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Medical Pathology and Genetics
PPT18: The Male Genital system
48
Pathology
Graduate
03/11/2012

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Cards

Term
What is hypospadia?
Definition
Most common abnormal location of the urethra orifice on the ventral side (underside when not erect)
Term
What is epispadia?
Definition
rare abnormal location of the urethra orifice on the dorsal side (front when not erect)
Term
What are two other genital abnormalities that hypo- and epispadias may be associated with?
Definition
-inguinal hernias
-undescended testes
Term
What are 4 clinical consequences of a hypo- or epispadias?
Definition
-constriction of the orifice
-urinary tract obstruction
-urinary tract infection
-impaired reproductive function
Term
What causes an erection of the penis?
Definition
vasodilation fills the spongy tissue with blood
Term
What is peyronie's disease?
Definition
fibrous plaque prevents uniform lengthening as erection occurs. As the rest of the corpus cavernosum and corpus spongiosum lengthen, the penis bends toward the involved area.
Term
What is balanitis (balanoposthitis)? What is it associated with? what does it look like?
Definition
-inflammation of the glans (plus prepuce)
-associated with poor local hygiene in uncircumcised men (irritant- smegma; infection- multiple bacterial or fungal origins; incidence 3% of uncircumcised men)
-distal penis is red, swollen, and tender (purulent d/c may be present)
Term
What is a phimosis? What is it usually acquired from?
Definition
prepuce cannot easily be retracted over the glans causing due to distal penile inflammation. may be congenital
-usually acquired from balanoposthitis and scarring of prepuce
Term
What is paraphimosis? What does it cause?
Definition
prepuce is permanently retracted, stenotic prepuce traps the glans leading to urethral constriction
Term
Candidiasis of the penis is common in what pt? Use 3 adjectives to describe it. What does it involve?
Definition
-diabetics
-erosive, painful, pruritic
-can involve the entire external genitalia
Term
Who does SCC of the penis occur in? What is the pathogenesis: risk factors, what appears first?
Definition
->95% of penile neoplasms, but <1% of all CA in males
-mainly uncircumcised men >40 yoa
-poor hygiene, smegma, smoking, HPV (16 and 18)
-carcinoma in situ appears first, followed by progression to invasive SCC
Term
What are the three forms of carcinoma in situ of the penis?
Definition
-bowen disease (plaque like lesion on the shaft of the penis--> 1 in 3 cases progresses to SCC)
-erythroplasia of queyrat (Bowen disease on glans penis-- erythmatous patch on glans penis)
-bowenoid papulosis (multiple reddish brown papules on the glans-- usually transient and rarely progresses to SCC)
Term
What is the clinical course of SCC of the penis?
Definition
-usually indolent
-locally invasive
-has spread to inguinal lymph nodes in 25% of cases at presentation
-5 yr survival (70% without lymph node metastasis, 27% with lymph node metastasis)
Term
What is inflammation of the scrotum?
Definition
Tinea cruris (jock itch)
-superficial dermatophyte infection
-scaly, red, annular plaques, pruritic
-inguinal crease to upper thigh
Term
WHat is the most common neoplasm of the scrotum? What is interesting about it?
Definition
SCC
-first human malignancy to be associated with environmental influences (chimney sweeps in 18th century england)
Term
What is a hydrocele?
Definition
most common cause of scrotal enlargement
accumulation of serious fluid within the tunica vaginalis
(infections, tumor, idiopathic)
Term
What is a hematocele?
Definition
accumulation of blood
Term
chylocele?
Definition
accumulation of lymph
(filariasis (worm) elephantitis)
Term
What is cryptorchidism? What is the epidemiology? What are three possible pathogeneses?
Definition
-failure of testicular descent into the scrotum
-approx 1% of males, and right > left, 10% bilateral
-hormonal abnormalities, testicular abnormalities, mechanical problems
Term
What is the clinical course in bilateral cryptorchidism?
Definition
tubular atrophy and sterility
Term
What is the clinical course in unilateral cryptorchidism?
Definition
-tubular atrophy may also occur in the contralateral descended testis
Term
What is the risk of malignancy in cryptorchid testis? what can be done for treatment?
Definition
-3-5 times higher
-orchiopexy reduces risk of sterility and cancer
Term
Why does cirrhosis cause testicular atrophy?
Definition
one of the jobs of the liver is to break down estrogen
Term
Inflammation of the testes occurs in 20% of males with __________
Definition
mumps
Term
What are three consequences of mumps on the testes?
Definition
-edema and congestion
-chronic inflammatory infiltrate
-may cause atrophy and sterility
Term
What can cause granulomatous inflammation and caseous necrosis of the testis?
Definition
TB
Term
What is an inflammatory lesion of the testis that is a rare finding in middle aged men?
Definition
autoimmune granulomatous orchitis
Term
What is the most important cause of painless enlargement of the testis?
Definition
testicular neoplasms
Term
What is the peak incidence age of testicular neoplasms?
Definition
20-34
Term
Most testicular neoplasms are malignant or benign?
Definition
malignant
Term
Most testicular neoplasms are associated with germ cell maldevelopment, name two examples.
Definition
cryptorchidism (10%)
testicular dysgenesis (XXY)
Term
95% percent of testicular tumors arise from _______ cells
Definition
germ
-intratubular germ cell neoplasms
-malignant
-isochromosome 12, i(12p) is a common finding
Term
How do patients with testicular cancers usually present?
Definition
with painless enlargement of the testis
Term
Where do nonseminomas usually metastasize? Where do seminomas?
Definition
-lymph nodes, liver, and lungs
-usually just regional lymph nodes
Term
what are two testicular tumors markers?
Definition
hCG and AFP
Term
What organisms cause acute bacterial prostatitis? What is the pathogenesis?
Definition
-same organisms that cause UTI's (e.coli and other gram negative rods)
-most also have infxn of the urethra and urinary bladder, rarely hematogenous spread
Term
What happens in acute bacterial prostatitis (morphology)? What is the clinical course?
Definition
-acute inflammation, especially in the glands, with microabsesses, congestion and edema
-dysuria, frequency, back pain, pevlic pain, enlarged prostate, exquisitely tender, fever and leukocytosis sometimes, ANTIBIOTIC TREATMENT
Term
If a culture for a chronic prostatitis is negative, what is it most likely caused by?
Definition
chlamydia trachomatis
ureaplasma urealyticum
Term
what is the most common form of chronic prostatitis?
Definition
abacterial
Term
What are three different morphologies associated with chronic prostatitis?
Definition
-lymphocyte infiltration
-neutrophils and macrophages
-some evidence of tissue destruction
Term
What is the clinical course of chronic prostatitis?
Definition
similar to acute, more resistant to ABX, often due to recurrent UTIs
Term
What is the difference between nodular hyperplasia of the prostate and carcinoma?
Definition
-NH: arises from CZ/TZ, early urinary obstruction
-C: arises from PZ, palpable by DRE
Term
What are two other terms for nodular hyperplasia of the prostate?
Definition
glandular and stromal hyperplasia
BPH
Term
Nodular hyperplasia is associated with proliferation of both ________ and _________ elements. What else may play a role?
Definition
-epithelial and stromal
-adrogens and estrogens
Term
What is the most common visceral CA?
Definition
carcinoma of the prostate
Term
what cause of CA death in mean is carcinoma of the prostate?
Definition
second
Term
what treatments have shown to inhibit growth of carcinoma of the prostate?
Definition
orchiectomy and or estrogen tx
Term
what is a common metastases of carcinoma of the prostate?
Definition
osteoblastic
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