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Medical Terminology 1
N/A
463
Nursing
Undergraduate 1
02/07/2012

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Cards

Term
FH
Definition
family history
Term
Dx
Definition
diagnosis
Term
C/O
Definition
complaints of
Term
CC
Definition
chief complaint
Term
A & W
Definition
alive and well
Term
A
Definition
assessment
Term
HEENT
Definition
head, eyes, ears, nose and throat
Term
H & P
Definition
health and physical
Term
HPI
Definition
history of present illness
Term
PI
Definition
present illness
Term
Hx
Definition
history
Term
IMP
Definition
impression
Term
L & W
Definition
living and well
Term
NAD
Definition
no acute distress
Term
NKA
Definition
no known allergies
Term
NKDA
Definition
no known drug allergies
Term
O
Definition
objective information
Term
OH
Definition
occupational history
Term
P
Definition
plan
Term
PE, Px
Definition
physical examination
Term
PERRLA
Definition
pupils equal, round, and reactive to light and accommodation
Term
PH
Definition
past history
Term
PMH
Definition
past medical history
Term
R/O
Definition
rule out
Term
ROS
Definition
review of systems
Term
SR
Definition
systems review
Term
S
Definition
subjective information
Term
SH
Definition
social history
Term
Sx
Definition
symptom
Term
UCHD
Definition
usual childhood diseases
Term
WNL
Definition
within normal limits
Term
CCU
Definition
cardiac care unit
Term
ECU
Definition
emergency care unit
Term
ER
Definition
emergency room
Term
ICU
Definition
intensive care unit
Term
IP
Definition
inpatient
Term
OP
Definition
outpatient
Term
OR
Definition
operating room
Term
PACU
Definition
postanesthetic care unit
Term
PAR
Definition
postanesthetic recovery
Term
Post-op
Definition
post operative
Term
Pre-op
Definition
preoperative
Term
RTC
Definition
return to clinical
Term
RTO
Definition
return to office
Term
acute
Definition
sharp; having intense, often severe symptoms and short comings
Term
Chronic
Definition
condition that develops slowly over a period of time
Term
Benign
Definition
mild or noncancerous
Term
Malignant
Definition
harmful or cancerous
Term
Degeneration
Definition
gradual deterioration of normal cells and body functions
Term
Degenerative disease
Definition
any disease in which deterioration of the structure or function of tissue occurs
Term
Diagnosis
Definition
determination of the presence of a disease
Term
Etiology
Definition
study of the cause of a disease
Term
Exacerbation
Definition
increase in the severity of a disease
Term
Remission
Definition
a period in which symptoms and signs stop or abate
Term
Febrile
Definition
relating to a fever
Term
Idiopathic
Definition
condition occurring without a clearly identified cause
Term
Localized
Definition
limited to a definite area or part
Term
Systemic
Definition
relating to the whole body rather than to only a part
Term
Malaise
Definition
feeling of uneasiness or discomfort; often the first indication of an illness
Term
Marked
Definition
significant
Term
Morbidity
Definition
sick; a diseased state
Term
Mortality
Definition
the state of being subject to death
Term
Prognosis
Definition
foreknowledge; prediction of the likely outcome of a disease
Term
Progressive
Definition
pertaining to the advance of a condition as the signs and symptoms increase in severity
Term
Prophylaxis
Definition
process or measure that prevents disease
Term
Recurrent
Definition
to occur again
Term
Sequela
Definition
disorder or condition usually resulting form a previous disease or injury
Term
Sign
Definition
mark; objective evidence of disease that can be seen by an examiner
Term
Symptom
Definition
subjective evidence of disease that is perceived by the patient and often noted in their words
Term
Syndrome
Definition
a running together
Term
Nocontributory
Definition
not involved in bringing on the condition of result
Term
Unremarkable
Definition
common; not out of the ordinary of significant
Term
BPR
Definition
bathroom privileges
Term
CP
Definition
chest pain
Term
DC, D/C
Definition
discharge, discontinue
Term
ETOH
Definition
ethyl alcohol
Term
pt
Definition
patient
Term
RRR
Definition
regular rate and rhythm
Term
SOB
Definition
shortness of breath
Term
Tr
Definition
treatment
Term
Tx
Definition
treatment or traction
Term
VS
Definition
vital signs
Term
T
Definition
temperature
Term
P
Definition
pulse
Term
R
Definition
respiration
Term
BP
Definition
blood pressure
Term
Ht
Definition
height
Term
Wt
Definition
weight
Term
WDWN
Definition
well-developed and well-nurished
Term
y/o or y.o
Definition
year old
Term
C
Definition
celsius, centigrade
Term
F
Definition
fahrenheit
Term
cc
Definition
cubic centimeter
Term
cm
