Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Med surg III UNIT 5 Neuro
objectives 1-4
249
Nursing
Undergraduate 1
03/16/2012

Additional Nursing Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
what is cranial nerve two ( optic) transmit
Definition
sense of vision
Term
what does cranial nerve three ( optic) transmit
Definition
most eye movement, pupillary constriction, upper eyelid elevation
Term
what does the neuromotor four (trochlear) transmit
Definition
down and in eye movement
Term
what does the cranial nerve five (trigeminal) transmit
Definition
corneal reflex, face and scalp sensations
Term
what is the cranial nerve six ( abducens) transmit
Definition
lateral eye movement
Term
what does the cranial nerve seven (facial) transmit?
Definition
expressions of the forehead, eye, mouth and taste
Term
what does the cranial nerve number eight (acoustic) transmi
Definition
hearing and balance
Term
what does cranial nerve number nine (glossopharyngeal) transmit?
Definition
swallowing, salivation, and taste
Term
what does cranial nerve 10 ( Vegus) transmit
Definition
swallowing, gag reflex, talking, sensations of the throat, larynx, and abdominal  viscera , activities of thoracic and abdominal viscera, such as heart rate and peristalsis
Term
what does cranial nerve 11 ( accessory) transmit
Definition
shoulder movement and head rotation
Term
what does cranial nerve 12 ( hypoglossal) transmit
Definition
tongue movement
Term
the autonomic nervous system is divided into what two parts
Definition

the sympathetic nervous system and

the parasympathetic nervous system

Term
what does the sympathetic nervous system control
Definition

blood vessal constriction

elevated blood pressur

enhance blood flow to skeletal muscle

increased heart rate and contractility

increased respiratory rate

smooth muscle relaxation

pupil dilation

sweat secretion

Term
when assessing neural function how should you begin your assessment?
Definition
Beginning with the highest levels of neurologic function and working down to the lowest
Term
What is the earliest and most sensitive indicator that his neurologic status has changed.
Definition
any change in the patient's LOC
Term
what is meant by Alert
Definition
Patient follows commands and responds completly and appropriately to stimuli.
Term
what does the term Lethargic mean?
Definition
Patient is drowsy, has delayed responses to verbal stimuli, and may drift off to sleep during the examination.
Term
what does the term stupors mean?
Definition
Patient requires vigorous stimulation for a response.
Term
what does the term, comatose mean?
Definition
Patient doesn't respond appropriately to verbal or painful stimuli and can't follow commands or communicate verbally.
Term
when assessing arousal to stimuli how should the nurse proceed?
Definition

Start by quietly observing the patient's behavior. If the patient is sleeping, try to rouse him by providing an appropriate stimulus, in this order: 

1. auditory

2. tactile

 3. painful

Term
what should the nurse assess for when listening to the patient speak
Definition
Listen to how well the patient expresses thoughts. Does he choose the correct words or seem to have problems finding or articulating words?
Term

what areas should be assessed to test cognitive function

9

Definition
memory • orientation • attention span • calculation ability • thought content • abstract thinking • judgment • insight • emotional status.
Term
how would you know you patients short-term memory is intact
Definition
A patient with intact short-term memory can generally remember and repeat five to seven nonconsecutive numbers right away and again 10 minutes later.
Term
what type of orientation is usually disrupted first in an neurologically disturbed patient
Definition

time is usually disrupted first

 

orientation to person, last.

Term
What cranial nerves are more vulnerable to the effects of increasing intracranial pressure (ICP).
Definition

• optic (II)- check visual acuity

• oculomotor (III)- check pupil size

• trochlear (IV)- check downward and inward eye movement.

• abducens (VI)- lateral eye movement

Term
how would you assess cranial nerve number one the olfactory nerve
Definition
check patency of each nostril, have the patient close their eyes. occlude one nostril have the patient smell pungent odor and repeat on the other side
Term
how would you assess the optic nerve cranial nerve number two
Definition
check visual acuity, visual fields, and retinal structure to this by asking the patient to read newspaper starting with large headings and moving to smaller print.
Term
how would you assess the oculomotor cranial nerve number three
Definition
check pupil size, people shape, and pupillary response to light.
Term
How would you assess the coordinated function of the oculomotor (CN III), trochlear (CN IV), and abducens (CN VI) nerves simultaneously.
Definition

