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Medical Vocab Ch #05 Digestive System
Medical Coding & Billing Word Structures & Vocab.
227
Medical
Undergraduate 1
05/20/2010

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Term
Absorption
Definition
Passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine and into the bloodstream.
Term
abdomin/o
Definition
abdomen
Term
Achalasia
Definition
Failure of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES) to relax; dilation of the esophagus and loss of peristalsis occurs.
Term
Achlorhydria
Definition
Absence of hydrochloric acid from the gastric juice.
Term
Amino acids
Definition
The chief constituents of proteins, these are acids that contribute to protein synthesis. Amino acids are formed when large proteins molecules are digested.
Term
amyl/o
Definition
starch
Term
Amylase
Definition
The enzyme that digests or breaks down starch into simple substance.
Term
an/o
Definition
anus
Term
Anal fistula
Definition
Abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus.
Term
Anastomosis
Definition
An opening between two tubular organs.
Term
Anorexia
Definition
Lack of appetite.
Term
Anus
Definition
The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body.
Term
Aphthous stomatitis
Definition
Inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers; canker sores.
Term
append/o
Definition
appendix
Term
Appendectomy
Definition
Removal or excision (resection) of the appendix.
Term
appendic/o
Definition
appendix
Term
Appendicitis
Definition
Inflammation of the appendix.
Term
Appendix
Definition
Small, slender sac near the beginning of the colon in the RLQ of the abdomen.
Term
Ascites
Definition
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen.
Term
-ase
Definition
enzyme
Term
bil/i
Definition
gall, bile
Term
Bile
Definition
Yellow or organ fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It travels from the gallbladder into the small intestines to help digest fats.
Term
Biliary
Definition
Pertaining to bile or affecting the bile ducts. Bile ducts empty bile into the small intestine (duodenum).
Term
Bilirubin
Definition
A yellow-orange pigment found in bile.
Term
bilirubin/o
Definition
bilirubin (bile pigment)
Term
Borborygmus
Definition
Rumbling or gurgling noise produced by hyperactive movement of gas, fluid, or both in the gastrointestinal tract.
Term
Bowel
Definition
Intestine. The large bowel is called the colon and the small bowel is the small intestine.
Term
bucc/o
Definition
cheek
Term
Buccal mucosa
Definition
The mucous membrane (mucosa) lining the cheek.
Term
Canine teeth
Definition
Four point, dog-like (canine means dog) teeth. Each canine or cusped tooth is third from the midline of the jaw.
Term
cec/o
Definition
cecum
Term
Cecal
Definition
Pertaining to the cecum, which is the first part of the large intestine (colon).
Term
Cecum
Definition
First part of the large intestine (colon).
Term
celi/o
Definition
belly, abdomen
Term
Celiac
Definition
Pertaining to the abdomen.
Term
cheil/o
Definition
lip
Term
Cheilitis
Definition
Inflammation of the lip.
Term
-chezia
Definition
defecation, elimination of waste
Term
chlorydr/o
Definition
hydrochloric acid
Term
chol/e
Definition
gall, bile
Term
cholecyst/o
Definition
gallbladder
Term
Cholecystectomy
Definition
Excision or removal of the gallbladder.
Term
choledoch/o
Definition
common bile duct
Term
Choledochojejunostomy
Definition
Surgical anastomosis (create a new opening) between the common bile duct and the jejunum.
Term
Choledocholithiasis
Definition
Abnormal condition of stones in the common bile duct.
Term
Choledochotomy
Definition
Incision of the common bile duct.
Term
Cholelithiasis
Definition
Abnormal condition of forming gallstones.
Term
Cirrhosis
Definition
Chronic, degenerative disease of the liver.
Term
col/o
Definition
colon, large intestine
Term
Colon
Definition
Large intestine (bowel).
Term
colon/o
Definition
colon
Term
Colonic
Definition
Pertaining to the colon.
Term
Colonic polyposis
Definition
Benign growths protrude from the mucous membrane lining the colon.
Term
Colonoscopy
Definition
Visual endoscopic examination of the colon.
Term
Colorectal cancer
Definition
Adenocarcinoma of the colon or the rectum or both.
Term
Colostomy
Definition
New opening of the colon through the abdominal wall to the outside of the body.
Term
Common bile duct
Definition
Tube carrying bile from the gallbladder and liver into the first part of the small intestine.
Term
Constipation
Definition
Difficulty in passing (eliminating) feces (stool).
Term
Crohn disease
Definition
Inflammatory bowel disease marked by diarrhea, pain, fever, weakness and weight loss.
