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Med surge 1
Yes
573
Nursing
Undergraduate 2
09/28/2011

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Cards

Term
Acute coronary syndrome
Definition
Refers to rupture of an antheromatomous plaque in a diseased coronary artery, which rapidly forms on obstructive thrombus
Term
Afterload
Definition
The amount of resistance to ejection of blood from the ventricle
Term
Apical impulse (point of maximum impulse)
Definition
Impulse normally palpated at the fifth inter coastal space, left midclavicular line; caused by contraction of the left ventricle
Term
atrioventricular (AV) node
Definition
Secondary pacemaker of the heart, located in the right atrial wall near the tricuspid valve
Term
Baroreceptors
Definition
Nerve fibers located in the aortic arch and carotid arteries that are responsible for reflex control of the blood pressure
Term
Cardiac catheterization
Definition
An invasive procedure used to measure cardiac chamber pressures and assess patency of the coronary arteries
Term
Cardiac conduction system
Definition
Specialized heart cells strategically located throughout the heart that are responsible for methodically generating and conducting the transmission of electrical impulses to the myocardial cells
Term
Cardiac output
Definition
Amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in liters per minute
Term
Cardiac stress test
Definition
A test used to evaluate the functioning of the heart during a period of increased oxygen demand
Term
Contractility
Definition
Ability of the cardiac muscle to shorten in response to an electrical impulse
Term
Depolarization
Definition
Electrical activation of a cell caused by the influx of sodium into the cell while potassium exits the cell
Term
Diastole
Definition
Period of ventricular relaxation resulting in ventricular filling
Term
Ejection fraction
Definition
Percentage of the end-diastolic blood volume ejected from the ventricle with each heartbeat
Term
Hemodynamics monitoring
Definition
Use of pressure monitoring devices to directly measure cardiovascular function
Term
Hypertension
Definition
Blood pressure that is persistently greater than 140/90 mm Hg
Term
Hypotension
Definition
A decrease in blood pressure to less than 100/60 mm Hg that compromises systemic perfusion
Term
Murmurs
Definition
Sounds created by abnormal, turbulent flow of blood in the heart
Term
Myocardial ischemia
Definition
Condition in which heart muscle cells receive less oxygen than needed
Term
Myocardium
Definition
Muscle layer of the heart responsible for the pumping action of the heart
Term
Normal heart sounds
Definition
Sounds produced when the valves close; normal heart sounds are S1 (atrioventricular valves) and S2 (semi-lunar valves)
Term
Open g snaps
Definition
Abnormal diastolic sound generated during opening of a rigid AV valve leaflet
Term
Postural (orthostatic) hypotension
Definition
A significant drop in blood pressure (usually 10 mm Hg systolic or more) after an upright posture is assumed
Term
Preload
Definition
Degree of stretch of the cardiac muscle fibers at the end of diastole
Term
Pulmonary vascular resistance
Definition
Resistance to right ventricular ejection of blood
Term
Radioisotopes
Definition
Unstable atoms that emit small amounts of energy in the form of gamma rays; used in cardiac nuclear medicine studies
Term
Repolarization
Definition
Return of the cell to resting state, caused by reentry of potassium into the cell while sodium exits the cell
Term
S1
Definition
The first heart sound produced by closure of the atrioventricular (mitral and tricuspid) valves
Term
S2
Definition
The second heart sound produced by closure of the semilunar (aortic and pulmonic) valves
Term
S3
Definition
An abnormal heart sound detected early in diastole as resistance is met to blood entering either ventricle; most often due to volume overload associated with heart failure
Term
S4
Definition
An abnormal heart sound detected late in diastole as resistance is met to blood entering either ventricle during atrial contraction; most often caused by hypertrophy of the ventricle
Term
Sinoatrial (SA) node
Definition
Primary pacemaker of the heart, located in the right atrium
Term
Stroke volume
Definition
Amount of blood ejected from the ventricle per heartbeat
Term
Summation gallop
Definition
The abnormal sound created during tachycardia by the presence of an S3 and S4
Term
Systemic vascular resistance
Definition
Resistance to left ventricle ejection
Term
Systole
Definition
Period of ventricular contraction resulting in ejection of blood from ventricles into the pulmonary artery and aorta
Term
Systolic click
Definition
Abnormal systolic sound created by the opening of a calcified aortic or pulmonic valve during ventricular contraction
Term
Telemetry
Definition
The process of continuous electrocardiograph monitoring by the transmission of radio waves from a battery-operated transmitter worn by the patient
Term
Automaticity
Definition
Ability to initiate an electrical impulse
Term
Excitability
Definition
Ability to respond to an electrical impulse
Term
Conductivity
Definition
Ability to transmit an electrical impulse from one cell to another
Term
thrill
Definition
a vibration or purring sensation that may be felt over areas where abnormal, turbulent blood flow is present. Best detected by using the palm of the hand
Term
paresthesia
Definition
an abnormal or unpleasant sensation that results from injury to one or more nerves, often described by patients as numbness or as a prickly, stinging, or burning feeling
Term
hematoma
Definition
localized collection of clotted blood in the tissue
Term
PCI
Definition
percutaneous coronary intervention
Term
hemoptysis
Definition
pink, frothy sputum is indicative of acute pulmonary edema
Term
cough
Definition
a dry, hacking cough from irritation of small airways is common in patients with pulmonary congestion from HF
Term
atelectasis
Definition
a collapsed or airless condition of the lung
Term
ascites
Definition
the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
Term
Brain (B-type) natriuretic peptide (BNP)
Definition
neurohormone that helps regulate BP and fluid volume
Term
restenosis
Definition
the recurrence of of a stenotic condition as in a heart valve or vessel
Term
ischemia
Definition
a temporary deficiency of blood flow to an organ or tissue. The deficiency may be caused by diminished blood flow either through a regional artery or throughout the circulation
Term
TEE
Definition
transesophageal echocardiography
Term
Thallium 201 (TI^201) and technetium 99m (Tc^99m)
Definition
radioisotopes used in cardiac nuclear medicine studies that give off small amounts of energy in the form of gamma rays as they decay
Term
fixed defect
Definition
indication that there is no perfusion in that area of the myocardium
Term
atherosclerosis
Definition
abnormal accumulation of lipid deposits and fibrous tissue within arterial walls and the lumen
Term
atheroma
Definition
fibrous cap composed of smooth muscle cells that forms over lipid deposits within arterial vessels and protrudes into the lumen of the vessel, narrowing the lumen and obstructing blood flow; also called plaque
Term
acute coronary syndrome (ACS)
Definition
signs and symptoms that indicate unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction
Term
myocardial infarction (MI)
Definition
death of heart tissue caused by lack of oxygenated blood flow
Term
myocardial infarction (MI)
Definition
death of heart tissue caused by lack of oxygenated blood flow
Term
stable angina
Definition
predictable and consistent pain that occurs on exertion and is relieved by rest and/or nitroglycerin
Term
unstable angina
Definition
(also called preinfarction angina or crescendo angina): symptoms increase in frequency and severity; may not be relieved with rest or nitroglycerin
Term
intractable or refractory angina
Definition
severe incapacitating chest pain
Term
variant angina
Definition
(also called Prinzmetal's angina): pain at rest with reversible ST-segment elevation; thought to be caused by coronary artery vasospasm
Term
silent ischemia
Definition
objective evidence of ischemia (such as electrocardiographic changes with a stress test), but patient reports no pain
Term
isoelectric line