Make sure that the patient's pupils constrict when exposed to light and that his eyes adapt to seeing objects at various distances. Ask the patient to follow your finger through six cardinal positions of gaze: 

1.left superior

2.left lateral

3.left inferior

4.right superior

5.right lateral

6.right inferior

Term
How would you assess the sensory portion of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)?
Definition
gently touch the right and left sides of the patient's forehead with a cotton ball while his eyes are closed. Instruct him to tell you the moment the cotton touches each area. Compare the patient's responses on both sides.Next, repeat the entire procedure using a sharp object, such as the tip of a safety pin. Ask the patient to describe and compare both sensations.
Term
How would you assess the motor function of the trigeminal nerve (CN 5)
Definition
ask the patient to clench his teeth while you palpate his temporal and masseter muscles.
Term
How would you assess the motor portion of the facial nerve (CN VII)?
Definition

ask the patient to: • wrinkle his forehead • raise and lower his eyebrows • smile to show his teeth • puff out his cheeks. 

Also, with the patient's eyes tightly closed, attempt to open his eyelids. As you conduct each part of this test, look for symmetry.

Term
How would you assess the sensory portion of the facial nerve (CN VII)?
Definition
Test the taste sensation by placing items with various flavors on the patient's tongue. Use items such as sugar (sweet), salt, lemon juice (sour), and quinine (bitter). Between items, have the patient wash away each substance with a sip of water.
Term
How would you assess the acoustic nerve (CN VIII)
Definition
stand on the opposite side and whisper a few words. Find out whether the patient can repeat what you said. Test the other ear in the same way.
Term
How would you assess the vestibular portion of the acoustic nerve (CN VIII)
Definition
observe the patient for nystagmus and disturbed balance. Note reports of the room spinning or dizziness.
Term
How would you assess the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) and vagus nerve (CN X) together?
Definition
Assess these nerves, first, by listening to the patient's voice. Then check the gag reflex by touching the tip of a tongue blade against the posterior pharynx and asking the patient to open wide and say "ah." Watch for the symmetrical upward movement of the soft palate and uvula and for the midline position of the uvula.
Term

How would you assess the 

spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)?

Definition

Note shoulder strength and symmetry while inspecting and palpating the trapezius muscles. 

 

apply resistance from one side while the patient tries to return his head to midline position. Look for neck strength. Repeat on the other side.

Term

How would you assess the 

hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

Definition
1.Ask the patient to stick out his tongue. Look for any deviation from the midline, atrophy, or fasciculations. 
2. Test tongue strength by asking the patient to push his tongue against his cheek as you apply resistance. Observe the tongue for symmetry. 
3. Test the patient's speech by asking him to repeat the sentence, "Round the rugged rock that ragged rascal ran."
Term
How should the nurse assess for pain sensation?
Definition

have the patient close his eyes; then touch all the major dermatomes, first with the sharp end of a safety pin and then with the dull end. Proceed in this order: • fingers

• shoulders • toes • thighs • trunk.

start in the area with the least sensation and move toward the area with the most sensation.

Term
How should the nurse assess for the sense of light touch?
Definition

using a wisp of cotton or tissue. Lightly touch the patient's skin; don't swab or sweep the skin.

 

A patient with peripheral neuropathy might retain the sensation for light touch after losing pain sensation.

Term
How should the nurse assess for response to vibration?
Definition
tap a low-pitched tuning fork on the heel of your hand, and then place the base of the fork firmly over the distal interphalangeal joint of the index finger. Then move proximally until the patient feels the vibration; everything above that level is intact.
Term

If the patient's vibratory sense is intact, you do not need to test for the position sense

 

True or False?

Definition

True

 

If the patient's vibratory sense is intact, further testing for position sense isn't necessary because they follow the same pathway.

Term
How should the nurse assess for position sense?
Definition
have the patient close his eyes, grasp the sides of his index finger and move it back and forth. Ask the patient what position the finger is in.
Term
What is Discrimination
Definition
the cortex's ability to integrate sensory input.
Term
What is Stereognosis
Definition
the ability to discriminate the shape, size, weight, texture, and form of an object by touching and manipulating it.
Term
How should the nurse assess for stereognosis?
Definition
ask the patient to close both eyes and open one hand. Then place a common object, such as a key, in the hand and ask the patient to identify it.
Term
If the pt fails the stereognosis test what test should you do next?
Definition
graphesthesia- While the patient's eyes are closed, draw a large number on the palm of one hand and ask the patient to identify the number.
Term
What is Muscle tone?
Definition
muscular resistance to passive stretching
Term
How would the nurse assess for muscle tone in the arm?
Definition

move the patient's shoulder through its passive range of motion (ROM); you should feel a slight resistance. 

