotonin levels
Term
explain the mechanism of action of ECT
Definition
an electric current induces grand mal seizures and increases the number of neurotransmitters
Term
can ECT be done while taking drugs?
Definition
yes
Term
contraindications for the use of ECT
Definition
- patients with increased ICP (such as with tumors
-recent MI or CHF
-children and adolescents
Term
SE of ECT
Definition
-temp memory loss
-confusion
-rare-mortality unless coexisting morbidity
-rare-permanent memory loss and brain damage
Term
the SE of ECT can be lessened with
Definition
unilateral treatment
Term
rare SE of ECT
Definition
-rare-mortality unless coexisting morbidity
-rare-permanent memory loss and brain damage
Term
your nursing responsibilities when caring for a patient undergoing ECT include
Definition
-making sure there is informed consent
-labs and xrays to be ordered
-VS and surgery prep
-administer ROBINUL IM 30 minutes before
-assist psychiatrist and anethesiologist
-support patient
Term
what should be administered before ECT and what time?
Definition
robinul IM 30 minutes before
Term
what is the ONLY thing that moves that allows the MD to know that the patient has had a seizure during ECT?
Definition
the big toe moves
Term
for ECT most procedures are done in what type of setting unless what?
Definition
most are done outpatient unless there is a high suicidal risk which is then done inpatient
Term
post surgery from ECT the nurse should constantly be
Definition
re-orienting the patient especially first 5-6 hours
Term
when is it important to re-orient the patient having ECT?
Definition
post-surgery, especially the first 5-6 hours after the surgery
Term
how often are ECT treatments done?
Definition
12 a time; 3 times a week or 4 weeks of treatment
Term
some proposed causes of bipolar disorder are:
Definition
-genetic
-neurotransmitter imbalance
-increased dopamine
-temporal lobe lesions
-epilepsy
-head injuries (MVA)
Term
on the mood range bipolar disorder 1 ranges from
Definition
severe depression to euphoric mania
Term
in the mood range cyclothymic disorder ranges from
Definition
moderate depression to hypomanic
Term
on the mood range major depression ranges from
Definition
severe depression to less than hypomania
Term
on the mood range dysthymic disorder ranges from
Definition
moderate depression to less than hypomanic
Term
on the mood range, bipolar II ranges from
Definition
severe depression to euphoric mania
Term
clinical manifestations of hypomania
Definition
-cheerful
-irritable if needs are not met
-exalted self-worth and ability: may be due to a delusion
-increased motor activity: sociable and increased libido
-weight loss
-spend money
Term
clinical manifestations of acute mania
Definition
-euphoria
-irritated, angered, or aggressive if you set limits
-flight of ideas
-paranoia
-grandiose delusions
-violent and sexually preoccupied
-poor impulse control
-spending money
-don't like to sleep
-very difficult to care for
Term
clinical manifestations of delirious mania
Definition
-difficult to control without restraints- will chafe their skin
-will fight
-if on meds will get up and fall down
-labile and indifferent to ennvironment
-panic
-anxiety
-confusion and disorientation
-delusions and hallucinations
-violent, agitated, purposeless
-exhaustion
Term
is delirious mania common?
Definition
no; due to meds and tx available
Term
why at times would administering older drugs be more helpful in controlling a delirious manic?
Definition
older drugs like thorazine are more sedating
Term
what types of therapy can be helpful for bipolar patients?
Definition
individual, group, and supportive
Term
secondary treatment for bipolar disorder:
Definition
1. therapy: group, supportive, and individual
2. hospitalize for safety
3.
Term
why would group therapy be difficult for a manic patient?
Definition
too much stimuli and need to take control of group; you would need to decrease the stimuli and keep the patient from others
Term
name some examples of anticonvulsants
Definition
carbamazepine (tegetrol)
valproic acid (depakote)
gabapentin (neurontin)
lamotrigine (lamictal)
klonopin (topomax)
Term
carbamazepine

1. other name
2. type of medication
3. nursing considerations
4. side effects
Definition
carbamazepine