Definition
centimeter
Term
g, gm
Definition
gram
Term
kg
Definition
kilogram
Term
L
Definition
liter
Term
mg
Definition
milligram
Term
mL, ml
Definition
milliliter
Term
mm
Definition
millimeter
Term
cu, mm
Definition
cubic millimeter
Term
fl oz
Definition
fluid ounce
Term
fl oz
Definition
fluid ounce
Term
fl oz
Definition
fluid ounce
Term
fl oz
Definition
fluid ounce
Term
fl oz
Definition
fluid ounce
Term
gr
Definition
grain
Term
gt
Definition
drop
Term
gtt
Definition
drops
Term
dr
Definition
dram
Term
oz
Definition
ounce
Term
lb
Definition
pound
Term
qt
Definition
quart
Term
adip/o, lip/p, steat/o
Definition
fat
Term
derm/o, dermat/o, cutane/o
Definition
skin
Term
erythr/o
Definition
red
Term
hidr/o
Definition
sweat
Term
hist/o, histi/o
Definition
tissue
Term
kerat/o
Definition
hard
Term
leuk/o
Definition
white
Term
melan/o
Definition
black
Term
myc/o
Definition
fungus
Term
oncych/o
Definition
nail
Term
plas/o
Definition
formation
Term
purpur/o
Definition
purple
Term
scler/o
Definition
hard
Term
seb/o
Definition
sebum
Term
seb/o
Definition
sebum
Term
squam/o
Definition
scale
Term
trich/o
Definition
hair
Term
xanth/o
Definition
yellow
Term
xer/o
Definition
dry
Term
epithelium
Definition
cells covering external and internal surfaces of the body
Term
epidermis
Definition
thin outer layer of the skin
Term
squamous cell layer
Definition
flat, scale-like epithelial cells comprising the outermost epidermis
Term
basal layer
Definition
deepest layer of epidermis
Term
melanocyte
Definition
cell in the basal layer that gives color to the skin
Term
melanin
Definition
dark brown to black pigment contained in melanocytes
Term
dermis
Definition
dense, fibrous connective tissue layer of the skin, also known as corium
Term
sebaceous glands
Definition
oil glands in the skin
Term
sebum
Definition
oily substance secreted by the sebaceous glands
Term
sudoriferous glands
Definition
sweat glands
Term
subcutaneous layer
Definition
connective and adipose tissue layer just under the dermis
Term
collagen
Definition
protein substance in skin and connective tissue
Term
hair
Definition
outgrowth of the skin composed of keratin
Term
nail
Definition
outgrowth of the skin, composed of keratin, at the end of each finger and toe
Term
keratin
Definition
hard protein material found in the epidermis, hair and nails
Term
lesion
Definition
an area of pathologically altered tissue; the two types of lesions are primary and secondary
Term
primary lesions
Definition
lesions arising from previously normal skin
Term
macule, macula
Definition
flat, discolored spot on the skin up to 1 cm across
Term
patch
Definition
flat, discolored area on the skin larger than 1 cm
Term
papule
Definition
a solid mass on the skin up to 0.5 cm in diameter
Term
plaque
Definition
a solid mass greater than 1 cm in diameter and limited to the surface of the skin
Term
nodule
Definition
a solid mass greater than 1 cm that extends deeper into the epidermis
Term
tumor
Definition
a solid mass larger than 1-2 cm
Term
wheal
Definition
an area of localized skin edema
Term
vesicle
Definition
little bladder' an elevated, fluid-filled sac within or under the epidermis up to 0.5 cm in diameter
Term
bulla
Definition
a blister larger than 0.5 cm
Term
pustule
Definition
a pus-filled sac
Term
secondary lesions
Definition
lesions that result in changes in primary lesions
Term
erosion
Definition
gnawed away; loss of superficial epidermis, leaving an area of moisture but no bleeding
Term
ulcer
Definition
an open sore on the skin or mucous membrane that can bleed and scar; sometimes accompanied by infection
Term
excoriation
Definition
a scratch mark
Term
fissure
Definition
a linear crack in the skin
Term
scale
Definition
thin flake of exfoliated epidermis
Term
crust
Definition
a dried residue or serum, pus, blood, on the skin
Term
vascular lesions
Definition
lesions of a blood vessel
Term
cherry angioma
Definition
a small, round, bright red blood vessel tumor on the skin, often on the trunk of the elderly
Term
telangiectasia (spider angioma)
Definition
tiny, red blood vessel lesion formed by the dilation of a group of blood vessels radiating from a central arteriole, most commonly on the face, neck or chest
Term
purpuric lesions
Definition
purpura; lesions resulting from hemorrhages into the skin
Term
petechia
Definition
spot; reddish-brown, minute hemorrhagic spots on the skin that indicate a bleeding tendency; a small purpura
Term
ecchymosis
Definition
bruise; a black and blue mark; a large purpura
Term
cicatrix of the skin
Definition
a mark left by the healing of a sore or wound, showing the replacement of destroyed tissue by fibrous tissue
Term
keloid