When you let the patient's arm drop to his side, it should fall easily.

Term
How would the nurse assess for arm muscle strength?
Definition
ask the patient to push you away as you apply resistance. Then ask the patient to extend both arms, palms up. Have him close his eyes and maintain this position for 20 to 30 seconds. Observe the arm for downward drifting and pronation.
Term
How would the nurse assess for coordination and balance through cerebellar testing.
Definition
Note whether the patient can sit and stand without support. If appropriate, observe as the patient walks across the room, turns, and walks back.
Term
When cerebellar dysfunction is present, how might the pt gait apper
Definition

the patient has a wide-based, unsteady gait.

 

Deviation to one side may indicate a cerebellar lesion on the side.

Term
What is an appropriate motor responses in an unconscious patient?
Definition

localization or withdrawal

 

This means that the sensory and corticospinal pathways are functioning

Term
What is an inappropriate,motor responses in an unconscious patient?
Definition
decorticate or decerebrate posturing, indicate a dysfunction.
Term
What knowlage is gained by assess deep tendon and superficial reflexes
Definition
the integrity of the sensory receptor organ. You can also evaluate how well afferent nerves relay sensory messages to the spinal cord or brain stem segment to mediate reflexes
Term
What partof the brain controles arousal?
Definition
the reticular activating system
Term
Where is the RAS located?
Definition
in the core of the brainstem
Term
What are cause of unciousness
Definition

Trauma

Brain swelling

Electrolyte changes

Opioid or benzodiazapine overdose

Heavy Metal poisoning

Anoxic brain injury

Term
What does the Glasgow Coma Scale measure
Definition

Best Motor Response

Best Verbal Response

 Best eye response

 

Term
You would assume your pt has a poor prognosis if they were admitted with a Glasgow of __ or lower
Definition
8
Term

What is the Monroe-Kellie hypothesis

 

Definition

There is limoted space in the cranium if swelling occurs it will increase ICP with an increase in ICP the brian will be damaged

ICP - sum of all contents

Term
What is a normal ICP
Definition
0-14
Term
What is considered abnormally elevated ICP
Definition
ICP > 15mmHg for more than 5 minutes
Term
What is the CPP
Definition
pressure required to maintain cerebral perfusion;  dependent on autoregulation of cerebral blood flow
Term
How is the CPP measured
Definition

CPP = MAP – ICP  

Term
What is a normal CPP
Definition
Normal 80 - 100 mmHg
Term
What is the minnimum CCP need to maintain cerebral oxygenation?
Definition
CPP >70mmHg 
Term
What is know about a CPP of <30?
Definition
<30 not compatible with life
Term
What are causes of ↑ ICP
Definition

Hematoma

Tumor

Trauma

Changes in blood flow

Making too much CSF

Term
What is an early sing of increasing ICP
Definition

irtability restlessness

or change in LOC

Term
What are other S/S of increasing ICP?
Definition

Hypertension

+/- Bradycardia

Irregular respiratory pattern

Headache

Nausea/Vomiting

Papilledema 

Term

What is Cushing’s Triad and what does it indicate?

 

Definition

hypertension (widened pulse pressure), bradycardia, irregular respirations)-Late Sign

 

indectes the hernation of the brain and the displacement of the brainstem

Term
What are the three disease states that may arise as a complication of increased ICP
Definition

Diabetes Insipidus

 Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone

 Cerebral Salt Wasting

Term

What are the key S/S of  Diabetes Insipidus 

Definition

Severe intravascular dehydration

Inadequate ADH

High Urine Out

High Serum Sodium

Term
Your pt, with an increased ICP, is found to have DI. What treatments should you anticipate 
Definition

Free water Replacement

DDAVP (Synthetic ADH)

Term
You are going to give your pt DDAVP. what pts need exrta caution when giving this med?
Definition
  • Caution with clients with CAD or HTN

Caution in clients with fluid and electrolyte imbalances- cystic fibrosis, renal disease as they can experience hyponatremia.