Definition
the area between the T wave and the next P wave
Term
dysrhythmias
Definition
disorder of the formation or conduction (or both) of the electrical impulse within the heart, altering the heart rate, heart rhythm, or both and potentially causing altered blood flow (also referred to as arrhythmia)
Term
conduction
Definition
transmission of electrical impulses from one cell to another
Term
depolarization
Definition
process by which cardiac muscle cells change from a more negatively charged to a more positively charged intracellular state
Term
repolarization
Definition
process by which cardiac muscle cells return to a more negatively charged intracellular condition, resting their state
Term
chronotropy
Definition
rate of impulse formation
Term
dromotropy
Definition
conduction velocity
Term
inotropy
Definition
force of myocardial contraction
Term
P wave
Definition
part of an electrocardiogram (ECG) that reflects conduction of an electrical impulse through the atrium; atrial depolarization
Term
QRS complex
Definition
the part of an ECG that reflects conduction of an electrical impulse through the ventricles; ventricular depolarization
Term
T wave
Definition
the part of an ECG that reflects repolarization of the ventricles
Term
U wave
Definition
the part of an ECG that may reflect Purkinje fiber repolarization; usually it is not seen unless a patient's serum potassium level is low
Term
PR interval
Definition
the part of an ECG that reflects conduction of an electrical impulse from the sinoatrial (SA) node through the atrioventricular (AV) node
Term
ST segment
Definition
the part of an ECG that reflects the end of the QRS complex to the beginning of the T wave
Term
QT interval
Definition
the part of an ECG that reflects the time from ventricular depolarization through repolarization
Term
torsades de pointes
Definition
prolonged QT interval; a lethal ventricular dysrhythmia
Term
TP interval
Definition
the part of an ECG that reflects the time between the end of the T wave and the beginning of the next P wave; used to identify the isoelectric line
Term
PP interval
Definition
the duration between the beginning P wave and the beginning of the next P wave; used to calculate atrial rate and rhythm
Term
RR interval
Definition
the duration between the beginning of one QRS complex and the beginning of the next QRS complex; used to calculate ventricular rate and rhythm
Term
sinus rhythm
Definition
electrical activity of the heart initiated by the sinoatrial (SA) node
Term
NSAIDs
Definition
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Term
tricuspid valve
Definition
atrioventricular valve located between the right atrium and right ventricle
Term
mitral valve
Definition
atrioventricular valve located between the left atrium and left ventricle
Term
chordae tendineae
Definition
nondistensible fibrous strands connecting papillary muscles to atrioventricular (mitral, tricuspid) valve leaflets
Term
pulmonic valve
Definition
semilunar valve located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
Term
aortic valve
Definition
semilunar valve located between the left ventricle and the aorta
Term
regurgitation
Definition
backward flow of blood through a heart valve
Term
stenosis
Definition
narrowing or obstruction of a cardiac valve's orifice
Term
prolapse (of a valve)
Definition
stretching of an atrioventricular heart valve leaflet into the atrium during systole
Term
aneurysm
Definition
localized sac or dilation formed at a weak point in the wall of the artery
Term
primary hypertension
Definition
also called essential hypertension; denotes high blood pressure from an unidentified cause
Term
secondary hypertension
Definition
high blood pressure from an identified cause, such as renal disease
Term
dyslipidemia
Definition
abnormal blood lipid levels, including high total, low-density lipoprotein, and triglyceride levels as well as low high-density lipoprotien levels
Term
isolated systolic hypertension
Definition
a condition mostly commonly seen in the elderly in which the systolic pressure is greater than 140 mm Hg and the diastolic pressure is within normal limits (less than 90 mm Hg)
Term
papilledema
Definition
swelling of the optic disk
Term
exudate
Definition
fluid accumulation
Term
glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
Definition
flow rate of filtered fluid through the kidney, an indicator of renal function
Term
congestive heart failure (CHF)
Definition
a fluid overload condition (congestion) associated with heart failure
Term
acute decompensated heart failure
Definition
acute exacerbation of heart failure, with signs and symptoms resulting in markedly lower systemic perfusion
Term
systolic heart failure
Definition
inability of the heart to pump sufficiently because of an alteration in the ability of the heart to contract; current term used to describe a type of heart failure
Term
diastolic heart failure
Definition
the inability of the heart to pump sufficiently because of the alteration in the ability of the heart to fill; current term used to describe a type of heart failure
Term
ejection fraction (EF)
Definition
percentage of blood volume in the ventricles at the end of diastole that is ejected during systole; a measurement of contractility
Term
Left-sided heart failure (left ventricular failure)
Definition
Inability of the left ventricle ton fill or pump (empty) sufficient blood to meet the needs of the tissues for oxygen and nutrients; traditional term used to describe patient's symptoms of heart failure
Term
Right-sided heart failure (right ventricular failure)
Definition
Inability of the right ventricle to fill or pump (empty) sufficient blood to the pulmonary circulation
Term
Orthopnea
Definition
Shortness of breath when laying flat
Term
DOE
Definition
Dyspnea on exertion
Term
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)
Definition
Shortness of breath that occurs suddenly during sleep
Term
Oliguria
Definition
Diminished urine output; less than 500 mL/24 h
Term
Ascites
Definition
Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
Term
Apnea
Definition
Temporary cessation of breathing
Term
Bronchophony
Definition
Abnormal increase in clarity of transmitted voice sounds
Term
Bronchoscopy
Definition
Direct examination of larynx, trachea, and bronchi using an endoscope
Term
Cilia
Definition
Short hairs that provide a constant whipping motion that serves to propel mucus and foreign substances away from the lung toward the larynx
Term
Compliance
Definition
Measure of the force required to expand or inflate the lungs
Term
Crackles
Definition
Soft, high-pitched, discontinuous popping sounds during inspiration caused by delayed reopening of the airways
Term
Diffusion
Definition
Exchange of gas molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration
Term
Dyspnea
Definition
Labored breathing or shortness of breath
Term
Egophony
Definition
Abnormal change in tone of voice that is heard when auscultating lungs
Term
Fremitus
Definition
Vibrations of speech felt as tremors of the chest wall during palpation
Term
Hemoptysis
Definition
Expectoration of blood from the respiratory tract
Term
Hypoxemia
Definition
Decrease in arterial oxygen tension in the blood
Term
Hypoxia
Definition
Decrease in oxygen supply to the tissues and cells
Term
Obstructive sleep apnea
Definition
Temporary absence of breathing during sleep secondary to transient upper airway obstruction
Term
Oxygen saturation
Definition
Percentage of hemoglobin that is bound to oxygen
Term
Physiologic dead space
Definition
Portion of the tracheobronchial tree that does not participate in gas exchange
Term
Pulmonary perfusion
Definition
Blood flow through the pulmonary vasculature
Term
Respiration
Definition
Gas exchange between atmospheric air and the blood between the blood and cells of the body
Term
Rhonchi
Definition
Low-pitched wheezing or snoring sound associated with partial airway obstruction, heard on chest auscultation
Term
Stridor
Definition
Harsh high-pitched sound heard on inspiration, usually without need of stethoscope, secondary to upper airway obstruction
Term
Tachypnea
Definition
Abnormal rapid respirations
Term
Tidal volume
Definition
Volume of air inspired and expired with each breath during normal breathing
Term
Ventilation
Definition