Definition
an abnormal overgrowth of scar tissue that is thick and irregular
Term
epidermal tumors
Definition
skin tumors arising from the epidermis
Term
nevus
Definition
a congenital malformation on the skin that can be epidermal or vascular; also called a mole
Term
dysplastic nevus
Definition
a mole with precancerous changes
Term
verruca
Definition
an epidermal tumor caused by a papilloma virus, called a wart
Term
alopecia
Definition
baldness; natural or unnatural deficiency of hair
Term
comedo
Definition
plug of sebum within the opening of a hair follicle
Term
closed comedo
Definition
comedo below the skin surface, with a white center (whitehead)
Term
open comedo
Definition
comedo open to the skin surface, with a black center caused by the presence of melanin exposed to air (blackhead)
Term
eruption
Definition
appearance of a skin lesion
Term
erythema
Definition
redness of skin
Term
pruritus
Definition
severe itching
Term
rash
Definition
general term for skin eruption, most often associated with communicable disease
Term
skin pigmentation
Definition
skin color resulting from the presence of melanin
Term
depigmentation
Definition
loss of melanin pigment in the skin
Term
hypopigmentation
Definition
areas of skin lacking color because of deficient amounts of melanin
Term
hyperpigmentation
Definition
darkened areas of skin caused by excessive amounts of melanin
Term
suppuration
Definition
production of purulent matter
Term
urticaria
Definition
hives; an eruption of wheals on the skin accompanied by itching
Term
xeroderma
Definition
dry skin
Term
acne
Definition
inflammation of the sebaceous glands and hair follicles of the skin, evidenced by comedones, pustules, or nodules on the skin
Term
albinism
Definition
hereditary condition characterized by a partial or total lack of melanin pigment
Term
burn
Definition
injury to body tissue caused by heat, chemicals, electricity, radiation or gases
Term
first-degree burn
Definition
burn involving only the epidermis
Term
second-degree burn
Definition
burn involving the epidermis and the dermis
Term
third-degree burn
Definition
burn involving all three layers of the skin
Term
dermatitis
Definition
inflammation of the skin characterized by erythema, pruritus and various lesions
Term
dermatosis
Definition
any disorder of the skin
Term
exanthematous
Definition
an eruption of the skin caused by a viral disease
Term
rubella
Definition
reddish; German measles
Term
rubeola
Definition
reddish; 14-day measles
Term
varicella
Definition
a tiny spot; chickenpox
Term
eczema
Definition
to boil out; often used interchangeably with dermatitis to demote a skin condition characterized by the appearance of inflamed, swollen papules and vesicles that crust and scale, often with sensations of itching and burning
Term
furuncle
Definition
boil; a painful nodule formed in the skin by inflammation originating in a hair follicle; caused by staphylococcosis
Term
carbuncle
Definition
a skin infection consisting of clusters of furuncles
Term
abscess
Definition
localized collection of pus in a cavity formed by the inflammation of surrounding tissues, which heals when drained or excised
Term
gangrene
Definition
an eating sore; death of tissue associated with lose of blood supply
Term
herpes simplex virus type 1
Definition
transient viral vesicles that infect the facial area, especially the mouth and nose
Term
herpes simplex virus type 2
Definition
sexually transmitted, ulcer-like lesions of the genital and anorectal skin and mucosa; after initial infection, the virus lies dormant in the nerve cell root and may recur at times of stress
Term
herpes zoster
Definition
a viral disease affecting the peripheral nerves characterized by painful blisters that spread over the skin following affected nerves, usually unilateral; also known as shingles
Term
impetigo
Definition
highly contagious, bacterial skin inflammation marked by pustules that rupture and become crusted, most often around the mouth and nostrils
Term
keratoses
Definition
thickened area of epidermis
Term
actinic keratoses
Definition
localized thickening of the skin caused by excessive exposure to sunlight, a known precursor to cancer
Term
seborrheic keratoses
Definition
benign, wart-like tumors; more common on elderly skin
Term
lupus
Definition
chronic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation of various parts of the body
Term
cutaneous lupus
Definition
limited to the skin; evidenced by a characteristic rash, especially on the face, neck and scalp
Term
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Definition
a more severe form of lupus involving the skin, joints, and often vital organs