1. other name: tegretol

2. type of medication: anticonvulsant

3. nursing considerations: therapeutic range is 6-12 ug/ml

4. side effects:
a. decreased WBC so measure routinely
Term
valproic acid

1. other name
2. type of medication
3. nursing considerations
4. side effects
Definition
valproic acid

1. other name: depakote

2. type of medication: anticonvulsant

3. nursing considerations: therapeutic range: 50-100 ug/ml. is one of the best but has a toxicity problem

4. side effects
1. increased bleeding time; measure platelets and bleeding time
2. liver dysfunction
Term
gabapentin

1. other name
2. type of medication
3. nursing considerations
4. side effects
Definition
gabapentin

1. other name: neurontin

2. type of medication: anticonvulsant

3. nursing considerations: effective with depression

4. side effects:
a. dizziness
b. insomnia
c. ataxia
d. somatic complaints
Term
ataxia. what is it and what medication causes it?
Definition
ataxia is a lack of coordination of muscle movements.

the anticonvulsant gabapentin (neurontin) causes it as a side effect
Term
which anticonvulsant is also effective with depression?
Definition
gabapentin (neurontin)
Term
with which anticonvulsant would you expect your patient to have somatic complaints?
Definition
gabapentin (neurontin)
Term
lamotrigine

1. other name
2. type of medication
3. side effects
Definition
lamotrigine


1. other name: lamictal

2. type of medication: anticonvulsant

3. side effects:
a. dizziness
b. ataxia
c. nausea
d. skin rash
e. Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, call MD STAT!!!!
Term
although mood stabilizing drugs are effective in the treatment of bipolar disorder they often takes ___________ to get into the blood stream and work. that is medications such as _____________ that are used for __________are helpful in the treatment of bipolar.
Definition
although mood stabilizing drugs are effective in the treatment of bipolar disorder they often takes SEVERAL WEEKS to get into the blood stream and work. that is medications such as ANTICONVULSANTS that are used for EPILEPSY are helpful in the treatment of bipolar.
Term
which anticonvulsant is also used to treat bipolar and is one of the best BUT can cause toxicity?
Definition
(valproic acid) depakote
Term
for which medication should you watch for skin rash and also for stevens-johnson's syndrome?
Definition
lamotrigine (lamictal)
Term
in stevens-johnson's syndrome is it important to
Definition
call the MD STAT!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Term
lamictal is an antiepileptic drug used for what in bipolar?
Definition
mania
Term
stevens-johnson's syndrome
Definition
due to lamictal, a rash appears causing sloughing of the skin and can lead to death. CALL THE MD STAT
Term
klonopin
1. other name
2. type of medication
3. nursing considerations
4. side effects
Definition
klonopin
1. other name: topamax

2. type of medication: anticonvulsant

3. nursing considerations:
good of patients out of acute stage
may use with lithium or stronger drugs together
good for headaches

4. side effects
possible increased seizures
anemia (monitor labs)
Term
for a patient on klonopin (topamax) you would want to
Definition
place patient on seizure precaution and monitor labs for anemia
Term
klonopin (topamax)is good for high anxiety because
Definition
it enhances the reuptake of transmitters
Term
oldest treatment for bipolar
Definition
lithium
Term
lithium
Definition
-oldest treatment for bipolar
-enhances the reuptake of neurotransmitters
Term
serum levels of lithium for effectiveness:

-acute mania
-maintenance
Definition
-acute mania: 1.0-1.5 mEq/L

-maintenance: 0.6-1.2 mEq/L
Term
at what serum levels would you have s/s of lithium toxicity? what are the s/s?
Definition
at 1.5-2.0 mEq/L