Term
Defecation
Definition
Eliminating of wastes and undigested foods through the rectum.
Term
Deglutition
Definition
Swallowing.
Term
dent/i
Definition
tooth
Term
Dental caries
Definition
Tooth decay.
Term
Dentibuccal
Definition
Pertaining to the cheek and teeth.
Term
Dentin
Definition
The chief substance of teeth; surrounding the pulp and covered by enamel of the crown.
Term
Diarrhea
Definition
Frequent passage of loose, watery stools.
Term
Digestion
Definition
The process of breaking down complex foods into simpler substances that can be absorbed into the bloodstream through the walls of the small intestine.
Term
Diverticula
Definition
Small, pouch-like herniations through the muscular wall of a tubular organ such as the colon.
Term
Diverticulitis
Definition
Inflammation of diverticula; abdominal pain and rectal bleeding are symptoms.
Term
Diverticulosis
Definition
Abnormal condition of diverticula without inflammation.
Term
duoden/o
Definition
duodenum
Term
Duodenal
Definition
Pertaining to the duodenum (first part of the small intestine).
Term
Duodenum
Definition
The first part of the small intestine.
Term
Dysentery
Definition
Painful inflammation of the intestines, usually the colon.
Term
Dysphagia
Definition
Difficulty in swallowing.
Term
Elimination
Definition
Discharge from the body of indigestible materials or wastes.
Term
Emulsification
Definition
Breakdown of large fat globules into smaller, digestible particles.
Term
Enamel
Definition
White, compact and hard substance covering the substance (dentin) of the crown of the tooth.
Term
Endodontist
Definition
Dentist specializing in operating within the tooth (root canal specialist).
Term
enter/o
Definition
intestines, usually small intestine
Term
Enterocolitis
Definition
Inflammation of the small intestine and large intestines (colon).
Term
Enterocolostomy
Definition
New surgical connection between parts of the small intestine and colon; anastomosis.
Term
Enzyme
Definition
Protein that speeds up the rate of the biochemical reaction. The suffix -ase means enzyme.
Term
Eructation
Definition
Gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth.
Term
esophag/o
Definition
esophagus
Term
Esophageal
Definition
Pertaining to the esophagus.
Term
Esophageal varices
Definition
Swollen, twisted veins at the lower end of the esophagus.
Term
Esophagus
Definition
Tube that carries food from the pharynx (throat) to the stomach.
Term
Etiology
Definition
Study of the cause of disease.
Term
faci/o
Definition
face
Term
Facial
Definition
Pertaining to the face.
Term
Fatty acids
Definition
Substances that are produced when fats are digested. They combine with glycerol to form fat.
Term
Feces
Definition
Solid wastes; stools.
Term
Flatus
Definition
Gas expelled through the anus.
Term
Gallbladder
Definition
Small sac lying below the liver, in which bile is stored.
Term
gastr/o
Definition
stomach
Term
Gastric carcinoma
Definition
Malignant tumor of the stomach; stomach cancer.
Term
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
Definition
Backflow of solids and liquid against its normal direction of movement.
Term
Gastrointestinal tract
Definition
The tubular system relating to the stomach and intestine beginning with the mouth and ending with the anus.
Term
Gastrojejunostomy
Definition
New surgical opening between the stomach and the jejunum; an anastomosis. The procedure is part of a gastric bypass surgery.
Term
Gastrostomy
Definition
New opening of the stomach through the abdominal wall to the outside of the body.
Term
gingiv/o
Definition
gums
Term
Gingivitis
Definition
Inflammation of gums.
Term
gloss/o
Definition
tongue
Term
gluc/o
Definition
sugar
Term
Gluconeogenesis
Definition
Process of producing new sugar from fats and proteins; occurs mainly in the liver.
Term
Glucose
Definition
Simple sugar necessary as a source of energy for body cells.
Term
glyc/o
Definition
sugar
Term
Glycogen
Definition
Storage form of glucose (sugar); it produces glucose when it is broken down (glycogenolysis) in liver cells.
Term
glycogen/o
Definition
glycogen, animal starch
Term
Glycogenolysis
Definition
Breakdown of glycogen to release sugar (glucose).
Term
Hematochezia
Definition
Passage of bright red blood from the rectum or in the feces.
Term
Hemorrhoids
Definition
Swollen, twisted varicose veins in the rectal region.
Term
hepat/o
Definition
liver
Term
Hepatoma
Definition
Tumor (malignant) of liver cells; hepatocellular carcinoma.
Term
Hepatomegaly
Definition
Enlargement of the liver.