Term
malignant cutaneous neoplasm
Definition
skin cancer
Term
squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)
Definition
malignant tumor of the squamous epithelium
Term
basal cell carcinoma (BCC)
Definition
malignant tumor of the basal layer of the epidermis; the most common type of skin cancer
Term
malignant melanoma
Definition
malignant tumor composed of melanocytes
Term
kaposi sarcoma
Definition
malignant tumor of the walls of blood vessels, appearing as painless, dark bluish-purple plaques on the skin; often spreads to the lymph nodes and internal organs; commonly seen in patients with HIV/AIDS
Term
onychia
Definition
inflammation of the fingernail or toenail
Term
paronychia
Definition
inflammation of the nail fold
Term
pediculosis
Definition
infestation with lice that causes itching and dermatitis
Term
pediculosis capitis
Definition
head lice
Term
pediculosis pubis
Definition
lice that generally infect the pubic region and sometimes also hair of the axilla, eyebrows, eyelashes, beard, or other hairy body surfaces; also known as crabs
Term
psoriasis
Definition
itching; a chronic, recurrent skin disease marked by silvery scales covering red patches, papules and plaques on the skin that result from overproduction and thickening of skin cells; common sites of involvement are the elbows, knees, genitals, arms, legs, scalp and nails
Term
scabies
Definition
a contagious disease caused by a parasite that invades the skin, causing an intense itch, most often at articulations between the fingers or toes, elbows, etc
Term
seborrhea
Definition
skin condition marked by the hypersecretion of sebum from the sebaceous glands
Term
tinea
Definition
a group of fungal skin diseases identified by the body part affected, including tinea corporis, commonly called ringworm and tinea pedis, also called athlete's foot
Term
vitiligo
Definition
condition caused by the destruction of melanin that results in the appearance of white patches on the skin
Term
biopsy (Bx)
Definition
removal of a small piece of tissue for microscopic pathologic examination
Term
excisional biopsy
Definition
removal of an entire lesion
Term
incisional biopsy
Definition
removal of a selected portion of a lesion
Term
shave biopsy
Definition
technique using a surgical blade to shave tissue from the epidermis and upper dermis
Term
culture and sensitivity (C&S)
Definition
technique of isolating and growing colonies of microorganisms to identify a pathogen and to determine which drugs might be effective for combating the infection it has caused
Term
frozen section (FS)
Definition
surgical technique that involves cutting a thin piece of tissue from a frozen specimen for immediate pathologic examination
Term
skin tests
Definition
methods for determining the reaction of the body to a given substance by applying it to, or injecting it into, the skin; commonly used in treating allergies
Term
scratch test
Definition
test in which a substance is applied to the skin through a scratch
Term
patch test
Definition
test in which a substance is applied topically to the skin on a small piece of blotting paper or wet cloth
Term
chemosurgery
Definition
removal of tissue after it has been destroyed by chemical means
Term
chemical peel
Definition
technique for restoring wrinkled, scarred, or blemished skin by applying an acid solution to peel away the top layers of the skin
Term
cryosurgery
Definition
destruction of tissue by freezing with application of an extremely cold chemical
Term
dermabrasion
Definition
surgical removal of epidermis frozen by aerosol spray using wire brushes and emery papers to remove scars, tattoos, and wrinkles
Term
debridement
Definition
removal of dead tissue from a wound or burn site to promote healing and to prevent infection
Term
curettage
Definition
cleaning; scraping a wound using a spoon-like cutting instrument called a curette; used for debridement
Term
electrosurgical procedures
Definition
use of electric current to destroy tissue; the type and strength of the current and method of application vary
Term
electrocautery
Definition
use of an instrument heated by electric current to coagulate bleeding areas by burning the tissue
Term
electrodesiccation
Definition
use of high-frequency electric currents to destroy tissue by drying it; the active electrode makes direct contact with the skin lesion
Term
fulguration
Definition
to lighten; use of long, high-frequency, electric sparks to destroy tissue; the active electrode does not touch the skin
Term
incision and drainage (I&D)
Definition
incision and drainage of an infected skin lesion
Term
laser
Definition
an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation
Term
laser surgery
Definition
surgery using a laser in various dermatologic procedures to remove lesions, scars and tattoos
Term
mohs surgery
Definition
technique used to excise tumors of the skin by removing fresh tissue, layer by layer, until a tumor-free plane is reached
Term
skin grafting
Definition
transfer of skin from one body site to another to replace skin that has been lost through a burn or injury
Term
autograft
Definition
graft transfer to a new position in the body of the same person
Term
heterograft (xenograft)
Definition
graft transfer between different species, such as from animal to human
Term
homograft (allograft)
Definition
donor transfer between persons of the same species, such as human to human
Term
chemotheraphy
Definition
treatment of malignancies, infections and other diseases with chemical agents that destroy selected cells or impair their ability to reproduce
Term
radiation therapy
Definition
treatment of neoplastic disease using ionizing radiation to deter the proliferation of malignant cells
Term
sclerotherapy
Definition
use of sclerosing agents in treating diseases
Term
ultraviolet therapy
Definition
uses of ultraviolet light to promote healing of a skin lesion
Term
anesthetic
Definition
drugs that temporarily blocks transmission of nerve conduction to produce a loss of sensations
Term
antibiotic
Definition
drugs that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms
Term
antifungal
Definition
drug that kills or prevents the growth of fungi
Term
antihistamine
Definition
drug that blocks the effects of histamine in the body
Term
histamine
Definition
regulating body substance released in excess during allergic reactions, causing swelling and inflammation of tissues
Term
antiinflammatory
Definition
drug that reduces inflammation
Term
antipruritic
Definition
drug that relieves itching
Term
antiseptic
Definition
agent that inhibits the growth of infectious microorganisms
Term
ankyl/o
Definition
crooked or stiff
Term
arthr/o, articul/o
Definition
joint
Term
brachi/o
Definition
arm
Term
cervic/o
Definition
neck
Term
chondr/o
Definition
cartilage
Term
cost/o
Definition
rib
Term
crani/o
Definition
skull
Term
dactyl/o
Definition
digit (finger or toe)
Term
fasci/o
Definition
fascia (a band)
Term
femor/o
Definition
femur
Term
fibr/o
Definition
fiber
Term
kyph/o
Definition
humped-back
Term
lei/o
Definition
smooth
Term
lord/o
Definition
bent
Term
lumb/o
Definition
loin (lower back)
Term
my/o, myos/o, muscul/o
Definition
muscle
Term
myel/o
Definition
bone marrow or spinal cord
Term
oste/o
Definition
bone
Term
patell/o
Definition
knee cap
Term
pelv/i
Definition
pelvis (basin) or hip bone
Term
radi/o
Definition
radius
Term
rhabd/o
Definition
rod-shaped or striated (skeletal)
Term
sarc/o
Definition
flesh
Term
scoli/o
Definition
twisted
Term
spondyl/o, vertebr/o
Definition
vertebra
Term
stern/o
Definition
sternum (breastbone)
Term
ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o
Definition
tendon (to stretch)
Term
thorac/o
Definition
chest
Term
ton/o
Definition
tone or tension
Term
uln/o
Definition
ulna
Term
appendicular skeleton
Definition
bones of the shoulder, pelvis, and upper and lower extremities
Term
axial skeleton
Definition
bones of the skull, vertebral column, chest, and hyoid bone (U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue)
Term
bone
Definition
specialized connective tissue composed of osteocytes (bone cells); forms the skeleton
Term
compact bone
Definition
tightly solid bone tissue that forms the exterior of bones
Term
spongy bone, cancellous bone
Definition
mesh-like bone tissue found in the interior of bones, and surrounding the medullary cavity
Term
long bones
Definition
bones of the arms and legs
Term
short bones
Definition
bones of the wrist and ankles
Term
flat bones
Definition
bones of the ribs, shoulder blades, pelvis and skull
Term
irregular bones
Definition
bones of the vertebrae and face
Term
sesamoid bones
Definition
round bones found near joints
Term
epiphysis
Definition
wide ends of a long bone
Term
diaphysis
Definition
shaft of a long bone
Term
metaphysis
Definition
growth zone between the epiphysis and the diaphysis during development of a long bone
Term
endosteum
Definition
membrane lining the medullary cavity of a bone
Term
medullary cavity
Definition
cavity within the shaft of the long bones; filled with bone marrow
Term
bone marrow
Definition
soft connective tissue within the medullary cavity of bones
Term
red bone marrow
Definition
functions to form red blood cells, some white blood cells, and platelets; found in the cavities of most bones in infants and in the flat bones in adults
