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Medieval Legacy Test 1
n/a
107
History
Undergraduate 1
04/17/2012

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Term
Abd al-Rahman I
Definition
(731-788) founded the Ummayyad Dynasty in Iberia which ruled for about three centuries
Term
Alfred the Great (of Wessex)
Definition
(849-899)
Term
Capitularies
Definition
Royal laws issued by Charlemagne and the Carolingians.
Term
Federates (Foederati)
Definition
In the late Roman Empire, treaties established with many Gothic tribes allowed these tribes to settle within the Empire. The tribes then became “federates,” or allies of Rome.
Term
Heresy
Definition
A religious belief that is considered wrong by orthodox church leaders.
Term
Icon
Definition
A sacred image of Jesus, Mary, or the saints that early Christians believed contained religious power.
Term
Iconoclasm
Definition
A term literally meaning “icon breaking” that refers to an eighth-century religious controversy in Byzantium that argued that people should not venerate icons
Term
Jihad
Definition
Islamic holy war in which believers feel they have the authority to fight to defend the faith
Term
Missi Dominici
Definition
Royal officials under Charlemagne who traveled around the country to enforce the king's laws.
Term
Petrine Doctrine of Papal
Definition
The belief that the popes, bishops of Rome, should lead the church because they are the successors of Peter, who many claim was the first bishop of Rome.
Term
Qur'an
Definition
The Muslim holy book recorded in the early seventh century by the prophet Muhammad.
Term
Relics
Definition
In the Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox churches, valued remnants of saints or other religious figures. Relics usually are parts of bodies but may also include objects that had touched sacred bodies or that were associated with Jesus or Mary, such as remnants of the True Cross.
Term
Anglo-Saxon
Definition
relating to or denoting the Germanic inhabitants of England from their arrival in the 5th century up to the Norman Conquest.
Term
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
Definition
a collection of annals in Old English chronicling the history of the Anglo-Saxons. The original manuscript of the Chronicle was created late in the 9th century, probably in Wessex, during the reign of Alfred the Great.
Term
Archeology
Definition
the branch of anthropology that studies prehistoric people and their cultures.
Term
Benefice
Definition
a permanent Church appointment, typically that of a rector or vicar, for which property and income are provided in respect of pastoral duties.
Term
Bishop
Definition
an ordained or consecrated member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight.
Term
Capetian
Definition
the dynasty ruling France 987–1328.
Term
Capetian Miracle
Definition
the specific dynasty of France and its ability to attain and hold onto the French crown.
Term
Carolingian Renaissance
Definition
a period during the reign of Charlemagne and his successors that was marked by achievements in art, architecture, learning, and music.
Term
Cavalry
Definition
soldiers who fought on horseback.
Term
Celt
Definition
a member of a group of peoples inhabiting much of Europe and Asia Minor in pre-Roman times. Their culture developed in the late Bronze Age around the upper Danube, and reached its height in the La Tène culture (5th to 1st centuries bc) before being overrun by the Romans and various Germanic peoples.
Term
Christendom
Definition
the worldwide body or society of Christians.
Term
Trinitarian
Definition
of or relating to belief in the doctrine of the Trinity.
Term
Arian
Definition
an adherent of the doctrine of Arianism.
Term
Cognate Kinship
Definition
a system of bilateral kinship where relations are traced through both a father and mother
Term
Agnate Kinship
Definition
a system in which one belongs to one's father's lineage
Term
Corpus livis Civilis
Definition
("Body of Civil Law") is the modern name for a collection of fundamental works in jurisprudence, issued from 529 to 534 by order of Justinian I, Eastern Roman Emperor.
Term
Customary Law
Definition
a certain legal practice is observed and the relevant actors consider it to be law
Term
Danegeld
Definition
a land tax levied in medieval England, originally to raise funds for protection against Danish invaders.
Term
Dhimmi
Definition
a non-Muslim subject of a Muslim state. They allows rights of residence in return for taxes. According to scholars, and have the same social responsibilities and rights as Muslims. They are excused or excluded from specific duties assigned to Muslims, and otherwise equal under the laws of property, contract and obligation.
Term
Donation of Constantine
Definition
a forged Roman imperial decree by which the emperor Constantine I supposedly transferred authority over Rome and the western part of the Roman Empire to the Pope. During the Middle Ages, the document was often cited in support of the Roman Church's claims to spiritual and temporal authority. Italian Catholic priest and humanist Lorenzo Valla is credited with first exposing the forgery with solid philological arguments in 1439-1440, although doubts on the document's authenticity had already been cast by this time.