Term
After you gave your pt DDAVP they complain of abdominal pain, cramps, and  headaches. What is your best action?
Definition
inform your pt that these are normal S/S of this drug and continue the treatment.
Term
After you gave your pt DDAVP their BP drops wha is your best action?
Definition

Notiphy the MD

Changes in blood pressure either high or low are Serious Adverse Effects

Term

Hyponatremia may occure in your pt with DI if they are taking DDAVP.


True or False?

Definition

True

 

Serious Adverse Effect of DDAVP is hyponatremia

Term
What can the nurse do to decrease the risk of hyponatremia and water intoxication when giving DDAVP?
Definition

Limit fluid intake 1 hour before and 8 hours after dose to decrease the risk of hyponatremia and water intoxication.

 

Establish baseline for weight, blood pressure and electrolytes and urine specific gravity

 

Monitor urine volume and Osmolality as well as patient electrolyte levels.

 



Term

What are the key S/S of SIADH

Definition

 

Severe intravascular fluid volume overload

Too much ADH

Hypervolemia

Hyponatremia- r/t dilution

Oliguria- decreased urine output 

 

Term
How is SIADH treated?
Definition

Sodium replacement

Fluid restriction

Term

What are teh key S/S of Cerebral Salt Wasting

Definition

Dehydration

Neurogenic sodium loss

Hyponatremia

Hypovolemia

High Urine sodium and osmolarity 

Low serum sodium and osmolarity

Term

How is Cerebral Salt Wasting treated?

Definition

Replace fluids and sodium

Term
What is Autoregulation in R/T ICP?
Definition

the ability of cerebral vessels to maintain constant perfusion pressure despite MAP

Term
What happens to the cerebral arterioles when SBP increases?
Definition
cerebral arterioles constrict when SBP increases
Term
What happens to the cerebral arterioles when SBP decreases?
Definition
cerebral arterioles dilate when SBP decreases
Term
What happens to the brain when the ABP < 60 ?
Definition
Mean ABP < 60 ischemia in the brain develops
Term
What happens when the mean ABP is >140
Definition
Mean ABP > 140 vasocongestion can develop
Term
What is Chemoregulation
Definition

sensitivity to CO2 and PO2

Vasodilation with acidosis or hypoxia

Vasoconstriction with alkalosis or hyperoxygenation

Term
CO² >45 every 1 point above this dilates the blood flow _____%
Definition
3%
Term

PO² <50 causes ________ , to get more oxygen

 

Definition
vasodilation
Term
How can you minipulate a pts vasodilation who is on a vent?
Definition
Increasing the respirations will blow off CO2 lowering this level and causing vasoconstriction in the cerebral arterioles 
Term

hypoxia decreases ICP

 

True or False?

Definition

False

 

It is important to avoid hypoxia because increases ICP

Term
At what temp does the O2 demand increas by 6% pre degree above it?
Definition
37° C
Term
What can happen to the brain cells of a pt with a prolonged fever
Definition
the O2 demands are not met and the cells begin anaerobic metabolism. this increases the PH (vasodilation). It also leads to ischemia and edema.
Term
how does cardiac output affect the brain 
Definition

Brain accepts 15-20% of cardiac output


If cardiac output is low then the brain will have decreased perfution.

Term
How is ICP monitored
Definition

Intraventricular catheter (ventriculostomy), 

Subarachnoid bolt,  

Subdural or epidural catheter or sensor, 

Fiberoptic transducertipped catheter

Term
What are the advantages of using a Intraventricular catheter
Definition

measures ICP

can drain or sample CSF

can place contrast

establishes a vol/pressure relationship

Term
What are the disadvantages of using a Intraventricular catheter
Definition

risk of infection

most invasive type of monitoring

Requires frequent transducer balancing or recalibration

Catheter may be occluded

Insertion difficult if ventricles are small, compressed, or displaced

CSF leakage

Term
What are the advantages of using a Subarachnoid bolt
Definition

lower infection rates than is ventriculostomy

quickly and easily placed

Can be used with small or collapsed ventricles 

Requires no penetration of brain tissue

Term
What are the disadvantages of using a Subarachnoid bolt
Definition

can have a dampened waveform

less accurate at high elevations

Requires frequent balancing or recalibration with position changes

 no access for CSF sampling

Term
What are the advantages of using a Subdural or epidural catheter.
Definition

Is least invasive

decreased risk of infection 

easily and quickly placed

Term
What are the disadvantages of using a Subdural or epidural catheter.
Definition