S/S:
-poor breathing
-blurred vision
-ataxia
-N/V/D
-death from to toxic
Term
at a lithium serum level of:
1.5-2.0 mEq/L
what occurs?
Definition
s/s of lithium toxicity
Term
at a lithium serum level of:
2.0-3.5 mEq/L
what occurs?
Definition
diuresis
tremors
muscle irritability
Term
at a lithium serum level of:
>3.5 mEq/L
what occurs?
Definition
seizures
coma
anuria
cardiovascular collapse
arrythmias
Term
patient education for lithium
Definition
1. do NOT restrict Na
2. fluid= 3,000 ml/day= 3 L a day
3. finger foods high in protein for nutritional demands
4. of V/D occur call MD
5. without enough fluids can cause toxicity
Term
T or F:
group therapy is helpful for a manic patient?
Definition
true
Term
should you argue or bargain with a bipolar patient?
Definition
no
Term
would you want to limit the caffeine of a bipolar?
Definition
yes
Term
explain the "ideal" environment for a bipolar patient?
Definition
-reduced environmental stimuli
-low light and noise
-private room
-limit group activities
-structures with a 1:1 nurse/tech
Term
until the mood stabilizers begin to work for a bipolar patient what can be used? what can be used to control their anxiety and manic activity?
Definition
until the mood stabilizers begin to work for a bipolar patient what can be used?
~neuroleptics and benzodiazepines~

what can be used to control their anxiety and manic activity?
~anti-psychotics for sedation~
Term
ECT is a great way to help patients who are
Definition
suicidal
Term
T or F:
suicide affects all age groups
Definition
true
Term
suicidal patients are usually ____________ on their desire to die
Definition
ambivalent
Term
describe the "ambivalence" seen in suicidal patients
Definition
they are overwhelmed and coud not sleep. took some sleeping pills and drank. take whole bottle and end up in ER and are glad to be alive
Term
how should you ask a patient if they are planning to kill themselves?
Definition
do so directly. ask them if they have though about killing themselves
Term
after asking a patient if they have thought about killing themselves, based on the response, you assess the risk level by asking these 3 questions:
Definition
1. does patient have a plan

2. how lethal is the plan?

3.do they have the means to carry out the plan?
Term
if the patient succeeds in committing suicide what must be done?
Definition
psychological autopsy: what can we learn from this
Term
what is a reasonable outcome for a suicidal patient?
Definition
patient will not hurt him/herself while in my care
Term
if you suspect that a patient is suicidal it is important that while checking up on patients that you
Definition
check on that patient first and contract
Term
with a manic patient the best type of foods would be
Definition
finger foods that they can eat on the run
Term
what would a serum albumin level of 4.5 indicate?
Definition
that the patient is getting enough protein
Term
nursing care and things to check for patient nutrition and health and independence
Definition
1. labs:
a. serum albumin: 4.5 is normal
2. assist with ADLs
3. encourage participation
Term
should a nurse accept negativism?
Definition
yes
Term
suicidal have problem solving
Definition
difficulties
Term
it is important to educate clients on assertiveness and
Definition
problem solving
Term
is it good to provide positive reinforcement?
Definition
yes, when appropriate
Term
to assess the basic structure of a child you need to assess
Definition
past and family history (genetics)
Term
although most diseases are neurological, some are the result of
Definition
faulty life experiences and relationship difficulties between the child and the parent
Term
assessing the basic structure of an adolescent requires
Definition
family assessment
Term
in adolescents:

coping responses? and change?
Definition
coping responses are established
they are resistant to change
Term
adolescents generally express conflict by
Definition
acting out in actions rather than in words
Term
the "acting out" behaviors of adolescents are often
Definition
impulsive
Term
nurses who care for older adults need to know about
Definition
the aging process
normal/abnormal changes
assessment of family, children, and grandchildren
Term
the coping responses of older adults
Definition
are well established
Term
are older adults resistant to change?
Definition
yes
Term
most difficult developmental stage?
Definition
adolescence
Term
a mental status exam should be done on what types of patients?
Definition
all
Term
PDD
Definition
pervasive developmental disorders:
1. autistic disorder
2. asperger's disorder
3. rett's disorder
4. childhood disintegrative disorder
Term
autism
Definition
-child withdraws into a fantasy world
-has a early onset
-shows a lack of responsiveness that is usually noticed by the parents
-marked impairment in:
a. social interactions
b. communication
c. repetitive behaviors such as rocking or spinning
Term
ADHD
Definition
-patterns of inattention, hyperactivity,and impulsiveness
-highly distractable
-unable to sort stimuli
-excessive motor activity
Term
ADHD is difficult to diagnose before the age of
Definition
4 because before that age hyperactivity is expected
Term
ADHD is often diagnosed when the child
Definition
enters school
Term
conduct disorder
Definition
-repetitive and persistent behavior that violates the rights of others
-physical agression
Term
what are the 2 types of conduct disorder?
Definition
child onset and adolescent onset
Term
child onset conduct disorder
Definition
-symptoms become obvious when the child is less than 10 years old
-
Term
when do the symptoms of child onset conduct disorder become more obvious?
Definition
less than 10 years old
Term
why is child onset conduct disorder the most serious subtype of conduct disorder?
Definition
because it usually leads to antisocial personality disorder in adulthood
Term
adolescent onset conduct disorder
Definition
-has no symptoms before 10
-are less likely to develop antisocial personality disorder in adulthood
Term
who is more likely to develop antisocial personality disorder in adulthood?
Definition
child onset conduct disorder
Term
oppositional defiant disorder
Definition
negativistic, defiant, disobedient and hostile behavior towards authority figures and interferes with functioning, begins at age 8
Term
which disorder has an onset at around 8 years old?
Definition
oppositional defiant disorder
Term
eating disorders are more prevalent in
Definition
women
Term
which developmental group do eating disorders typically occur?
Definition
adolescents
Term
anorexia nervosa
Definition
a morbid fear of obesity involving power and control issues. involves a gross distortion of body image
Term
in anorexia nervosa there is a preoccupation
Definition
with food
Term
in anorexia nervosa there is a refusal to
Definition
eat
Term
there is a cessation of hunger sensations with an intake of less than
Definition
200 calories a day
Term
in anorexia nervosa weight loss is accomplished by
Definition
-decreased food intake
-exercise
-laxatives, diuretics, and self-induced vomiting
Term
S/S of anorexia nervosa:
Definition
-hypothermia
-bradycardia
-hypotension
edema
-lanugo
-metabolic disturbances
-amenorrhea
-emaciated appearance
Term
lanugo
Definition
fine downy hair seen in fetuses and malnourished individuals such as those with eating disorders like anorexia nervosa
Term
the onset of anorexia nervosa
Definition
early to late adolescence
Term
bulimia nervosa
Definition
episodic and uncontrolled compulsive ingestion of large amounts of food (5,000 cal or more) following by purging: vomiting, laxatives, diuretics, and enemas.
Term
characteristics of bulimia nervosa
Definition
-pleasure eating
-guilt, embarrassment, depression after eating
-normal weight
-electrolyte imbalance
-tooth enamel erosion
-gastric/esophageal tears
Term
predisposing factors for both anorexia and bulimia include:
Definition
-family predisposition
-neurotransmitter imbalance
-conflict avoidance in family
-power and control issues: eating or not eating for rebellion; food is the only thing they can "control"
Term
is obesity an official DSM-IV-TR diagnosis?
Definition
no
Term
a BMI in what range indicates overweight?
Definition
25-29.9
Term
a BMI over what indicates obesity?
Definition
30
Term
causes of and things exacerbated by obesity
Definition
-DM
-hyperlipidemia
-osteoarthritis
-cardiac dysfunction
Term
predisposition to obesity
Definition
-family predisposition
-poor eating habits
-hypothyroidism (rare)
-sedentary lifestyles
-untreated depression
Term
is memory loss a normal sign of aging?
Definition
no
Term
do all cultures respect elders?
Definition
no
Term
is this accurate: the elderly no longer care about/have sex?
Definition
wrong
Term
is it healthy for the elderly to be sexually active?
Definition
yes
Term
successful retirement requires
Definition
adaptation and anticipatory guidance
Term
depression can lead to
Definition
suicide
Term
leading cause of death among the elderly
Definition
suicide
Term
what is a big factor in the the elderly committing suicide?
Definition
social isolation
Term
is it a fact that the 5 senses decline with age?
Definition
yes
Term
is it true that the elderly are high risk for crime?
Definition
yes
Term
is it true that the elderly lose about 50% of restorative sleep?
Definition
yes
Term
give some examples of amphetamines. what are they used for
Definition
1. amphetamine sulfate
2. dextroamphetamines-dexedrine
3. methamphethamines- desoxyn
4. adderall
Term
stimulants that used in the treatment of ADHD
Definition
amphetamines and caffeine
Term
what should be considered when giving adderall?
Definition
it has a prolonged action and daily dosing
Term
can caffeine be given for the treatment of ADHD?
Definition
yes
Term
what is the long acting form of ritalin?
Definition
concerta
Term
miscellaneous drugs used to treat ADHD
Definition
ritalin (concerta is the long acting form)
cylert
cocaine-ILLEGAL
Term
the use of cylert in the treatment of ADHD is not common due to
Definition
its relation to liver failure
Term
what is the FIRST selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor?
Definition
atomoxetine (strattera)
Term
atomoxetine (strattera)
Definition
-the FIRST selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