Movement of air in and out of airways
Term
Wheezes
Definition
Continuous musical sounds associated with airway narrowing or partial obstruction
Term
adventitious
Definition
additional (abnormal) sounds
Term
alaryngeal communication
Definition
alternative modes of speaking that do not involve the normal larynx; used by patients whose larynx has been surgically removed
Term
aphonia
Definition
impaired ability to use one's voice due to disease or injury to the larynx
Term
carcinogen
Definition
agent that can cause caner; carcinogens can be chemicals, viruses, hormones, ionizing radiation, or solid materials
Term
dysphagia
Definition
difficulties in swallowing
Term
epistaxis
Definition
hemorrhage from the nose due to rupture of tiny, distended vessels in the mucous membrane of any area in the nose
Term
herpes simplex
Definition
cold sore (cutaneous viral infection with painful vesicles and erosions on the tongue, palate, gingiva, buccal membranes, or lips
Term
laryngectomy
Definition
surgical removal of all or part of the larynx and surrounding structures
Term
laryngitis
Definition
inflammation of the larynx; may be caused by voice abuse, exposure to irritants, or infectious organisms
Term
medicamentosa
Definition
rebound nasal congestion commonly associated with overuse or over-the-counter nasal decongestans
Term
nuchal rigidity
Definition
stiffness of the neck or inability to bend the neck
Term
pharyngitis
Definition
inflammation of the throat; usually viral or bacterial in origin
Term
rhinitis
Definition
inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nose; may be infectious, allergic, or inflammatory in origin
Term
rhinorrhea
Definition
drainage of a large amount of fluid from the nose
Term
rhinosinustitis
Definition
inflammation of the nares and paranasal sinuses, including frontal, ethmoid, maxillary, and sphenoid sinuses; replaces the term "sinusitis"
Term
tonsillitis
Definition
inflammation of the tonsils, usually due to an acute infection
Term
xerostomia
Definition
dryness of the mouth from a variety of causes
Term
purulant
Definition
full of pus
Term
ostiomeatal complex
Definition
ostia of the frontal, maxillary, and anterior ethmoid sinuses
Term
erythema
Definition
reddening of the skin
Term
adenopathy
Definition
swelling and morbid change in lymph nodes; glandular disease
Term
ptosis
Definition
droopy eyelid
Term
proptosis
Definition
bulging eye
Term
chemosis
Definition
edema of the bulbular conjuctiva
Term
myalgia
Definition
tender muscle pain
Term
hemostat
Definition
device or medication for controlling hemorrhage or flow of blood
Term
asthma
Definition
chronic inflammatory disease of the airways that causes airway hyperresponsiveness, mucosal edema, and mucus production
Term
acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
Definition
nonspecific pulmonary response to a variety of pulmonary and nonpulmonary insults to the lung; characterized by interstitial infiltrates, alveolar hemorrhage, atelectasis, decreased compliance, and refactory hypoxemia
Term
acute lung injury
Definition
an umbrella term for hypoxemic, respiratory failure; acute respiratory distress syndrome is a severe form of acute lung injury
Term
atelectasis
Definition
collapse or airless condition of the alveoli caused by hypoventilation, obstruction to the airways, or compression
Term
pleural effusion
Definition
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space
Term
pneumothorax
Definition
partial or complete collapse of the lung due to positive pressure in the pleural space
Term
hemothorax
Definition
partial or complete collapse of the lung due to blood accumulating in the pleural space; may occur after surgery or trauma
Term
central cyanosis
Definition
bluish discoloration of the skin or mucous membranes due to hemoglobin carrying reduced amounts of oxygen
Term
thoracentesis
Definition
insertion of a needle into the pleural space to remove fluid that has accumulated and decrease pressure on the lung tissue; may also be used diagnostically to identify potential causes of pleural effusion
Term
fine-needle aspiration
Definition
insertion of a needle through the chest wall to obtain cells of a mass or tumor
Term
consolidation
Definition
lung tissue that has become more solid in nature due to collapse of alveoli or infectious process (pneumonia)
Term
air-trapping
Definition
incomplete emptying of alveoli during expiration due to loss of lung tissue elasticity (emphysema), bronchospasm (asthma), or airway obstruction
Term
bronchiectasis
Definition
chronic dilation of bronchus or bronchi; dilated airways become saccular and are a medium for chronic infection
Term
bronchitis
Definition
a disease of the airways defined as the presence of cough and sputum production for at least a combined total of 3 months in each of 2 consecutive years
Term
COPD
Definition
disease state characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible; sometimes referred to as chronic airway obstruction or chronic obstructive lung disease
Term
acidosis
Definition
an acid-base imbalance characterized by an increase in H+ concentration (decreased blood pH). A low arterial pH due to reduced bicarbonate concentration is called metabolic acidosis; a low arterial pH due to increased PCO2 is respiratory acidosis
Term
active transport
Definition
physiologic pump that moved fluid from an area of lower concentration to one of higher concentration; requires adenosine triphosphate for energy
Term
alkalosis
Definition
an acid-base imbalance characterized by a reduction in H+ concentration (increased blood pH). A high arterial pH with increased bicarbonate concentration is called metabolic alkalosis; a high arterial pH due to reduced PCO2 is respiratory alkalosis
Term
diffusion
Definition
the process by which solutes move from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration; does not require expenditure of energy
Term
homeostasis
Definition
maintenance of a constant interval equilibrium in a biologic system that involves positive and negative feedback mechanisms
Term
hydrostatic pressure
Definition
the pressure created by the weight of fluid against the wall that contains it. In the body, the occurance of this in blood vessels results from the weight of fluid itself and the force resulting from cardiac contraction
Term
hypertonic solution
Definition
a solution with an osmolality higher than that of serum
Term
isotonic solution
Definition
a solution with the same osmalality as serum and other body fluids. Osmolality falls within normal range for serum (280 to 300 mOsm/kg)
Term
hypotonic solution
Definition
a solution with an osmolality lower than that of serum
Term
osmolality
Definition
the number of osmoles (the standard unit of osmotic pressure) per kilogram of solution. Expressed as mOsm/kg, osmolality is used more often than the term osmolarity to evaluate serum and urine
Term
osmolarity
Definition
the number of osmoles (the standard unit of osmotic pressure) per liter of solution. It is expressed as milliosmoles per liter (mOsm/L); describes the concentration of solutes or dissolves particles
Term
osmosis
Definition
the process by which fluid moves across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration; the process continues until the solute concentrations are equal on both sides of the membrane
Term
tonicity
Definition
fluid tension within the extracellular fluid or intracellular fluid that describes the relationship between the solutes and water, primarily determined by fluid osmolarity
Term
Osmotic pressure
Definition
The amount of hydrostatic pressure needed to stop the flow of water by osmosis. Primarily determined by the concentration of solutes
Term
Incubus pressure
Definition
The osmotic pressure exerted by proteins (eg, albumin)
Term
Osmotic diuresis
Definition
The increase in urine output caused by the excretion of substances such as glucose, mannitol, or contrast agents in the urine
Term
BUN
Definition
Blood urea nitrogen
Term
Azotemia
Definition
Increased nitrogen levels in the blood
Term
Hyperuricemia
Definition
High uric acid levels
Term
Hyponatremia
Definition
Sodium deficit
Term
alopecia
Definition
loss of hair from any cause
Term
dermatosis
Definition
any abnormal skin condition
Term
erythema
Definition