Term
Herpetic stomatitis
Definition
Inflammation of the mouth caused by infection with the herpes virus. Painful, fluid-filled blisters are produced by the infection and known as cold sores or fever blisters.
Term
Hiatal hernia
Definition
Protrusion of the upper portion of the stomach upward through the diaphragm.
Term
Hydrochloric acid
Definition
Strong acid, present in a dilute form in the stomach; aids digestion.
Term
Hyperbilirubinemia
Definition
High levels of bilirubin (yellow/orange pigment) in the bloodstream; jaundice.
Term
Hyperglycemia
Definition
High levels of sugar in the bloodstream; diabetes mellitus.
Term
Hypoglossal
Definition
Pertaining to under the tongue.
Term
-iasis
Definition
abnormal condition
Term
Icterus
Definition
Jaundice; yellow-orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood.
Term
Idiopathic
Definition
Pertaining to unknown cause of disease.
Term
ile/o
Definition
ileum
Term
Ileitis
Definition
Inflammation of the ileum (third part of the small intestine).
Term
Ileocecal sphincter
Definition
Ring of muscles that are between the ileum and the cecum (first part of the large intestine).
Term
Ileostomy
Definition
Surgical construction of an artificial opening from the ileum to the outside of the body through the abdominal wall.
Term
Ileum
Definition
Third (and final) portion of the small intestine.
Term
Ileus
Definition
Failure of peristalsis with obstruction of the intestines.
Term
Incisor
Definition
One of the four front teeth on either jaw.
Term
Inflammatory bowel disease
Definition
Severe inflammation of the small and large intestine (colon); examples are Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis.
Term
Inguinal hernia
Definition
A small loop of the bowel protrudes through a weakened lower abdominal muscle.
Term
Insulin
Definition
Hormone secreted by specialized cells in the pancreas. Insulin facilitates transport of sugar from the blood into body cells.
Term
Intussusception
Definition
One portion of the intestine slips into an adjoining part; telescoping of the intestines.
Term
Irritable bowel syndrome
Definition
Group of gastrointestinal symptoms (abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, and bloating) associated with stress and tension.
Term
Jaundice
Definition
A symptom of illness marked by yellow-orange discoloration of the skin and whites of the eyes resulting from excess bilirubin in the blood.
Term
jejun/o
Definition
jejunum
Term
Jejunum
Definition
Second part of the small intestine.
Term
labi/o
Definition
lip
Term
Labial
Definition
Pertaining to the lip.
Term
lapar/o
Definition
abdomen
Term
Laparoscopy
Definition
Laparoscopy visual (endoscopic) examination of the abdomen and abdominal organs through small abdominal incisions.
Term
lingu/o
Definition
tongue
Term
lip/o
Definition
fat, lipid
Term
Lipase
Definition
Enzyme (-ase) that digests fats; produced by cells in the pancreas and secreted into the duodenum.
Term
lipoma
Definition
Tumor of fat (benign).
Term
lith/o
Definition
stone
Term
Lithogenesis
Definition
Formation of stone (calculi).
Term
Liver
Definition
Large, reddish-brown organ in the right upper quadrant (RUQ) of the abdomen. It secretes bile, forms blood proteins and metabolizes fats, proteins and sugars.
Term
Lower esophageal sphincter
Definition
Ring of muscles between the esophagus and the stomach.
Term
mandibul/o
Definition
lower jaw, mandible
Term
Mastication
Definition
Process of chewing.
Term
Melena
Definition
Black, tarry stools; feces containing blood.
Term
mes-
Definition
middle
Term
Mesentery
Definition
Membrane that holds the intestine together; a fold of the peritoneum attaching the small intestine to the dorsal (back) body wall.
Term
Molar teeth
Definition
Sixth, seventh and eighth teeth from the middle or either side of the dental arch. The most posterior molar is known as the wisdom tooth.
Term
Nausea
Definition
Unpleasant sensation in the stomach with a tendency to vomit.
Term
odont/o
Definition
tooth
Term
Odynophagia
Definition
Painful swallowing.
Term
or/o
Definition
mouth
Term
Oral
Definition
Pertaining to the mouth.
Term
Oral leukoplakia
Definition
White plaques or patches on the mucous membranes of the mouth.
Term
Orthodontist
Definition
Dentist specializing in straightening teeth.
Term
palat/o
Definition
palate
Term
Palate
Definition
Roof of the mouth; hard palate is the front bony portion and the soft palate is the posterior fleshy part near the throat.
Term
Palatopharyngoplasty
Definition
Surgical procedure used to treat cases of snoring or sleep apnea caused by obstructions in the palate, throat or nose.