Term
yellow bone marrow
Definition
gradually replaces red bone marrow in adult bones; functions as storage for fat tissue and is inactive in the formation of the blood cells
Term
periosteum
Definition
a fibrous, vascular membrane that covers the bone
Term
articular cartilage
Definition
a gristle-like substance on bones where they articulate
Term
articulation
Definition
a joint; the point where two bones come together
Term
bursa
Definition
fibrous sac between certain tendons and bones that is lined with a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid
Term
disk, disc
Definition
flat, plate-like structure composed of fibrocartilaginous tissue between the vertebrae that reduces friction
Term
nucleus pulposus
Definition
the soft, fibrocartilaginous, central potion of intervertebral disk
Term
ligament
Definition
flexible band of fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone
Term
synovial membrane
Definition
membrane lining the capsule of a joint
Term
synovial fluid
Definition
joint-lubricating fluid secreted by the synovial membrane
Term
muscle
Definition
tissue composed of fibers that can contract, causing movement of an organ or part of the body
Term
striated muscle, skeletal muscle
Definition
voluntary muscle attached to the skeleton
Term
smooth muscle
Definition
involuntary muscle found in internal organs
Term
cardiac muscle
Definition
muscle of the heart
Term
origin of a muscle
Definition
muscle end attached to the bone that does not move when the muscle contracts
Term
insertion of a muscle
Definition
muscle end attached to the bone that moves when the muscle contracts
Term
tendon
Definition
band of fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone
Term
fascia
Definition
band of sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscle
Term
anatomic, anatomical position
Definition
term or reference that health professions use when noting body planes, positions or directions: the person is assumed to be standing upright, facing forward, feet pointed forward and slightly apart, with arms at the sides and palms facing forward; the patient is visualized in this pose when applying any other term or reference
Term
body planes
Definition
reference planes for indicating the location or direction of body parts
Term
coronal plane, frontal plane
Definition
vertical division of the body into front and back portions
Term
sagittal plane
Definition
vertical division of the body into right and left portions
Term
transverse plane
Definition
horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions
Term
anterior, ventral
Definition
front of the body
Term
posterior, dorsal
Definition
back of the body
Term
anterior-posterior (AP)
Definition
from front to back, as in reference to the direction of an x-ray beam
Term
posterior-anterior (PA)
Definition
from back to front, as in reference to the direction of an x-ray beam
Term
superior, cephalic
Definition
situated above another structure, toward the head
Term
inferior, caudal
Definition
situated below another structure, away from the head
Term
proximal
Definition
toward the beginning or origin of a structure; for example, the proximal aspect of the femur is the area closet to wear it attaches to the hip
Term
distal
Definition
away from the beginning or origin of a structure; for example, the distal aspect of the femur is the area at the end of the bone near the knee
Term
medial
Definition
toward the middle (midline)
Term
lateral
Definition
toward the side
Term
axis
Definition
the imaginary line that runs through the center of the body or a body part
Term
erect
Definition
normal standing position
Term
decubitus
Definition
lying down, especially in a bed; lateral decubitus is lying on the side
Term
prone
Definition
lying face down and flat
Term
recumbent
Definition
lying down
Term
supine
Definition
horizontal recumbent; lying flat on the back
Term
flexion
Definition
bending at the join so that the angle between the bones is decreased
Term
extension
Definition
straightening at the joint so that the angle between the bones is increased
Term
abduction
Definition
movement away from the body
Term
adduction
Definition
movement toward the body
Term
rotation
Definition
circular movement around an axis
Term
eversion
Definition
turning outward
Term
inversion
Definition
turning inward
Term
supination
Definition
turning of the palmar surface or plantar surface upward or forward
Term
pronation
Definition
turning of the palmar surface or plantar surface downward or backward
Term
dorsiflexion
Definition
bending of the foot or the toes upward
Term
plantar flexion
Definition
bending of the sole of the foot by curling the toes toward the ground