Term
Emperor
Definition
a sovereign ruler of great power and rank, esp. one ruling an empire.
Term
Empire
Definition
an extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority,
Term
Visigoth
Definition
a member of the branch of the Goths who invaded the Roman Empire between the 3rd and 5th centuries ad and ruled much of Spain until overthrown by the Moors in 711.
Term
Ostrogoth
Definition
a member of the eastern branch of the Goths, who conquered Italy in the 5th–6th centuries AD
Term
Hagia Sophia
Definition
served as the Greek Patriarchal cathedral of Constantinople, except between 1204 and 1261, when it was converted to a Roman Catholic cathedral under the Latin Patriarch of Constantinople of the Western Crusader established Latin Empire
Term
Hagiography
Definition
the writing of the lives of saints.
Term
Orthodoxy
Definition
authorized or generally accepted theory, doctrine, or practice
Term
King
Definition
The male ruler of an independent state, esp. one who inherits the position by right of birth.
Term
Queen
Definition
The female ruler of an independent state, esp. one who inherits the position by right of birth.
Term
Loyalty
Definition
the quality of being loyal to someone or something
Term
Monasticism
Definition
of or relating to monks, nuns, or others living under religious vows, or the buildings in which they live
Term
Abbess
Definition
a woman who is the head of an abbey of nuns.
Term
Abbot
Definition
a man who is the head of an abbey of monks.
Term
Monks
Definition
a member of a religious community of men typically living under vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience.
Term
Nuns
Definition
a member of a religious community of women, esp. a cloistered one, living under vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience.
Term
Monotheism
Definition
the doctrine or belief that there is only one God.
Term
Oaths of Starbourg
Definition
several historical documents which include mutual pledges of allegiance between Louis the German (d. 876), ruler of East Francia, and his (half-)brother Charles the Bald (d. 877), ruler of West Francia.
Term
Original Sin
Definition
the tendency to sin innate in all human beings, held to be inherited from Adam in consequence of the Fall.
Term
Orthodox Church
Definition
a Christian church or federation of churches originating in the Greek-speaking church of the Byzantine Empire, not accepting the authority of the pope, and using ancient forms of service.
Term
Patriarch
Definition
any of those biblical figures regarded as fathers of the human race, esp. Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, their forefathers, or the sons of Jacob.
Term
Patriarchate
Definition
the office, see, or residence of an ecclesiastical patriarch.
Term
Supremacy
Definition
the state or condition of being superior to all others in authority, power, or status
Term
Pope
Definition
the bishop of Rome as head of the Roman Catholic Church.
Term
Reliquary
Definition
a container for holy relics.
Term
Roman Law
Definition
the law code which forms the basis of civil law in many countries today.
Term
Saint
Definition
a person acknowledged as holy or virtuous and typically regarded as being in heaven after death
Term
The Vulgate
Definition
a late 4th-century Latin translation of the Bible. It was largely the work of St. Jerome, who was commissioned by Pope Damasus I in 382 to make a revision of the old Latin translations
Term
The Treaty of Verdun
Definition
a treaty between the three surviving sons of Louis the Pious, the son and successor of Charlemagne, which divided the Carolingian Empire into three kingdoms. It ended the three year long Carolingian Civil War.
Term
Two Swords Theory
Definition
There are two powers by which chiefly this world is ruled: the sacred authority of the priesthood and the authority of kings. And of these the authority of the priests is so much the weightier, as they must render before the tribunal of an account even for the kings of men.
Term
Ummayads
Definition
a Muslim dynasty that ruled the Islamic world from ad 660 (or 661) to 750 and Moorish Spain from 756 to 1031. The dynasty claimed descent from Umayya, a distant relative of Muhammad.
Term
Augustine of Canterbury
Definition
a Benedictine monk who became the first Archbishop of Canterbury in the year 597. He is considered the "Apostle to the English" and a founder of the English Church.
Term
Augustine of Hippo
Definition
(November 13, 354 – August 28, 430), wrote The City of God
Term
Belisarius
Definition
(AD 500 – AD 565) was a general of the Byzantine Empire. He was instrumental to Emperor Justinian's ambitious project of reconquering much of the Mediterranean territory of the former Western Roman Empire, which had been lost less than a century previously.
Term
Benedict of Nursia
Definition
(c.480–547) is a Christian saint, honored by the Roman Catholic Church as the patron saint of Europe and students.