-non-stimulant since 30% of children, adolescents, and adults with ADHD cannot tolerate stimulants
-less concern with growth hormone inhibition
-no need for drug holidays
Term
why is strattera being a nonstimulant good?
Definition
30% of children, adolescents, and adults with ADHD cannot tolerate stimulants
Term
do drugs used to treat ADHD increase positive behaviors?
Definition
no, they decrease activity and increase attention span
Term
in order to develop positive behaviors (as in ADHD), what must you use along with medications?
Definition
the behavioral approach
Term
since strattera is the only drug that does NOT inhibit growth hormone you dont have have to worry about
Definition
drug holidays to allow growth catch-ups
Term
other drugs used to treat ADHD all need "drug holidays". why?
Definition
because only strattera does not inhibit growth hormone
Term
administration guidelines of medications used to treat ADHD
Definition
1. ensure it has been swallowed
2. give last dose 6 hours before bedtime
3. limit caffeine products, all except strattera are already stimulants
4. do NOT stop abruptly to avoid abstinence syndrome.
5. do not mix with OTC meds
7. may increase activity of coumadin, anticonvulsants, and TCA
Term
abstinence syndrome
Definition
from stopping meds to treat ADHD abruptly. depression, prolonged sleep, excessive eating, and craving of the drug
Term
therapies effective for children
Definition
mileu
play
family
Term
milieu therapy used for children
Definition
-for crisis intervention and to maintain safety
-behavior centered
-focuses on trust and consistency
-has clear rules, boundaries, and limit setting
Term
play therapy
Definition
-best for children since they lack verbal skills.
-places child in a comfortable and familiar situation
-
Term
what is the best therapy for children? and why?
Definition
play therapy because they lack verbal skills
Term
why is family therapy required for children?
Definition
the parents need to be involved
Term
family therapy for children
Definition
-involve parents
-teaching family roles
-improve communication
-teach parenting and problem solving
Term
adults do well with psychopharamacology, but what must be adjusted? and why and how?
Definition
the doses must be adjusted by about 1/2 doses to accomadate the declining organ function
Term
1st line antidepressants for elderly individuals
Definition
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
Term
why are SSRIs the 1st line antidepressants for the elderly?
Definition
they have fewer side effects and are non-toxic if overdosed
Term
good choice among the antidepressants for the elderly; is a SSRI
Definition
zoloft (sertraline)
Term
good choice among the antidepressants for the elderly; is a SNRI: selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor
Definition
vestra or reboxetine
Term
many mental health problems manifest as normal behavior that has
Definition
gone to the extreme
Term
anxiety disorder
Definition
anxiety that interferes with normal function
Term
assessment of basic structure in anxiety patient
Definition
1. patient and family history
2. assess how patient responds to and copes with stressors
3. always assess for physical symptoms to rule out any organic reasons for the patient's symptoms
Term
T or F:
anxiety disorders are said to be genetic
Definition
true
Term
anxiety produces changes in
Definition
brain tissue
Term
physiological variables to assess in anxiety
Definition
-sleep
-nutrition
-role of transmitters
-safety
Term
should be assessed for in all patients
Definition
sleep and nutrition patterns and SAFETY
Term
lack of sleep and imbalanced diet can have both a
Definition
psychological and physiological impact on the patient
Term
patients suffering from anxiety have what issues with sleep and nutrition?
Definition
do not eat or sleep properly
Term
a primary inhibitory transmitter that slows neural transmission and is said to have a "calming effect"
Definition
GABA
Term
benzodiazepines receptors are linked to a receptor that enhances the activity of what transmitter?
Definition
GABA
Term
abnormalities of benzodiazepine receptors/GABA receptors leads to unregulated levels of
Definition
anxiety
Term
it is important to assess the patient's developmental stage because when symptoms begin, what happens to development?
Definition
it stops
Term
most common form of psychiatric disorder in the US
Definition
anxiety
Term
what gender has a higher incidence of anxiety disorder?
Definition
women
Term
the common cold of the mental health world
Definition
depression
Term
anxiety is the early stage of
Definition
depression
Term
most common response to stress
Definition
anxiety
Term
subjectively emotional response to a stressor
Definition
anxiety
Term
stress or stressors can be
Definition
physical
psychological
biochemical
social
real or perceived
Term
stress causes an increase in
Definition
anxiety
Term
an increase in anxiety leads to relief behavior:
Definition
defense mechanisms
coping mechanisms
spiritual/sociocultural support
Term
if a response mechanism to stress is effective then
Definition
-anxiety is reduced
-life and productivity go on
Term
if a response mechanism to stress is ineffective then
Definition
-anxiety levels soar
-difficultly coping causes a variety of extreme defensive and coping behaviors to try to regain control
Term
ineffective response mechanisms to stress are usually extreme defensive and coping behaviors that tend to be
Definition
-rigid
-repetitive
-ineffective
-soon become habits
Term
in anxiety disorder, what is always present?
Definition
high anxiety
Term
high anxiety is always present in those with anxiety disorder, even if
Definition
it is not overtly expressed
Term
even though in a person with anxiety disorders there responses may seem odd and non-productive, they cannot stop them because they do
Definition
reduce anxiety
Term
anxiety that is not relieved becomes
Definition
chronic anxiety
Term
what are the types of anxiety disorders?
Definition
-panic disorder
-phobic disorder
-generalized anxiety disorder
-post traumatic stress disrder
-acute stress disorder
-obsessive compulsive disorder
Term
is anxiety thought to be genetic?
Definition
yes
Term
DSM-IV-TR criteria for panic disorder
Definition
recurrent episodes of panic attacks combined with at least one of the following:
1.persistent concern about having another attack
2. worry about consequences of another attack
3. significant behavioral changes

