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Mental Disorders and Treatment
test 3
39
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
10/30/2007

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Term
behavioral maladaptiveness
Definition
one clear sign of ABNORMAL behavior or mental state - when an individual's behavior is destructive to SELF and SOCIAL GROUP
Term
DSM - IV - TR; why revised so much?
Definition
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 4th edition, "text revision"

- revised so much because the formulation and application of the diagnostic criteria varies by social and cultural variables
Term
What employs a 5 axis classification system and what for?
Definition

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual to diagnose and treat

Term
axis I
Definition
acute clinical disorders - why patient came in ex. phobia/depression
Term
axis II
Definition

long-standing conditions that may interact with Axis I ex. developmental disorders, learning disabilities, mental retardation

Term
axis III
Definition
medical conditions which may contribute/underlie Axis I disorder ex. open heart surgery makes people depressed
Term
axis IV
Definition
social/environmental factors ex. divorce, moving
Term
axis V
Definition
global assessment of functioning --> scores how well patient copes with disorder on a day to day basis in a variety of situations/environments
Term
anxiety disorders split into 2 major categories: what are they and what are their subcategories?
Definition
1. source unidentifiable
a. generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
b. Panic disorder (panic attack)

2. source definable
a. phobia
b. OCD
c. PTSD - post traumatic stress disorder
Term
GAD
Definition
generalized anxiety disorder - anxiety/distress are free floating; worry over common everyday things (i.e. parking) so are CONSTANTLY worried; it is persistent and chronic
Term
panic attacks
Definition
panic disorder - very intense and debilitating, though confined to brief episodes; can be so severe it feels like a heart attack - can be triggered by stressful situation but often out of nowhere
Term
phobia
Definition
unreasonable/excessive, beyond sufferer's control to point where it interferes with daily life; can be simple or complex (i.e. fear of stimulus - dogs vs. fear of stimuli - elevators, falling, tight enclosed places, etc) or social (fear of what might occur in company of others ex. blushing, losing self control, making a mistake)
Term
OCD
Definition
obsessive compulsive disorder - sufferer experiences intrusive thoughs (source of anxiety) and can only be relieved by performing an often ritualistic act (the compulsion); compulsion doesn't have to relate to obsession  directly as long as it relieves anxiety
Term
PTSD / ASD
Definition
Post traumatic stress disorder - experience vivid flashbacks (almost like reliving) that are unpredictable in frequency/occurence; also night mares, depression, insomnia, emotional detachment
Acute Stress Disorder 0 only diagnosed during 1 month after the traumatic event; also amnesia for aspects of event, emotional detachment, emotional numbing, depersonalization
Term
depression - splits into two major categories and what subcategories?
Definition
1. major depression (unipoloar)
a. exogenous vs. endogenous
b. involtional depressoin
c. postpartum depression PPD
d. seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

2. Manic Depression (bi-polar)
Term
exogenous vs. endogenous
Definition
exogenous depression - depression triggered by external even (i.e. divorce, death); usually responds well to meds
endogenous - no apparent external triggering event - caused by genetics or malfunction in brain chemistry; specifically low levels of 1 or more of the MONAMINES - sometimes resistant to meds
Term
involutional depression
Definition
late middle-age/elderly related to aging and physiological/psychological changes associated (i.e. loss of fitness, decreased mental abilities)
Term
postpartum depression
Definition
depression that arguably has changes in the body's physiology as its general cause ex. pregnancy
Term
bi-polar - define, treatment
Definition
manic depression
a. cyclical swing betwen mania (abnormally elevated mood and energy) and depression - not balanced - depression phase lasts much longer
b. treatment: not so much antidepressansts but rather MOOD STABILZERS; idea is: stop manic phase, depressive phase won't follow
c. most common treatment: lithium, if doesn't respond to that, some anticonvulsant meds may be
Term
schizophrenia - two forms?
Definition
"split-mind" - break from reality
-less than 1% of population
-women/men equally susceptible
a. Acute (reactive) schizophrenia
b. chronic (process) schizophrenia
Term
acute schizo
Definition
(reactive) - does NOT run in families - can occur to an individual at any time in life; precipatated by emotionally traumatic/stressful event; not very responsive to medication; once recovered, not typically at danger for re-lapse
Term
chronic schizo
Definition
(process) - heritable; 1st presents self in late adolescence/young adulthood; early stages can be misdiagnosed as OCD or ADD; treatable with meds and is usually effective; person will eventurally go through remission, regain clarity of thought --> disorder will recur periodically throughout person's life with psychotic period increasing and clear periods getting shorter/less frequent
Term