He founded twelve communities for monks at Subiaco, about 40 miles (64 km) to the east of Rome, before moving to Monte Cassino in the mountains of southern Italy.
Term
Charlemagne
Definition
(742–814), king of the Franks 768–814 and Holy Roman Emperor 800–814; As the first Holy Roman emperor, he promoted the arts and education, and his court became the cultural center of the Carolingian Renaissance.
Term
Charles Martel
Definition
( c. 688–741), Frankish ruler of the eastern part of the Frankish kingdom from 715 and the whole kingdom from 719; grandfather of Charlemagne. His rule marked the beginning of Carolingian power.
Term
Pepin III
Definition
( c. 714–768) king of the Franks 751–768; father of Charlemagne. He founded the Carolingian dynasty in 751.
Term
Clothild
Definition
the second wife of the Frankish king Clovis I. Venerated as a saint by the Catholic Church, she was instrumental to her husband's famous conversion to Christianity and, in her later years, was known for her almsgiving and penitential works of mercy.
Term
Clovis
Definition
the first King of the Franks to unite all the Frankish tribes under one ruler, changing the leadership from a group of royal chieftains, to rule by kings, ensuring that the kingship was held by his heirs. He was also the first Catholic King to rule over Gaul, known today as France.
Term
Constantine
Definition
Roman Emperor from 306 to 337, commonly known as Constantine the Great
Term
Dhuoda
Definition
the author of the Liber Manualis, a handbook written for her son. Her date of birth and death are unknown but it is circa 803-843.
Term
Einhard
Definition
c. 775 – March 14, 840) was a Frankish scholar and courtier. HE was a dedicated servant of Charlemagne and his son Louis the Pious; his main work is a biography of Charlemagne, the Vita Karoli Magni, "one of the most precious literary bequests of the early Middle Ages."
Term
Ethelbert of Kent
Definition
was King of Kent from about 580 or 590 until his death. He was the first English king to convert to Christianity.
Term
Gelasius I
Definition
was pope from 492 until his death in 496. He was a prolific writer whose style placed him on the cusp between Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. He had been closely employed by his predecessor Felix III, especially in drafting papal documents. His reign was characterized by a call for strict orthodoxy, a more assertive push for papal authority, and increasing tension between the churches in the West and the East.
Term
Gregory of Tours
Definition
( c. 540–594), Frankish bishop and historian. He was elected bishop of Tours in 573.
Term
Gregory the Great (Pope)
Definition
was pope from 3 September 590 until his death. He is well known for his writings, which were more prolific than those of any of his predecessors as pope.
Term
Harald Hadrada
Definition
was the king of Norway from 1047 until 1066.
Term
Helena
Definition
Constantine's mother. She located what she believed were key sites in the life of Jesus, building great churches where he was born and where he died.
Term
Henry of Saxony
Definition
was a Duke of Saxony from the House of Wettin.
Term
Hugh Capet
Definition
king of France 987–996; founder of the Capetian dynasty.
Term
Jerome
Definition
was a Roman Christian priest, confessor, theologian and historian, and who became a Doctor of the Church. He is best known for his translation of the Bible into Latin (the Vulgate), and his list of writings is extensive.
Term
Justinian
Definition
Byzantine emperor 527–565; He regained North Africa from the Vandals, Italy from the Ostrogoths, and Spain from the Visigoths. He codified Roman law 529.
Term
Leif Erikson
Definition
was a Norse explorer regarded as the first European to land in North America (excluding Greenland), nearly 500 years before Christopher Columbus. According to the Sagas of Icelanders, he established a Norse settlement at Vinland, tentatively identified with the Norse L'Anse aux Meadows on the northern tip of Newfoundland in modern-day Canada.
Term
Pope Leo
Definition
was the Bishop of Rome—the Pope—of the Catholic Church from 29 September 440 to his death on 10 November 461.
Term
Leovigild
Definition
was a Visigothic King of Hispania and Septimania from 568 to April 21, 586. From 585 he was also king of Galicia. Known for his Codex Revisus or Code of Leovigild, a unifying law allowing equal rights between the Visigothic and Hispano-Roman population, his kingdom covered most of modern Spain down to Toledo. He was born circa 525.
Term
Muhammad
Definition
Arab prophet and founder of Islam. In c. 610, in Mecca, he received the first of a series of revelations that, as the Koran, became the doctrinal and legislative basis of Islam. In the face of opposition to his preaching, he and his small group of supporters were forced to flee to Medina in 622 (the Hegira). Muhammad led his followers into a series of battles against the Meccans. In 630, Mecca capitulated and by his death Muhammad had united most of Arabia.