these symptoms need to be present for at least a month
Term
the onset for a panic attack is
Definition
-sudden and unpredictable
-no apparent cause
-can last minutes to hours
Term
S/S of a panic attack
Definition
-feelings of extreme apprehension
-fear
-impending doom
-normal function may be suspended
-person may feel that they are having a heart attack
-misconceptions of reality

body:
-palpitations
-diaphoresis
-SOB
-chest pain
-nausea
-dizziness
-fear of dying
Term
agoraphobia
Definition
fear of being alone in a public place
Term
panic disorder may occur with or without which phobia?
Definition
agoraphobia
Term
phobia
Definition
persistent irrational fear of: an object, situation, or activity that often results from panic attacks
Term
phobias often results from
Definition
panic attacks that leads to avoidance of the object/situation
Term
the symptoms of a phobia occur when
Definition
the feared object is encountered
Term
when the feared object of a phobic is encountered what happens?
Definition
overwhelming anxiety
Term
why can phobias be crippling?
Definition
the person gives up more and more activities to avoid the object
Term
social phobia
Definition
fear of embarrassment in social situations
Term
specific phobias
Definition
specific fears: heights, spiders, etc
Term
obsessions
Definition
unwanted, intrusive thoughts that you cannot get out of your mind
Term
obsessions are thoughts that cause
Definition
anxiety because you cannot get them out of your mind
Term
compulsions
Definition
repetitive, ritualistic behaviors the person is driven to perform to relieve anxiety
Term
an obsession and a compulsion can happen independently but more than likely occur
Definition
together
Term
in OCD does the person recognize that the behavior is excessive or unreasonable?
Definition
yes
Term
as a person with OCD performs compulsions to relieve anxiety the compulsions become
Definition
ritualistic
Term
in a person with OCD during times of HIGH anxiety what is initiated?
Definition
the compulsions and they are repeated over and over
Term
common compulsions
Definition
cleaning
washing
checking things
Term
generalized anxiety disorder
Definition
excessive anxiety or worry for at least 6 months, person is unable to control. the worrying is chronic, unrealistic, and excessive
Term
generalized anxiety disorder is associated with 3 or more of the following characteristics:
Definition
1. restless with keyed up feelings
2. fatigue
3. concentration and focus difficulties/ indecisiveness
4. irritability
5. muscle tensions
6. sleep disturbance

