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Med-Surg Nursing Chapter 64
Assessment of the Endocrine System
58
Nursing
Undergraduate 2
11/17/2013

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Term
Hormones
Definition
Natural chemicals that exert their effects on specific tissues known as target tissues
Term
Target tissues
Definition
Specific tissues affected by hormones
Term
Endocrine glands
Definition
Hypothalamus
Pituitary glands
Adrenal glands
Thyroid glands
Islet cells of the pancreas
Parathyroid glands
Gonads
Term
Neuroendocrine regulation
Definition
The endocrine and the nervous system work together to control overall body function
Term
Homeostasis
Definition
Constant normal balance of the body maintained in response to environmental changes
Term
Hypothalamus hormones
Definition
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (somatostatin GHIH)
Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)
Melanocyte-inhibiting hormone (MIH)
Term
Anterior pituitary hormones
Definition
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH, thyrotropin)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH, corticotropin)
Luteinizing hormone (LH, Leydig cell-stimulating hormone [LCSH])
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Growth hormone (GH)
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
Term
Posterior pituitary hormones
Definition
Vasopressin (anti-diuretic hormone [ADH])
Oxytocin
Term
Thyroid
Definition
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Thyroxine (T4)
Calcitonin
Term
Parathyroid
Definition
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Term
Adrenal cortex
Definition
Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
Term
Ovary
Definition
Estrogen
Progesterone
Term
Testes
Definition
Testosterone
Term
Pancreas
Definition
Insulin
Glucagon
Somatostatin
Term
Disorders of the endocrine system
Definition
Usually related to an excess/deficiency of a specific hormone, or a receptor defect.
Term
Negative feedback control mechanism
Definition
The condition of maintaining a constant output of a system by exerting an inhibitory control on a key step by a product of that system. Used in a series of reactions that control hormone secretion and cellular activity based on responses to correct any movement away from normal function. An example of a simple negative feedback hormone response is the control of insulin secretion in which the action of insuling (decreasing blood glucose levels) is the opposite of the condition that stimulated insulin secretion (elevated blood glucose levels)
Term
Hypothalamic-hypophysial portal system
Definition
Allows hormones produced in the hypothalamus to travel directly to the anterior pituitary gland so that only very small amounts are wasted in systemic circulation
Term
Adenohypophysis
Definition
The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
Term
Neurohypophysis
Definition
The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
Term
Tropic hormones
Definition
Hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulate other endocrine glands
Term
Thyroid Stimulating hormone (TSH)
Definition
Anterior pituitary hormone that targets the thyroid. Stimulates synthesis and release of thyroid hormone
Term
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Definition
Anterior pituitary hormone that targets the adrenal cortex. Stimulates synthesis and release of corticosteroids and adrenocortical growth.
Term
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Definition
Anterior pituitary hormone that targets the ovaries and testes. Stimulates either estrogen secretion and follicle maturation or spermatogenesis.
Term
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Definition
Anterior pituitary hormone that targets the ovaries and testes. Stimulates either estrogen secretion and follicle maturation or spermatogenesis.
Term
Prolactin (PRL)
Definition
Anterior pituitary hormone that targets the mammary glands. Stimulates breast milk production.
Term
Growth hormone (GH)
Definition
Anterior pituitary hormone that targets bone and soft tissue. Promotes growth through lipolysis, protein anabolism, and insulin antagonism.
Term
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
Definition
Anterior pituitary hormone that targets melanocytes. Promotes pigmentation.
Term
Vasopressin (ADH)
Definition
Posterior pituitary hormone that targets kidneys. Promotes water re-absorption.
Term
Oxytocin
Definition
Posterior pituitary hormone that targets the uterus and mammary glands. Stimulates uterine contractions and ejaculation of breast milk.
Term
Gonads
Definition
Male and female reproductive endocrine glands. Male - testes. Female - ovaries.
Term
Functions of glucocorticoid hormones
Definition
Prevent hypoglycemia by increasing liver gluconeogenesis and inhibiting peripheral glucose use.