Term
Perpetua
Definition
(died 7 March 203) Christian martyrs of the 3rd century. She (born in 181) was a 22-year old married noble and a nursing mother. Her co-martyr Felicity, an expectant mother, was her slave. They suffered together at Carthage in the Roman province of Africa.
Term
Procopius
Definition
Byzantine historian, born in Caesarea in Palestine. He accompanied Justinian's general Belisarius on his campaigns between 527 and 540. His principal works are the History of the Wars of Justinian and On Justinian's Buildings.
Term
Reccared
Definition
(reigned 586–601) was Visigothic King of Hispania, Septimania and Galicia. His reign marked a climactic shift in history, with the king's renunciation of traditional Arianism in favour of Catholic Christianity in 587.
Term
Rollo (Rolf)
Definition
was a Norse nobleman of Norwegian or Danish descent and founder and first ruler of the Viking principality in what soon became known as Normandy. Was part of the attack on Paris
Term
Saint Columba of Iona
Definition
(7 December 521 – 9 June 597 AD) he was a Gaelic Irish missionary monk who propagated Christianity among the Picts during the Early Medieval Period. He was one of the Twelve Apostles of Ireland.[3]
Term
St. Patrick
Definition
(387 – 17 March, 493 or c 460) was a Romano-Briton and Christian missionary, who is the most generally recognized patron saint of Ireland or the Apostle of Ireland
Term
Theodora
Definition
( c. 500–548), Byzantine empress; wife of Justinian. As Justinian's closest adviser, she exercised considerable influence on political affairs and the theological questions of the time.
Term
Theodoric of Ostrogoth
Definition
(died 481) was an Ostrogoth chieftain who was involved in the politics of the Byzantine Empire during the reigns of Byzantine Emperors Leo I, Zeno and Basiliscus. He was a rival for the leadership of the Ostrogoths with his kinsman Theodoric the Great, who would ultimately supplant him.
Term
Theodosius
Definition
Roman emperor 379–395; full name Flavius Theodosius; known as Theodosius the Great. He took control of the Eastern Empire and ended the war with the Visigoths. A pious Christian, in 391 he banned all forms of pagan worship.
Term
Theophanu
Definition
was born in Constantinople, and was the wife of Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor.
Term
Otto I
Definition
also known as Otto the Great, was the founder of the Holy Roman Empire and the first Holy Roman Emperor, reigning from 962 until his death in 973. The son of Henry I the Fowler and Matilda of Ringelheim, Otto was "the first of the Germans to be called the emperor of Italy".[1]
Term
otto III
Definition
a King of Germany, was the fourth ruler of the Saxon or Ottonian dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire. He was elected King in 983 on the death of his father Otto II and was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 996.
Term
Otto II
Definition
(955 – December 7, 983), was the third ruler of the Saxon or Ottonian dynasty, the son of Otto the Great and Adelaide of Italy.
Term
Vandal
Definition
a member of a Germanic people that ravaged Gaul, Spain, and North Africa in the 4th–5th centuries and sacked Rome in ad 455.
Term
warband
Definition
Local warrior society of Celts, Germans or Africans
Term
Weregild
Definition
a value placed on every human being and every piece of property in the Salic Code (Salic Law). If property was stolen, or someone was injured or killed, the guilty person would have to pay weregild as restitution to the victim's family or to the owner of the property.
Term
Witan/Witenagemot
Definition
was a political institution in Anglo-Saxon England which operated from before the 7th century until the 11th century. It was an assembly of the ruling class whose primary function was to advise the king and whose membership was composed of the most important noblemen in England, both ecclesiastic and secular.
Term
Battle of Adrianople
Definition
was fought between a Roman army led by the Roman Emperor Valens and Gothic rebels led by Fritigern. The battle took place about 8 miles (13 km) north of Adrianople (modern Edirne in European Turkey, near the border with Greece and Bulgaria) in the Roman province of Thracia and ended with an overwhelming victory for the Goths.
Term
Battle of Milvian Bridge
Definition
took place between the Roman Emperors Constantine I and Maxentius on 28 October 312. It takes its name from the Milvian Bridge, an important route over the Tiber. Constantine won the battle and started on the path that led him to end the Tetrarchy and become the sole ruler of the Roman Empire. Maxentius drowned in the Tiber during the battle.
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