redness of the skin caused by congestion of the capillaries
Term
hirsutism
Definition
the condition of having excessive hair growth resulting in an increase in pigmentation
Term
hyperpigmentation
Definition
increase in the melanin of the skin, resulting in an increase in pigmentation
Term
hypopigmentation
Definition
decrease in the melanin of the skin, resulting in a loss of pigmentation
Term
keratin
Definition
an insoluble, fibrous protein that forms the outer layer of skin
Term
langerhans cells
Definition
dendritic cells in the epidermis that carry surface receptors for immunoglobin and complement and that are active participants in delayed hypersensitivity of the skin
Term
melanin
Definition
the substance responsible for coloration of the skin
Term
melanocytes
Definition
cells of the skin that produce melanin
Term
markel cells
Definition
cells of the epidermis that play a role in transmission of sensory messages
Term
petechiae
Definition
pinpoint red spots that appear on the skin as a result of blood leakage into the skin
Term
rate ridges
Definition
undulations and furrows that appear at the dermis-epidermis junction and are responsible for cementing together the two layers
Term
subaceous glands
Definition
glands that exist within the epidermis and secrete sebum to keep the skin soft and pliable
Term
sebum
Definition
fatty secretion of the sebaceous glands
Term
telangiectases
Definition
red marks on the skin caused by distention of the superficial blood vessels
Term
vitiligo
Definition
a localized or widespread condition characterized by destruction of the melanocytes in circumscribed areas of the skin, resulting in white patches
Term
Wood's light
Definition
a blue light used for diagnosing skin conditions
Term
contact dermatitis
Definition
an inflammatory reaction of the skin to physical, chemical, or biologic agents
Term
epidermopoiesis
Definition
development of epidermal cells
Term
pressure ulcers
Definition
breakdown of the skin due to prolonged pressure and insufficient blood supply, usually at bony prominences
Term
Aldosterone
Definition
Hormone synthesized and released by the adrenal cortex; causes the kidneys to reabsorb sodium
Term
Antidiuretic hormone
Definition
Hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland; causes the kidney to reabsorb more water; also called vasopressin
Term
Anuria
Definition
Total urine output less than 50 mL in 24 hrs
Term
Bacteriuria
Definition
Bacteria in the urine; bacterial count higher than 100,000 colonies/mL
Term
Creatinine
Definition
Endogenous waste product of muscle energy metabolism
Term
Diuresis
Definition
Increased formation and secretion of urine
Term
Dysuria
Definition
Painful or difficult urination
Term
Frequency
Definition
Voiding more frequently than every 3 hours
Term
Glomerular filtration
Definition
Plasma filtered at the glomerulus into the kidney tubules
Term
Glomerulus
Definition
Tuft of capillaries forming part of the nephron through which filtration occurs
Term
Hematuria
Definition
Red blood cells in the urine
Term
Micturition
Definition
Urinating or voiding
Term
Nephron
Definition
Structural and functional unit of the kidney responsible for urine formation
Term
Nocturia
Definition
Awakening at night to urinate
Term
Oliguria
Definition
Total urine output less than 500 mL in 24 hrs
Term
Proteinuria
Definition
Protein in the urine
Term
Pyuria
Definition
White blood cells in the urine
Term
Renal clearance
Definition
Volume of plasma that the kidneys can clear of a specific solute (eg. Creatinine); expressed in mL/min
Term
Renal glycosuria
Definition
Recurring or persistent excretion of glucose in the urine
Term
Specific gravity
Definition
Reflects the weight of particles dissolved in the urine; expression of the degree of concentration of the urine
Term
Tubular reabsorption
Definition
Movement of a substance from the kidney tubule into the blood in the peritubular capillaries or vasa recta
Term
Tubular secretion
Definition
Movement of a substance from the blood in the peritubular capillaries or vasa recta into the kidney tubule
Term
Urea nitrogen
Definition
Nitrogenous end product of protein metabolism
Term
cystitis
Definition
inflammation of the urinary bladder
Term
prostatitis
Definition
inflammation of the prostate gland
Term
urethritis
Definition
inflammation of the urethra
Term
pyelonephritis
Definition
inflammation of the renal pelvis
Term
urethrovesical reflux
Definition
backward flow of urine from the urethra into the bladder
Term
ureterovesicular reflux
Definition
backward flow of urine from the bladder into one of both ureters
Term
bacteriuria
Definition
more than 10^5 colonies of bacteria per milliliter of urine
Term
frequency
Definition
voiding more often than every 3 hours
Term
nocturia
Definition
awakening at night to urinate
Term
urosepsis
Definition
sepsis resulting from infected urine, most often a UTI
Term
pyuria
Definition
white blood cells in the urine
Term
acute renal failure
Definition
sudden rapid deterioration of kidney function that is sometimes reversible
Term
anuria
Definition
total urine output less than 50 mL in 24 hours
Term
acute tubular necrosis
Definition
type of acute renal failure in which there is actual damage to the kidney tubules
Term
interstitial nephritis
Definition
inflammation within the renal tissue
Term
nephrotoxic
Definition
any substance, medication, or action that destroys kidney tissue
Term
hemodialysis
Definition
procedure during which a patient's blood is circulated through a dialyzer to remove waste products and excess fluid
Term
peritoneal dialysis
Definition
procedure that uses the lining of the patient's peritoneal cavity as the semipermeable membrane for exchange of fluid and solutes
Term
continuous renal replacement therapy
Definition
variety of methods used to replace normal kidney function by circulating the patient's blood through a filter and returning it to the patient
Term
oncology
Definition
field or study of cancer
Term
cancer
Definition
a disease process whereby cells proliferate abnormally, ignoring growth-regulating signals in the environment surrounding cells
Term
hyperplasia
Definition
increase in the number of cells of a tissue; most often associated with periods of rapid body growth
Term
metaplasia
Definition
conversion of one type of mature cell into another type of cell
Term
dysplasia
Definition
bizarre cell growth in cells that differ in size, shape, or arrangement from other cells of the same type of tissue
Term
anaplasia
Definition
cells that lack normal cellular characteristics and differ in shape and organization with respect to their cells of origin; usually, anaplastic cells are malignant
Term
neoplasia
Definition
uncontrolled cell growth that follows no physiologic demand
Term
malignant
Definition
having cells or processes that are characteristic of cancer
Term
benign
Definition
not cancerous; benign tumors may grow but are unable to spread to other areas
Term
tumor-specific antigens (TSA)
Definition
protein on the membrane of cancer cells that distinguishes the malignant cell from a benign cell of the same tissue type
Term
carcinogenesis
Definition
process of transforming normal cells into malignant cells
Term
apoptosis
Definition
programmed cell death
Term
staging
Definition
process of determining the extent of disease, including tumor size and spread or metastasis to distant sites
Term
hematocrit
Definition
percentage of total blood volume consisting of RBCs
Term
normochromic
Definition
normal RBC color, indicating normal amount of hemoglobin
Term
normocytic
Definition
normal size of RBC
Term
erythroid cells
Definition
any cell that is or will become a mature RBC
Term
aplasia
Definition
lack of cellular development (eg, of cells within the bone marrow)
Term
neutropenia
Definition
lower-than-normal number of neutrophils
Term
pancytopenia
Definition
abnormal decrease in WBCs, RBCs, and platelets
Term
poikilocytosis
Definition
variation in shape of RBCs
Term
polycythemia
Definition
excess RBCs
Term
thrombocytopenia
Definition
lower-than-normal platelet count
Term
agglutination
Definition
clumping effect occurring when an antibody acts as a cross-link between two antigens
Term
antibody
Definition
a protein substance developed by the body in response to and interacting with a specific antigen
Term
antigen
Definition