impairs ability to function socially, occupationally, or in important areas of life
Term
the higher the secondary gain the higher the
Definition
patient treatment resistance
Term
secondary gain
Definition
the benefits, attention, and avoided responsibilities a person gets from having a disorder or illness
Term
primary gain
Definition
relief of anxiety
Term
secondary and primary gain are
Definition
unconscious phenomena
Term
post-traumatic stress disorder
Definition
development of characteristic symptoms following an extremely distressing stressor that is outside of the range of usual human experience
Term
in order to be diagnosed with PTSD, the symptoms must be present for at least how long and cause what?
Definition
at least one month and cause significant personal, social, and occupational functioning
Term
does everyone develop PTSD after a traumatic event?
Definition
no, some have stronger coping mechanisms
Term
the variables of PTSD that will determine if it will be developed
Definition
-the traumatic experience
-duration
-severity
-anticipatory prep
-degree of control
-location
-individual
-recovery environment
Term
the onset of PTSD in respect to the traumatic experience may be
Definition
within months to several years
Term
S/S of PTSD
Definition
-intense fear
-terror
-helplessness
-survivor guilt
Term
characteristics of PTSD
Definition
-re-experiencing the event: nightmares and flashbacks over and over
-avoidance of associated stimuli: talking about it, people, places
-diminished emotional response: press back their emotions and become numb
-increased arousal (irritable, maybe abusive) and hypervigilance
Term
for a PTSD patient in therapy you want to provide what type of environment?
Definition
safe where they can express their feelings and pain
Term
goals of individual therapy with an anxiety patient
Definition
-help them to make responsible choices
-help them to attain freedom
-ther. relationship is based on trust
-avoid dependence
-educate client on nature and management of illness and support
Term
some approaches for the treatment of anxiety disorders
Definition
-cognitive
-cognitive behavioral
-relaxation training
-behavioral techniques:
a. modeling
b. systematic desensitization
c. flooding
d. response prevention
Term
cognitive therapy focuses on
Definition
changing anxiety provoking thoughts
Term
behavioral therapy aims to
Definition
decrease anxious or avoidant behavior through various activities and techniques
Term
the goal of flooding (implosion) or systematic desensitization is to
Definition
desensitize the client and to extinguish the anxiety response to the stimulus
Term
the best approach for working with anxiety disorders
Definition
combination of cognitive, behavioral, and medications
Term
in somatic disorders, anxiety is translated into
Definition
physical illnesses or bodily complaints
Term
in somatic disorders are the symptoms unreal and voluntary to the patient?
Definition
no they are real and involuntary to them
Term
malingering
Definition
conscious attempt at deception
Term
hypochondriasis vs malingering
Definition
hypo is UNconscious while malingering is conscious deception
Term
somatoform disorders are characterized by
Definition
physical symptoms that suggest a medical disease but lack organic pathology
Term
where are somatoform disorders placed on the mental health continuum?
Definition
between moderate and severe
Term
why would a patient with a somatoform disorder be seen on a mental health floor?
Definition
the somatoform disorder is a comorbidity to an axis I disorder
Term
where are somatoform patients more likely to be seen?
Definition
outpatient or general medical offices
Term
hypochondriasis
Definition
preoccupation with a specific illness with belief that one has a serious despite medical evidence that says otherwise
Term
tend to be very dramatic, emotional, resistant to treatment due to high secondary gain and preoccupied with the belief that they have a specific illness
Definition
hypochondriasis
Term
working with hypochondriac clients
Definition
-listen to physical complaints
-encourage them to talk about the feelings/stressors underlying the somatic complaints
-get their focus of the physical and onto the psychological
Term
most common somatic disorder
Definition
conversion disorder
Term
conversion disorder
Definition
-most common somatic disease
-extreme psychological stressor
-rapid onset
-loss or change in body functions following an extreme psychological conflict
-cannot be explained medically
Term
conversion disorder can lead to dysfunction in
Definition
-voluntary motor control
-sensory functioning:
a. paralysis
b. aphonia- mute
c. seizures
d. blindness
e. deafness
patients appear indifferent to their symptoms
Term
the difference in patient reactions to symptoms in hypochondriasis vs conversion disorder
Definition
hypo: overly dramatic and concerned