Term
range of motion (ROM)
Definition
total motion possible in a joint, described by the terms related to body movements; measured in degrees
Term
goniometer
Definition
instrument used to measure joint agles
Term
arthralgia
Definition
joint pain
Term
atrophy
Definition
shrinking of muscle size
Term
crepitation
Definition
grating sound sometimes made by the movement of a joint or broken bones
Term
exotosis
Definition
projection arising from a bone that develops from cartilage
Term
flaccid
Definition
flabby, relaxed, or having defective or absent muscle tone
Term
hypertrophy
Definition
increase in the size of tissue, such as muscle
Term
hypotonia
Definition
reduced muscle tone or tension
Term
myalgia, myodynia
Definition
muscle pain
Term
ostealgia, osteodynia
Definition
bone pain
Term
rigor, rigidity
Definition
stiffness; stiff muscle
Term
spasm
Definition
drawing in; involuntary contraction of muscle
Term
spastic
Definition
uncontrolled contractions of skeletal muscles, causing stiff and awkward movements
Term
tetany
Definition
tension; prolonged, continuous muscle contraction
Term
tremor
Definition
shaking; rhythmic muscular movement
Term
ankylosis
Definition
stiff joint condition
Term
arthritis
Definition
inflammation of the joints characterized by pain, swelling, redness, warmth, and limitation of a motion; there are more than 100 different types of arthritis
Term
osteoarthritis
Definition
most common form of arthritis, especially affecting the weight-bearing joints, characterized by the erosion of articular cartilage
Term
rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
Definition
most crippling from of arthritis; characterized by chronic, systemic inflammation, most often affecting joints and synovial membranes and causing ankylosis and deformity
Term
gouty arthritis
Definition
acute attacks of arthritis, usually in a single joint, caused by hyperuricemia
Term
bony necrosis, sequestrum
Definition
bone tissue that has died from loss of blood supply, such as can occur after a fracture
Term
bunion
Definition
swelling of the joint at the base of the great toe caused by inflammation of the bursa
Term
bursitis
Definition
inflammation of a bursa
Term
chondromalacia
Definition
softening of cartilage
Term
epiphysitis
Definition
inflammation of the epiphyseal regions of the long bone
Term
fracture (Fx)
Definition
broken or cracked bone
Term
closed fracture
Definition
broken bone with no open wound
Term
open fracture
Definition
compound fracture; broken bone with an open wound
Term
simple fracture
Definition
nondisplaced fracture with one fracture line that does not require extensive treatment to repair
Term
complex fracture
Definition
displaced fracture that requires manipulation or surgery to repair
Term
fracture line
Definition
line of the break in a broken bone
Term
comminuted fracture
Definition
broken in many small pieces
Term
greenstick fracture
Definition
ending and incomplete break of a bone; most often seen in children
Term
herniated disk
Definition
protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disk so that the nucleus pulposus protrudes, causing compression on the nerve root
Term
myeloma
Definition
bone marrow tumor
Term
myositis
Definition
inflammation of muscle
Term
myoma
Definition
muscle tumor
Term
leiomyoma
Definition
smooth muscle tumor
Term
leiomyosarcoma
Definition
malignant smooth muscle tumor
Term
rhabdomyoma
Definition
skeletal muscle tumor
Term
rhabdomyosarcoma
Definition
malignant skeletal muscle tumor
Term
muscular dystrophy
Definition
category of genetically transmitted disease characterized by progressive atrophy of skeletal muscles; Duchenne type is most common
Term
osteoma
Definition
bone tumor
Term
osteosarcoma
Definition
type of malignant bone tumor
Term
osteomalacia
Definition
disease marked by softening of the bone caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiency
Term
rickets
Definition
osteomalacia in children; causes bone deformity
Term
osteomyelitis
Definition
infection of bone and bone marrow, causing inflammation
Term
osteoporosis
Definition
condition of decreased bone density and increased porosity, causing bones to become brittle and to fracture more easily
Term
spinal curvatures
Definition
curvatures of the spine or spinal column
Term
kyphosis
Definition
abnormal posterior curvature of the thoracic spine
Term
lordosis
Definition
abnormal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine
Term
scoliosis
Definition
abnormal lateral curvature of the spine (S-shaped curve)
Term
spondylolisthesis
Definition
forward slipping of a lumbar vertebra
Term
spondylosis
Definition