substance that induces the production of antibodies
Term
antigenic determinant
Definition
the specific area of an antigen that binds with an antibody combining site and determines the specificity of the antigen-antibody reaction
Term
apoptosis
Definition
programmed cell death that results from the digestion of DNA by endonucleases
Term
B cells
Definition
cells that are important for producing a humoral immune response
Term
cellular immune response
Definition
the immune system's third line of defense, involving the attack of pathogens by T cells
Term
complement
Definition
series of enzymatic proteins in the serum that, when activated, destroy bacteria and other cells
Term
cytokines
Definition
generic term for nonantibody proteins that act as intracellular mediators, as in the generation of immune response
Term
cytotoxic T cells
Definition
lymphocytes that lyse cells infected with virus; also play a role in graft rejection
Term
epitope
Definition
any component of an antigen molecule that functions as an antigenetic determinant by permitting the attachment of certain antibodies
Term
genetic engineering
Definition
emerging technology designed to enable replacement of missing or defective genes
Term
helper T cells
Definition
lymphocytes that attack foreign invaders (antigens) directly
Term
humoral immune response
Definition
the immune system's second line of defense; often termed the antibody response
Term
immune response
Definition
the coordinated response of the components of the immune system to a foreign agent or organism
Term
immune system
Definition
the collection of organs, cells, tissues, and molecules that mediate the immune response
Term
immunity
Definition
the body's specific protective response to a foreign agent or organism; resistance to disease, specifically infectious diseases
Term
immunopathology
Definition
study of diseases resulting in dysfunctions within the immune system
Term
immunoregulation
Definition
complex system of checks and balances that regulates or controls immune responses
Term
inteferons
Definition
proteins formed when cells are exposed to viral or foreign agents; capable of activating other components of the immune system
Term
lymphokines
Definition
substances released by sensitized lymphocytes when they come in contact with specific antigens
Term
memory cells
Definition
cells that are responsible for recognizing antigens from previous exposure and mounting an immune response
Term
natural killer (NK) cells
Definition
lymphocytes that defend against microorganisms and malignant cells
Term
null lymphocytes
Definition
lymphocytes that destroy antigens already coated with the antibody
Term
opsonization
Definition
the coating of antigen-antibody molecules with a sticky substance to facilitate phagocytosis
Term
phagocytic cells
Definition
cells that engulf, ingest, and destroy foreign bodies or toxins
Term
phagocytic immune response
Definition
the immune system's first line of defense, involving white blood cells that have the ability to ingest foreign particles
Term
stem cells
Definition
precursors of all blood cells; reside primarily in bone marrow
Term
suppressor T cells
Definition
lymphocytes that decrease B-cell activity to a level at which the immune system is compatible with life
Term
T cells
Definition
cells that are important for producing a cellular immune response
Term
allergen
Definition
substance that causes manifestations of allergy
Term
allergy
Definition
inappropriate and often harmful immune system response to substances that are normally harmless
Term
anaphylaxis
Definition
clinical response to an immediate immunologic reaction between a specific antigen and antibody
Term
angioneurotic edema
Definition
condition characterized by urticaria and diffuse swelling of the deeper layers of the skin
Term
antibody
Definition
protein substance developed by the body in response to and interacting with a specific antigen
Term
antigen
Definition
substance that induces the production of antibodies
Term
antihistamine
Definition
medication that opposes the action of histamines
Term
atopic dermititis
Definition
type I hypersensitivity involving inflammation of the skin evidenced by itching, redness, and a variety of skin lesions
Term
atopy
Definition
term often used to describe immunoglobulin E-mediated diseases (ie, atropic dermintitis, asthma, and allergic rhinitis) with a genetic component
Term
B lymphocytes
Definition
cells that are important in producing circulating antibodies
Term
bradykinin
Definition
a substance that stimulates nerve fibers and causes pain
Term
eosinophil
Definition
granular leukocyte
Term
erythema
Definition
diffuse redness of the skin
Term
hapten
Definition
incomplete antigen
Term
histamine
Definition
substance in the body that causes increased gastric secretion, dilation of capillaries, and constriction of the bronchial smooth muscle
Term
hypersensitivity
Definition
abnormal heightened reaction to a stimulus of any kind
Term
immunoglobulins
Definition
a family of closely related proteins capable of acting as antibodies
Term
leukotrienes
Definition
a group of chemical mediators that initiate the inflammatory response
Term
mast cells
Definition
connective tissue cells that contain heparin and histamine in their granules
Term
prostaglandins
Definition
unsaturated fatty acids that have a wide assortment of biologic activity
Term
rhinitis
Definition
inflammation of the nasal mucosa
Term
serotonin
Definition
chemical mediator that acts as a potent vasoconstrictor and bronchoconstrictor
Term
T lymphocytes
Definition
cells that can cause graft rejection, kill foreign cells, or suppress production of antibodies
Term
urticaria
Definition
hives
Term
agammaglobulinemia
Definition
disorder marked by an almost complete lack of immunoglobulins or antibodies
Term
angioneurotic edema
Definition
condition marked by development of urticaria and an edematous area of skin, mucus membranes, or viscera
Term
ataxia
Definition
loss of muscle coordination
Term
ataxia-telangiectasia
Definition
autosomal recessive disorder affecting T- and B-cell immunity primarily seen in children and resulting in a degenerative brain disease
Term
hypogammaglobulinemia
Definition
lack of one or more of the five immuniglobulins; caused by B-cell deficiency
Term
immunocompromised host
Definition
person with a secondary immunodeficiency and associated immunosuppression
Term
panhypoglobulinemia
Definition
general lack of immunoglobulins in the blood
Term
severe combined immunodeficiency disease
Definition
disorder involving a complete absence of humoral and cellular immunity resulting from an X-linked or autosomal genetic abnormality
Term
telangiectasia
Definition
vascular lesions caused by dilated blood vessels
Term
thymic hypoplasia
Definition
T-cell deficiency that occurs when the thymus gland fails to develop normally during embryogenesis; also known as DiGeorge syndrome
Term
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
Definition
immunodeficiency characterized by thrombocytopenia and the absence of T and B cells
Term
absorption
Definition
phase of the digestive process that occurs when small molecules, vitamins, and minerals pass through the walls of the small and large intestine and into the bloodstream
Term
achalasia
Definition
absence of peristalsis of the lower esophagus resulting in difficulty swallowing, regurgitating, and sometimes pain
Term
amylase
Definition
an enzyme that aids in the digestion of starch
Term
anus
Definition
last section of the GI tract; outlet for waste products from the system
Term
chyme
Definition
mixture of food with saliva, salivary enzymes, and gastric secretions that is produced as the food passes through the mouth, esophagus, and stomach
Term
digestion
Definition
phase of the digestive process that occurs when digestive enzymes and secretions mix with ingested food and when proteins, fats, and sugars are broken down into their component smaller molecules
Term
dyspepsia
Definition
indigestion; upper abdominal discomfort associated with eating
Term
elimination
Definition
phase of digestive process that occurs after digestion and absorption, when waste products are evacuated from the body
Term
esophagus
Definition
collapsible tube connecting the mouth to the stomach, through which food passes as it is ingested