cov dis: indifferent
Term
treatment for somatoform disorder:
Definition
1. physical exam to rule out organic pathology
2. individual therapy
3. group therapy
4. behavioral therapy
5. psychopharmacology
Term
individual therapy for somatoform disorders
Definition
-develop coping skills and healthy adaptive behaviors
-develop practical solutions
Term
with conversion disorder it is important to
Definition
identify the precipitating stressor
Term
individuals with hypochondriasis may only stay in individual therapy with the support of the
Definition
MD
Term
group therapy for somatoform disorder
Definition
-may be helpful
-confront maladaptive behaviors
-share feelings/experiences
Term
why would behavioral therapy be helpful for a somatoform patient?
Definition
to work with the family to not reward secondary gain
Term
what type of pharmacology would help a somatoform patient?
Definition
-antianxiety
-antidepressants

to help them deal with the psychological aspects of their disorders
Term
disorder:generalized anxiety disorder

pharmacotherapy:

psychotherapy:
Definition
disorder:generalized anxiety disorder

pharmacotherapy:
-SSRIs
-TCAs
-BuSpar
-SNRI
-depakote or depakene

psychotherapy:
cognitive-behavioral
Term
disorder:OCD

pharmacotherapy:

psychotherapy:
Definition
disorder:OCD

pharmacotherapy:
-SSRIs especially luvox
-TCS especially anafranil

psychotherapy:
behavioral therapy
Term
disorder:pain disorder

pharmacotherapy:

psychotherapy:
Definition
disorder:pain disorder

pharmacotherapy:
-SSRIs
-benzoa
-TCAs
-MAOIs
-blockers
-depakote

psychotherapy:
cog-behavioral
Term
disorder:PTSD

pharmacotherapy:

psychotherapy:
Definition
disorder:PTSD

pharmacotherapy:
-SSRIs
-TCAs
-benzos
-SNRIs
-MAOIs
-beta blockers
-tegretol

psychotherapy:
-cog-behavioral
-family therapy
-group therapy with survivors
Term
disorder:social phobia or social anxiety disorder

pharmacotherapy:

psychotherapy:
Definition
disorder:social phobia or social anxiety disorder

pharmacotherapy:
-SSRIs
-benzos
-BuSpar
-beta blockers

psychotherapy:
cog-behavioral
Term
have an increased addictive withdrawal cycle that can be lethal. not used unless have to. used until antidepressants reach full blood level.
Definition
benzodiazepines
Term
name some benzodiazepines
Definition
-librium
-xanax
-valium
-ativan
-clonopin
Term
buspirone (buspar)
Definition
-alters levels of transmitters
-delayed set of action (2 weeks) is not good for PRN
-if taken daily is a good choice
Term
benzodiazepines should not be given to patients over what age, under what age? what other types of patients? why?
Definition
-65 because of their greater risk for falling and paradoxical effect
-addicts
-suicidal patients: may save them up and OD
-children less than 16: paradoxical effect
Term
contraindications of benzodiazepines
Definition
-contraindications:
a. do NOT combine with CNS depressants or antipsychotics
Term
what other types of drugs may be used for anxiety that are not solely psychotropic?
Definition
-antihypertensives:inderal
-mood stabilizers and antipsychotics
Term
what medication was used often before the use of antidepressants and for stage fright, situational anxiety, PTSD and phobias
Definition
-antihypertensives: like inderal
Term
paxil is ideal for what types of disorders?
Definition
anxiety, PTSD
Term
luvox is ideal for what disorder?
Definition
OCD
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