stiff, immobile condition of vertebrae caused by joint degeneration
Term
sprain
Definition
injury to a ligament caused by joint trauma but without joint dislocation or fracture
Term
subluxation
Definition
partial dislocation
Term
tendinitis, tendonitis
Definition
inflammation of a tendon
Term
electromyogram (EMG)
Definition
neurodiagnostic, graphic record of the electrical activity of muscle both rest and during contraction; used to diagnose neuromusculoskeletal disorders; usually performed by a neurologist
Term
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Definition
nonionizing imaging technique using magnetic fields and radiofrequency waves to visualize anatomic structures; useful in orthopedic studies to detect joint, tendon, and vertebral disk disorders
Term
nuclear medicine imaging, radionuclide organ imaging
Definition
ionizing imaging technique using radioactive isotopes
Term
bone scan
Definition
nuclear scan of bone tissue to detect a tumor, malignancy
Term
radiography
Definition
imaging modality using x-rays; commonly used in orthopedics to visualize the extremities, ribs, back, shoulders, and joints
Term
arthrogram
Definition
radiograph of a joint taken after the injection of a contrast medium
Term
computed tomography (CT)
Definition
specialized x-ray procedure producing a series of cross-sectional images that are processed by a computer into a two-dimensional or three-dimensional image
Term
sonography
Definition
ultrasound imaging; nonionizing technique that is useful in orthopedics to visualize muscles, ligaments, displacements, and dislocations or to guide a therapeutic intervention, such as that performed during arthroscopy
Term
amputation
Definition
partial or complete removal of a limb
Term
arthrocentesis
Definition
puncture for aspiration of a joint
Term
arthrodesis
Definition
binding or fusing of joint surfaces
Term
arthroplasty
Definition
repair or reconstuction of a joint
Term
arthroscopy
Definition
procedure sing an arthroscope to examine, diagnose and repair a joint from within
Term
bone grafting
Definition
transplantation of a piece of bone from one site to another to repair a skeletal defect
Term
bursectomy
Definition
excision of a bursa
Term
myoplasty
Definition
repair of muscle
Term
open reduction, internal fixation (ORIF)
Definition
internal surgical repair of a fracture by bringing bones back into alignment and fixing them in place with devices such as plates, screws and pins
Term
osteoplasty
Definition
repair of bone
Term
osteotomy
Definition
incision into bone
Term
spondylosyndesis
Definition
spinal fusion
Term
tenotomy
Definition
division of a tendon by incision to repair a deformity caused by shortening of a muscle
Term
closed reduction, external fixation of a structure
Definition
external manipulation of a fracture to regain alignment along with application of an external device to protect and hold the bone in place while healing
Term
casting
Definition
use of a stiff, solid dressing around a limb or other body part to immobilize it during healing
Term
splinting
Definition
used of a rigid device to immobilize or restrain a broke bone or injured body part; provides less support than a cast, but can be adjusted more easily to accommodate swelling from an injury
Term
traction (Tx)
Definition
application of a pulling force to a fractured bone or dislocated joint to maintain proper position during healing
Term
closed reduction, percutaneous fixation of a fracture
Definition
external manipulation of a fracture to regain alignment, followed by insertion of one or more pins through the skin to maintain position; often includes use of an external device called a fixator to keep the fracture immobilized during healing
Term
orthosis
Definition
use of an orthopedic appliance to maintain a bone's position or to provide limb support
Term
physical therapy (PT)
Definition
treatment to rehabilitate patients disabled by illness or injury; involves many different modalities, such as exercise, hydrotherapy, diathermy, and ultrasound
Term
prosthesis
Definition
an artificial replacement for a missing body part or a device used to improve a body function, such as an artificial limb, hip, or joint
Term
analgesic
Definition
drug that relieves pain
Term
narcotic
Definition
potent analgesic with addictive properties
Term
antiinflammatory
Definition
drug that reduces inflammation
Term
antipyretic
Definition
drug that relieves fever
Term
nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID)
Definition
group of drugs with analgesic, antiinflammatory, and antipyretic properties commonly used to treat arthritis
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