Maintain excitability and responsiveness of cardiac muscle. Increase lipolysis, releasing glycerol and free fatty acids.
Increase protein catabolism.
Degrade collagen and connective tissue.
Increase the number of mature neutrophils released from bone marrow.
Exert anti-inflammatory effects that decrease the migration of inflammatory cells to sites of injury.
Maintain behavior and cognitive functions.
Term
Mineralo-corticoids
Definition
Hormones produced in the zona glomerulosa (located in the cortex) of the adrenal gland that help control the body's sodium and potassium content
Term
Adrenal steroids (corticosteroids)
Definition
Hormones secreted by the cortex of the adrenal gland
Term
Structure of the adrenal gland
Definition
Capsule
Cortex - Zona glomerulosa(outer), Zona fascitulata(middle), Zona reticularis(inner)
Medulla
Term
Aldosterone
Definition
Major mineralcorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex that maintains extra-cellular fluid volume
Term
Glucocorticoids
Definition
Produced by the adrenal cortex and are essential for life
Term
Cortisol
Definition
Main glucocorticoid. Effects carb, protein, and fat metabolism; The body's response to stress; emotional stability; and immune function.
Term
Sex hormones
Definition
Androgens and estrogens. Secreted in low levels by the adrenal cortex in both genders.
Term
Catecholamines
Definition
Adrenal medullary hormones secreted due to stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system. Include epinephrine(85%) and norepinephrine(15%).
Term
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Definition
Secreted by the hypothalamus, effects the anterior pituitary. Stimulates ACTH synthesis, and secretion.
Term
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
Definition
Secreted by the hypothalamus, effects the anterior pituitary. Stimulates TSH and PRL secretion.
Term
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Definition
Secreted by the hypothalamus, effects the anterior pituitary. Stimulates FSH and LH secretion.
Term
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
Definition
Secreted by the hypothalamus, effects the anterior pituitary. Stimulates GH secretion.
Term
Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
Definition
Secreted by the hypothalamus, effects the anterior pituitary. GH and GI hormone suppression.
Term
Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)
Definition
Secreted by the hypothalamus, effects the anterior pituitary. Inhibits PRL secretion.
Term
Melanocyte-inhibiting hormone (MIH)
Definition
Secreted by the hypothalamus, effects the anterior pituitary. Inhibits MSH secretion.
Term
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Definition
Thyroid hormone that affects the central and peripheral body systems. Increases basal metabolic rate, and regulates growth and development.
Term
Thyroxine (T4)
Definition
Thyroid hormone that affects the central and peripheral body systems. Increases basal metabolic rate, and regulates growth and development.
Term
Calcitonin
Definition
Thyroid hormone that affects the intestines, bones, and kidneys. Lowers blood calcium levels.
Term
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Definition
Affects the bones, and kidneys. Increases blood calcium levels.
Term
Glucocorticoids (Cortisol)
Definition
Adrenal hormone that targets the liver. Stimulates gluconeogenesis.
Term
Mineralcorticoids (Aldosterone)
Definition
Adrenal hormone that targets the kidneys. Increases ion and water reabsorption
Term
Estrogen
Definition
Ovarian hormone that targets cells throughout the whole body. Facilitates reproduction and sex characteristics.
Term
Progesterone
Definition
Ovarian hormone that targets cells throughout the whole body. Facilitates reproduction and sex characteristics.
Term
Testosterone
Definition
Testicular hormone that targets cells throughout the whole body. Facilitates reproduction and sex characteristics.
Term
Insulin
Definition
Pancreatic hormone that targets the liver, skeletal muscle, and fat tissue. Stimulates glucose absorption from the blood.
Term
Glucagon
Definition
Pancreatic hormone that targets the liver. Stimulates glycogen to glucose conversion.
Term
Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH, Somatostatin)
Definition
Targets the anterior pituitary and GI system. Causes GH and GI hormone suppression.
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