Term
fibroscopy (gastrointestinal)
Definition
intubation of a part of the GI system with a flexible, lighted tube to assist in diagnosis and treatment of diseases of that area
Term
hydrochloric acid
Definition
acid secreted by the glands in the stomach; mixes with chyme to break it down into absorbable molecules and to aid in the destruction of bacteria
Term
ingestion
Definition
phase of the digestive process that occurs when food is taken into the GI tract via the mouth and esophagus
Term
intrinsic factor
Definition
a gastric secretion that combines with vitamin B12 so that the vitamin can be absorbed
Term
large intestine
Definition
the portion of the GI tract into which waste material from the small intestine passes as absorption continues and elimination begins; consists of several parts-ascending segment, transverse segment, descending segment, sigmoid colon, and rectum
Term
lipase
Definition
an enzyme that aids in the digestion of fats
Term
pepsin
Definition
a gastric enzyme that is important in protein digestion
Term
small intestine
Definition
longest portion of the GI tract, consisting of three parts-duodenum, jejunum, and ilium-through which food mixed with all secretions and enzymes passes as it continues to be digested and begins to be absorbed into the bloodstream
Term
stomach
Definition
distensible pouch into which the food bolus passes to be digested by gastric enzymes
Term
Gastroesophageal reflux
Definition
Back-flow of gastric or duodenal contents into the esophagus
Term
Achalasia
Definition
Absent or ineffective peristalsis (wavelike contraction) of the distal esophagus accompanied by failure of the esophageal sphincter to relax in response to swallowing
Term
Dysphagia
Definition
Difficulty swallowing
Term
Dysplagia
Definition
Abnormal change in cells
Term
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)
Definition
Passage of a fiberoptic tube through the mouth and throat into the digestive tract for visualization of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine; biopsies can be performed
Term
Hernia
Definition
Protrusion of an organ or part of an organ through the wall of the cavity that normally contains it
Term
Lithotripsy
Definition
Use of shock waves to break up or disintegrate stones
Term
Odynophagia
Definition
Pain on swallowing
Term
Parotitis
Definition
Inflammation of the parotid gland
Term
Periapocal abscess
Definition
Abscessed tooth
Term
Pyrosis
Definition
Heartburn
Term
Sialadenitis
Definition
Inflammation of the salivary glands
Term
Stomatitis
Definition
Inflammation of the oral mucosa
Term
Temporomandibular disorders
Definition
A group of conditions that causes pain or dysfunction of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and surrounding structures
Term
Vagotomy
Definition
Dumping syndrome; gastrointestinal symptoms, such as diarrhea and abdominal cramping resulting from rapid gastric emptying
Term
Xerostomia
Definition
Dry mouth
Term
Asterixis
Definition
Involuntary flapping movements of the hands associated with metabolic liver dysfunction
Term
Budd-Chiari syndrome
Definition
Hepatic vein thrombosis resulting in non-cirrhotic portal hypertension
Term
Cirrhosis
Definition
Chronic liver disease characterized by fibrosis changes and the formation of dense connective tissue within the liver, subsequent degenerative changes, and loss of functioning cells
Term
Constructional apraxia
Definition
Inability to draw figures in two or three dimensions
Term
Fetor hepaticus
Definition
Sweet, slightly fecal odor to the breath, presumed to be of intestinal origin; prevalent with the extensive collateral portal circulation in chronic liver disease
Term
Fulminant hepatic failure
Definition
Sudden, severe onset of acute liver failure that occurs within 8 weeks after the first symptoms of jaundice
Term
Pylorus
Definition
Opening between the stomach and the duodenum
Term
Duodenum
Definition
First portion of the small intestine, between the stomach and the jejunum
Term
Peritoneum
Definition
Thin membrane that lines the inside of the wall of the abdomen and covers all the abdominal organs
Term
Melena
Definition
Tarry or black stools; indicative of blood in stools
Term
Histamine -2 (H2) receptor antagonists
Definition
A pharmacologic agent that inhibits histamine action at the H2 receptors of the stomach, resulting in inhibition of gastric acid secretion
Term
Proton pump inhibitors
Definition
Pharmacologic agents that block acid secretion by irreversibly binding to and inhibiting the hydrogen-potassium pump adenosine triphosphate pump system at the secretory surface of gastric parietal cells; most potent inhibitors of gastric acid secretion
Term
Pyloroplasty
Definition
Surgical procedure ton increase the opening of the pyloric orifice
Term
Antrectomy
Definition
Removal of the pyloric (antrum) portion of the stomach with anastomosisn(surgical connection) to the duodenum (gastroduodenostomy or Billroth I) or anastomosisn to the jejunum (gastrojejunostomy or Billroth II)
Term
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
Definition
functional disorder that affects frequency of defecation and consistency of stool; is associated with no specific structural or biochemical alterations; associated with crampy abdominal pain and bloating
Term
hemorrhoids
Definition
dilated portions of the anal veins; can occur internal or external to the anal sphincter
Term
fissures
Definition
normal or abnormal fold, groove, or crack in body tissue
Term
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
Definition
group of chronic disorders (most common are ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease) that result in inflammation or ulceration (or both) of the bowel lining; associated with abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever, and weight loss
Term
steatorrhea
Definition
excessive fat in the feces
Term
gastritis
Definition
inflammation of the stomach
Term
stenosis
Definition
narrowing or tightening of an opening or passage in the body
Term
helicobacter pylori
Definition
a spiral-shaped gram-negative bacterium that colonizes the gastric mucosa; is involved in most cases of peptic ulcer disease
Term
achlorhydria
Definition
lack of hydrochloric acid in digestive secretions of the stomach
Term
cholecystitis
Definition
inflammation of the gallbladder
Term
cholelithiasis
Definition
calculi in the gallbladder
Term
pancreatitis
Definition
inflammation of the pancreas; may be acute or chronic
Term
diabetes mellitus
Definition
a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both
Term
prediabetes
Definition
impaired glucose metabolism in which blood glucose concentrations fall between normal levels and those considered diagnostic for diabetes; includes IFG and IGT, not clinical entities in their own right but risk factors for future diabetes and cardiovascular disease
Term
impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), impaired fasting glucose (IFG)
Definition
a metabolic stage intermediate between normal glucose homeostasis and diabetes; now referred to as prediabetes
Term
insulin
Definition
a hormone secreted by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas that is necessary for the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats; a deficiency of insulin results in diabetes mellitus
Term
diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
Definition
a metabolic derangement in type 1 diabetes that results from a deficiency of insulin; highly acidic ketone bodies are formed, resulting in acidosis; usually requires hospitalization for treatment and is usually caused by nonadherence to the insulin regime, concurrent illness, or infection
Term
type 1 diabetes
Definition
a metabolic disorder characterized by an absence of insulin production and secretion from autoimmune destruction of the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas; formally called insulin-dependent, juvenile, or type 1 diabetes
Term
type 2 diabetes
Definition
a metabolic disorder characterized by the relative deficiency of insulin production and a decrease insulin action action and increased insulin resistance; formally called non-insulin-dependent, adult-onset, or type II diabetes
Term
gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)