Term
Palatoplasty
Definition
Surgical repair of the palate.
Term
Pancreas
Definition
Gland under and behind and the stomach; produces enzymes to digest foods and the hormone insulin to transport sugar to cells.
Term
pancreat/o
Definition
pancreas
Term
Pancreatitis
Definition
Inflammation of the pancreas.
Term
Papillae
Definition
Small elevations on the surface of the tongue containing taste buds.
Term
Parenteral
Definition
Pertaining to by some route other than through the gastrointestinal tract, as by intravenous injection.
Term
Parotid gland
Definition
Salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear.
Term
Peptic ulcer
Definition
Open sore or lesion of the mucous membrane of the stomach and duodenum.
Term
Perianal
Definition
Pertaining to surrounding the anus.
Term
Periodontal disease
Definition
Inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth, and surrounding bone.
Term
Periodontist
Definition
Dentist specializing in treating the gums.
Term
Peristalsis
Definition
Rhythm-like contractions of the tubes of the gastrointestinal tract and other tubular structures.
Term
peritone/o
Definition
peritoneum
Term
Peritonitis
Definition
Inflammation of the peritoneum.
Term
pharyng/o
Definition
throat
Term
Pharyngeal
Definition
Pertaining to the pharynx or throat.
Term
Pharynx
Definition
Throat; the common passageway for food from the mouth.
Term
Portal vein
Definition
Large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines.
Term
Postprandial
Definition
After meals.
Term
-prandial
Definition
meal
Term
Premolar teeth
Definition
Either of the two teeth on each side of each jaw, just behind the canine teeth and in front of the molars.
Term
proct/o
Definition
anus and rectum
Term
Proctologist
Definition
Specialist in the study of the anus and the rectum.
Term
prote/o
Definition
protein
Term
Protease
Definition
Enzyme that digests protein.
Term
Pulp
Definition
Soft tissue with a tooth containing nerves and blood vessels.
Term
pylor/o
Definition
pyloric sphincter
Term
Pyloric sphincter
Definition
Ring of muscles that surround the opening of the stomach to the duodenum.
Term
Pyloroplasty
Definition
Surgical repair of the pyloric sphincter.
Term
Pylorus
Definition
Distal region of the stomach near the duodenum.
Term
rect/o
Definition
rectum
Term
Rectocele
Definition
Hernia of the wall of the rectum.
Term
Rectum
Definition
Final section of the colon.
Term
Rugae
Definition
Folds or creases in the mucous membrane of the stomach or the hard palate of the mouth.
Term
Saliva
Definition
Enzyme-containing digestive juice secreted by salivary glands.
Term
Salivary glands
Definition
Three pairs of exocrine glands secreting saliva into the mouth; parotid glands, sublingual glands, and submandibular glands.
Term
sial/o
Definition
saliva, salivary
Term
sialaden/o
Definition
salivary gland
Term
Sialadenitis
Definition
Inflammation of a salivary gland.
Term
Sialolith
Definition
Salivary gland stone; lodged in a saliva gland or duct.
Term
Sigmoid colon
Definition
Distal, lower end of the colon.
Term
sigmoid/o
Definition
sigmoid colon
Term
Sigmoidoscopy
Definition
Visual endoscopic examination of the sigmoid colon.
Term
Sphincter
Definition
Circular ring of muscle that surrounds an opening or orifice.
Term
steat/o
Definition
fat, lipid
Term
Steatorrhea
Definition
Discharge of fat in the feces due to improper digestion and malabsorption of fat.
Term
stomat/o
Definition
mouth
Term
Stomatitis
Definition
Inflammation of the mouth.
Term
-stomy
Definition
new opening to the outside of the body
Term
Sublingual
Definition
Pertaining to under the tongue.
Term
Submandibular
Definition
Pertaining to under the lower jaw (mandible).
Term
Triglycerides
Definition
Chief form of fat (lipids) in body cells; composed of three molecules of fatty acids and one molecule of glycerol.
Term
Ulcerative colitis
Definition
Inflammation of the colon and rectum with the presence of ulcers; an inflammatory bowel disease.
Term
uvul/o
Definition
uvula
Term
Uvula
Definition
Small, fleshy mass hanging from the soft palate at the back of the mouth.
Term
Uvulectomy
Definition
Removal (excision) of the uvula.
Term
Villi
Definition
Fingerlike, microscopic projections on the inner surface of the small intestine; sites of absorption of foods and fluids.
Term
Viral hepatitis
Definition
Inflammation of the liver caused by a virus.
Term
Volvulus
Definition
Twisting of the intestine upon itself.
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