patterns/ CORRELATIONS present in kids who develop schizo

Definition
a. birth complications
b. separation from mother
c. hospitalized father for alcoholism/schizo
d. behavior problems in school
e. spurts and lags in development of visual/motor abilities
Term
Type I symptoms of schizo
Definition
positive - symptoms are "added" to psychological state (i.e. hallucinations, delusions, confused thinking); functioned well in social areas before disorder and during periods of clarity; respond well to meds; due to OVER ACTIVE DOPAMINE TRANSMISSION (ppl who abuse stimulant drugs can develop stimulant-induced psychosis, virutally indstinguishable, but symptoms subside after detox)
Term
Type II symptoms
Definition
negative - deficits from a person's normal psychological state (i.e. impaired attention, seclusiveness, poverty of speech, emotional unresponsiveness); poor in social settings before disorder and during clarity; NOT responsive to meds; due to diffuse structural brain damage, usually before birth; evidence --> flu epidemic during 2nd trimester (critical for babies) had babies with higher risk of schizo
Term
borderline personality disorder (BPD)
Definition

mostly women - 3 times more likely than men; teeter between a variety of neurotic traits - display INTENSE EMOTIONAL instability and psychotic symptoms; often maniuplative and display emotional neediness to avoid abandonment (real or imagined); great consumers of outpatient mental health system

Term
Antisocial Personality Disorder ( APD)
Definition
sociopath/psychopath, more common in men; 3 traits CORRELATED: a. bedwetting b. cruelty to animals c. pyromania; severe cases --? no conscience, guilt, or concern for others, thrill-seeking and impulsive but with little signs of arousal/anxiety; can show signs of conscience but its a well mimicked behavior
Term
dissociative disorders - common thread
Definition
psychological dissociation, in which certain thoughts/emotions/memories are spearated from awareness
Term
dissociative amnesia
Definition
inability to recall important personal imforation; loss is sudden and due to psychological stressful event; may be brief or prolonged and recovery sudden or gradual
Term
dissociative fugue
Definition
same as amnesia except 2 things: a. fugue's often travel away from homes and assume new identity b. amnesia sufferer's recall entire past while futugue's only regain old memories - no recollection of fugue memories
Term
dissociative identity disorder
Definition
(multiple personalities) - presence of two or more distinct identities - each with own pattern of perceiving, thinking aobut environment/self; personalities recurrently take control of person's behavior - often inability to recall/share memories between personalities; coping mechanism for a severe/early childhood psychological trauma
Term
attention deficit with hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Definition
mostly male children; characterized by inattention, impuslivity, and hyperactivity; have disturbances in behavior and cognitive function that are similar to patients with frontal lobe impairments; learning impariments attributed to:
a. deficits in attention to stimuli
b. deficits in the expression of learned behavior
c. impairments in working memory (verbal and spatial)
patients show structural abnormalities  in frontal cortex and basal ganglia circuit (FC/BG)
medical treatment --> indirecte CATECHOLAMINE agonsits - alleles of specific dopamine related genes are associated with disorder
Term
pervasive development disorder (PPD/autism)
Definition
show little to no responsiveness to others / outside world; impaired verbal/nonverbal communication; highly restricted range of interests/obsessed with rituals and order
ex. Temple Grandin - Ph.D. in animal science, prof. at Colorado State, design/costruction of humane, low-stress livestock handling facilities --> obsession with rituals and order to deal with intense and intrusive sensory stimuli we can filter out; PDD patients not typically savants (possessing extraordinary metal/artistic skills)
Term
Rain Man
Definition
Kim Peek - did NOT have autism, was a savant born with no corpus callosum - his savant due to brains compensatory changes to deal with lack of c.c.
Term
psychiatrist
Definition

Ph.D., MD with specialized psych training, ONLY ones who can prescribe drugs, usually all work in hospital settings

Term
clinical psychologist
Definition

Ph.D. or Psy.D, no MD, limited to various forms of psychotherapy; can work in any setting (like psychiatrist) - but many focus on research and private practice, employees at universities

Term
counseling psychologist
Definition
Ph.D / Psy.D - like clinical psych but doesn't see patients with severe disorders, more traditional talking therapies (Rogers/Maslow) and typically don't work in hospitals
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