Definition
any degree of glucose intolerance with its onset during pregnancy
Term
fasting plasma glucose (FPG)
Definition
blood glucose determination obtained in the laboratory after fasting for more than 8 hours
Term
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Definition
hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary; essential for growth and development
Term
thyroid stimulating hormone (THS)
Definition
released from the pituitary gland; causes stimulation of the thyroid, resulting in release of T3 and T4
Term
triiodothyronine (T3)
Definition
thyroid hormone; formed and stored in the thyroid; released in smaller quantities, biologically more active and with faster onset of action than T4; widespread effect on cellular metabolism
Term
thyroxine (T4)
Definition
thyroid hormone; active iodine compound formed and stored in the thyroid; deiodinated in peripheral tissues to form triiodothyronine; maintains body metabolism in a steady state
Term
vasopressin
Definition
ADH secreted by the posterior pituitary; causes contraction of smooth muscle, particularily blood vessels
Term
oxytocin
Definition
hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary; causes myometrial contraction at term and milk release during lactation
Term
Agnosia
Definition
Loss of ability ton recognize objects through a particular sensory system; may be visual, auditory, or tactile
Term
Ataxia
Definition
Inability to coordinate muscle movements, resulting in difficulty in walking, talking, and performing self-care activities
Term
Autonomic nervous system
Definition
Division of the nervous system that regulates the involuntary body functions
Term
Axon
Definition
Portion of the neuron that conducts impulses away from the cell body
Term
Babinski reflex (sign)
Definition
A reflex action of the toes, indicative of abnormalities in the motor control pathways leading from the cerebral cortex
Term
Clonus
Definition
Abnormal movement marked by alternating contraction and relaxation of a muscle occurring in rapid succession
Term
Delirium
Definition
Transient loss of intellectual function, usually due to systemic problems
Term
Dendrites
Definition
Portion of the neuron that conducts impulses toward the cell body
Term
Flaccidity
Definition
Displaying lack of muscle tone; limp, floppy
Term
Parasympathetic nervous system
Definition
Division of the autonomic nervous system active primarily during non-stressful conditions, controlling mostly visceral functions
Term
Photophobia
Definition
Inability to tolerate light
Term
Position (postural) sense
Definition
Awareness of position of parts of the body without looking at them; also referred to as proprioception
Term
Reflex
Definition
An automatic response to stimuli p
Term
Rigidity
Definition
Increase in muscle tone at rest characterized by increased resistance to passive stretch
Term
Romberg test
Definition
Test for cerebellar dysfunction requiring the patient to stand with feet together, eyes closed and arms extended; inability to maintain the position, with either significant stagger or sway, is a positive test
Term
Spasticity
Definition
Sustained increase in tension of a muscle when it is passively lengthened or stretched
Term
Sympathetic nervous system
Definition
Division of the autonomic nervous system with predominantly excitatory responses; the "fight or flight" system
Term
Vertigo
Definition
An illusion of movement, usually rotation
Term
primary headache
Definition
a headache for which no specific organic cause can be found
Term
akinetic mutism
Definition
unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens eyes
Term
altered level of consciousness (LOC)
Definition
condition of being less responsive to and aware of environmental stimuli
Term
autoregulation
Definition
ability of cerebral blood vessels to dilate or constrict to maintain stable cerebral blood flow despite changes in systemic arterial blood pressure
Term
brain death
Definition
irreversible loss of all functions of the entire brain, including the brain stem
Term
coma
Definition
prolonged state of unconsciousness
Term
craniectomy
Definition
a surgical procedure that involves removal of a portion of the skull
Term
craniotomy
Definition
a surgical procedure that involves entry into the cranial vault
Term
Cushing's response
Definition
the brain's attempt to restore blood flow by increasing arterial pressure to overcome the increased intracranial pressure
Term
Cushing's triad
Definition
three classic signs-bradycardia, hypertension, and bradypnea- seen with pressure on the medulla as a result of brain stem herniation
Term
decerebration
Definition
an abnormal body posture associated with a severe brain injury, characterized by extreme extension of the upper and lower extremities
Term
decortication
Definition
an abnormal posture associated with severe brain injury, characterized by abnormal flexion of the upper extremities and extension of the lower extremities
Term
epidural monitor
Definition
a sensor placed between the skull and the dura to monitor intracranial pressure
Term
epilepsy
Definition
a group of syndromes characterized by paroxysmal transient disturbances of brain function
Term
fiberoptic monitor
Definition
a system that uses light refraction to determine intracranial pressure
Term
herniation
Definition
abnormal protrusion of tissue through a defect or natural opening
Term
intracranial pressure
Definition
pressure exerted by the volume of the intracranial contents within the cranial vault
Term
locked-in syndrome
Definition
condition resulting from a lesion in the pons in which the patient lacks all distal motor activity (paralysis) but cognition is intact
Term
microdialysis
Definition
procedure in which an intracranial catheter is inserted near an injured area of brain to measure lactate, pyruvate, glutamate, and glucose levels
Term
migrane headache
Definition
a severe, unrelenting headache often accompanied by symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and visual disturbances
Term
Monro-Kellie hypothesis
Definition
theory that states that due to limited space for expansion within the skull, an increase in any one of the cranial contents-brain tissue, blood, or CSF- causes a change in the volume of the others
Term
persistent vegetative state
Definition
condition in which the patient is wakeful but devoid of conscious content, without cognitive or affective mental function
Term
secondary headache
Definition
headache identified as a symptom of another organic disorder (eg, brain tumor, hypertension)
Term
seizure
Definition
paroxysmal transient disturbance of the brain resulting from a discharge of abnormal electrical activity
Term
status epilepticus
Definition
episode in which the patient experiences multiple seizure bursts with no recovery time in between
Term
subarachnoid screw or bolt
Definition
device placed into the subarachnoid space to measure intracranial pressure
Term
transsphenoidal
Definition
surgical approach to the pituitary via the sphenoid sinuses
Term
ventriculostomy
Definition
a catheter placed in one of the lateral ventricles of the brain to measure intrcranial pressure and allow for drainage of fluid
Term
atonic
Definition
without tone; denervated muscle that atrophies
Term
atrophy
Definition
shrinkage decrease in size of a muscle
Term
bursa
Definition
fluid-filled sac found in connective tissue, usually in the area of joints
Term
callus
Definition
cartilaginous/fibrous tissue at fracture site
Term
cancellous bone
Definition
latticelike bone structure, trabecular bone
Term
cartilage
Definition
tough, elastic, avascular tissue at ends of bone
Term
clonus
Definition
rhythmic contraction of muscle
Term
contracture
Definition
abnormal shortening of muscle or joint, or both; fibrosis
Term
cortical bone
Definition
compact bone
Term
crepitus
Definition
grating or crackling sound or sensation; may occur with movement of ends of a broken bone or irregular joint surface
Term
diaphysis
Definition
shaft of long bone
Term
effusion
Definition
excess fluid in joint
Term
endosteum
Definition
a thin, vascular membrane covering the marrow cavity of long bones and the spaces in cancellous bone
Term
epiphysis
Definition
end of long bone
Term
fascia(epimysium)
Definition
fibrous tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscles
Term
fasciculation
Definition
involuntary twitch of muscle fibers
Term
hypertrophy
Definition
enlargement; increase in size of muscle
Term
isometric contraction
Definition
muscle tension increased, length unchanged, no joint motion
Term
isotonic contraction
Definition
muscle tension unchanged, muscle shortened, joint moved
Term
joint
Definition
area where bone ends meet; provides for motion and flexibility
Term
joint capsule
Definition
fibrous tissue that encloses bone ends and other joint surfaces
Term
kyphosis
Definition
increase in the convex curvature of the spine
Term
lamellae
Definition
mature compact bone structures that form concentric rings of bone matrix; lamellar bone
Term
ligament
Definition
fibrous band connecting bones
Term
lordosis
Definition
increase in lumbar curvature of the spine
Term
ossification
Definition
process in which minerals (calcium) are deposited in bone matrix
Term
osteoblast
Definition
bone-forming cell
Term
osteoclast
Definition
bone resorption cell
Term
osteocyte
Definition
mature bone cell
Term
osteogenesis
Definition
bone formation
Term
osteon
Definition
microscopic functional bone unit
Term
paresthesia
Definition
abnormal sensation (eg, burning, tingling, numbness)
Term
periosteum
Definition
fibrous connective tissue covering bone
Term
remodeling
Definition
process that ensures bone maintenance through simultaneous bone resorption and formation
Term
resorption
Definition
removal/destruction of tissue, such as bone
Term
scoliosis
Definition
lateral curving of the spine
Term
spastic
Definition
having greater-than-normal muscle tone
Term
synovium
Definition
membrane in joint that secretes lubricating fluid
Term
tendon
Definition
cord of fibrous tissue connecting muscle to bone
Term
tone (tonus)
Definition
normal tension (resistance to stretch) in resting muscle
Term
trabeculae
Definition
latticelike bone structure; cancellous bone
Term
accommodation
Definition
process by which the eye adjusts for near distance (eg. reading) by changing the curvature of the lens to focus a clear image on the retina
Term
anterior chamber
Definition
space in the eye bordered anteriorly by the cornea and posteriorly by the iris and pupil
Term
aphakia
Definition
absence of the natural lens
Term
aqueous humor
Definition
water fluid that fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye
Term
astigmatism
Definition
refractive error in which light rays are spread over diffuse area rather than sharply focused on the retina, a condition caused by differences in the curvature of the cornea and lens
Term
binocular vision
Definition
normal ability of both eyes to focus on one object and fuse the two images into one
Term
blindness
Definition
inability to see, usually defined as corrected visual acuity of 20/400 or less, or a visual field of no more than 20 degrees in the better eye
Term
ballous keratopathy
Definition
cornea edema with painful blisters in the epithelium due to excessive corneal hydration
Term
chemosis
Definition
edema of the conjuctiva
Term
cones
Definition
retinal photoreceptor cells essential for visual acuity and color discrimination
Term
diplopia
Definition
seeing one object as two, double vision
Term
emmetropia
Definition
absence of refractive error
Term
enucleation
Definition
complete removal of the eyeball and part of the optic nerve
Term
evisceration
Definition
removal of the intraocular contents through a corneal or scleral incision; the optic nerve, sclera, extraocular muscles, and sometimes, the cornea are left intact
Term
exenteration
Definition
surgical removal of the entire contents of the orbit, including the eyeball and lids
Term
hyperemia
Definition
"red eye" resulting from dilation of the vasculature of the conjuctiva
Term
hyperopia
Definition
farsightedness; a refractive error in which the focus of light rays from a distant object is behind the retina
Term
hyphema
Definition
blood in the anterior chamber
Term
hypopyon
Definition
collection of inflammatory cells that has the appearance of a pale layer in the inferior anterior chamber of the eye
Term
injection
Definition
congestion of blood vessels
Term
keratoconus
Definition
cone-shaped deformity of the cornea
Term
limbus
Definition
junction of the conrea and sclera
Term
miotics
Definition
medications that causes pupillary constrictions
Term
mydriatics
Definition
medications that cause pupillary dilation
Term
myopia
Definition
nearsightedness; a refractive error in which the focus of light rays from a distant object is anterior to the retina
Term
neovascularization
Definition
growth of abnormal new blood vessels
Term
nystagmus
Definition
involuntary oscillation of the eyeball
Term
papilledema
Definition
swelling of the optic disc due to increased intrcranial pressure
Term
photophobia
Definition
occular pain on exposure to light
Term
posterior chamber
Definition
space between the iris and vitreous
Term
proptosis
Definition
downward displacement of the eyeball resulting from an inflammatory condition of the orbit or mass within the orbital cavity
Term
ptosis
Definition
drooping eyelid
Term
refraction
Definition
determination of the refractive errors of the eye and correction by lenses
Term
rods
Definition
retinal photoreceptor cells essential for bright and dim light
Term
scotomas
Definition
blind or partially blind areas in the visual fields
Term
strabismus
Definition
a condition in which there is deviation from perfect occular alignment
Term
sympathetic ophthalmia
Definition
an inflammatory condition created in the fellow eye by the affected eye (without useful vision); the condition may become chronic and result in blindness (of the fellow eye)
Term
trachoma
Definition
a bilateral chronic follicular conjuctivitis of childhood that leads to blindness during adulthood, if left untreated
Term
vitreous humor
Definition
gelatinous material (transparent and colorless) that fills the eyeball behind the lens
Term
acute otitis media
Definition
inflammation in the middle ear lasting less than 6 weeks
Term
cholesteatoma
Definition
tumor of the middle ear or mastoid, or both, that can destroy structures of the temporal bone
Term
chronic otitis media
Definition
repeated episodes of acute otitis media causing irreversible tissue damage and persistent tympanic membrane perforation
Term
conductive hearing loss
Definition
loss of hearing in which efficient sound transmission to the inner ear is interrupted by some obstruction or disease process
Term
deafness
Definition
partial or complete loss of the ability to hear
Term
endolymphatic hydrops
Definition
dilation of the endolymphatic space of the inner ear; the pathologic correlate of Meniere's disease
Term
exostosis
Definition
small, hard, bony protrusions in the lower posterior bony portion of the ear canal
Term
labyrinthitis
Definition
inflammation of the labyrinth of the inner ear
Term
Meniere's disease
Definition
condition of the inner ear characterized by a triade of symptoms; episodic vertigo, tinnitus, and fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss
Term
middle ear effusion
Definition
fluid in the middle ear without evidence of infection
Term
myringotomy (ie tympanotomy)
Definition
incision in the tympanic membrane
Term
nystagmus
Definition
involuntary rhythmic eye movement
Term
ossiculoplasty
Definition
surgical reconstruction of the middle ear bones to restore hearing
Term
otalgia
Definition
sensation of fullness or pain in the ear
Term
otitis externa (external otitis)
Definition
inflammation of the external auditory canal
Term
otorrhea
Definition
drainage from the ear
Term
ostosclerosis
Definition
a condition characterized by abnormal spongy bone formation around the stapes
Term
presbycusis
Definition
progressive hearing loss associated with aging
Term
rhinorrhea
Definition
drainage from the nose
Term
sensorineural hearing loss
Definition
loss of hearing related to damage of the end organ for hearing or cranial nerve VIII, or both
Term
tinnitus
Definition
subjective perception of sound with internal origin; unwanted noises in the head or ear
Term
tympanoplasty
Definition
surgical repair of the tympanic membrane
Term
vertigo
Definition
illusion of movement in which the individual or the surroundings are sensed as moving
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