Increase in baseline drift over time means possible loss of reliability or accuracy 

no access for CSF drainage or sampling

Term
What are the advantages of using a Fiberoptic transducertipped catheter
Definition

Can be placed in subdural or subarachnoid space, in a ventricle, or directly within brain tissue 

Is easily transported

Requires zeroing only once (during insertion) 

 decreased risk for infection 

Provides good-quality ICP waveforms 

Requires no adjustment in level of transducer with patient's change of position

Term
What are the disadvantages of using a Fiberoptic transducertipped catheter
Definition

no access for CSF sampling or drainage 

Cannot be recalibrated after placement 

Requires periodic replacement of probe- it is easily damaged

Term
What are the nursing considerations for all types of monitering devices?
Definition

give sedatives or analgesics during catheter insertion. 

Do baseline and serial neurologic assessments.

Measure patient's temperature at least every 4 hours.

Document ICP and CPP measurements, and response to stimulation

Monitor insertion site for bleeding, drainage, swelling, and CSF leakage.

Administer sedatives or analgesics- to decrease risk of catheter being dislodged by patient's movements.

Educate patient's family as indicated. 

Notify physician if ICP or CPP is not within specified parameters.

Term
What are the nursing considerations for just ventriculostomy's
Definition

Notice character, amount, and turbidity of CSF drainage.

Monitor system and tubing for air bubbles, and flush or purge system as appropriate. 

Drain CSF as indicated for treatment of ICP elevation. 

Notify physician if CSF drainage is not within prescribed parameters.

Term
What are the nursing considerations for both ventriculostomy's and Subarachnoid bolt
Definition

Monitor quality of ICP waveform.

Zero or calibrate device per hospital or unit protocol. 

Level transducer at the foramen of Monro; external landmarks include the tragus of the patient's ear and the external auditory canal, among others; all ICP measurements should be made with the transducer at a consistent level relative to external landmarks.

Term
What are the nursing considerations for both Subdural or epidural catheter and Fiberoptic transducertipped catheter
Definition

Monitor quality of ICP waveform and drift 

over time.

Term
What is Sjvo2 and what does it indicate?
Definition

Jugular venous oxygen saturation

used to reflect cerebral oxygen supply-and-demand balance.

↑ Sjvo2 = ↓ cerebral metabolic rate

↓ Sjvo2 = ↑ cerebral metabolic rate

Term
What is Sjvo2 normal values?
Definition
normal value is 60% to 80%.
Term
What does a Sjvo2 value of 50% indicate?
Definition
Patients with values less than 50% and 55% are hypoxemic or oligemic (low cerebral blood flow CBF compared with metabolic rate).
Term
What can cause Oligemia
Definition

decreased blood flow due to hypotension, vasospasm, or intracranial hypertension or as

 

a result of increased brain metabolic requirements due to fever or seizures.

Term
What does a Sjvo2 of < 45% indicate
Definition
indicative ofsevere cerebral hypoxia.
Term
What does a Sjvo2 of > 80% indicate
Definition

considered hyperemic (high cerebral blood flow CBF compared with metabolic need).

or increases if the brain is so severely injured the neurons are unable to extract oxygen.

Term
What is the AVDO2
Definition

the calculation for cerebral O2 consumption; normal is 4-9 ml/dl


(cerebral metabolic rate) CMRO2 = CBF x ajDO2

Term

What does  the Licox/Camino monitor do?

Definition

Early warning of differences between brain tissue oxygen supply and demand independent, sensitive outcome prediction

Term

What is Hypothermic Therapy

 

Definition

Body temperature reduced to 32-34 degrees Celsius to decrease cerebral metabolic demand (used for cardiac and neurological events)

Term
What is the usual length of time Hypothermic Therapy is used
Definition

Maintained for 24 hours then re-warmed

Term

What is a potential problem that may aries from using Hypothermic Therapy

 

Definition

Electrolyte shifts can cause problems

Term
What are the Methods used for Hypothermic Therapy
Definition

Ice packs in axilla, groin, neck

Ice packs, misting with water and fans blowing

Body suits that circulate cold water

Central line infusing iced fluids

Term
What is a Primary brain injury?
Definition

Occurs immediately upon impact of mechanical force

Neurons are basically ripped apart

Term
What is a secondary brain injury
Definition

Intracellular pathologic cascade

Hypoxia, hypercapnea, systemic hypotension, vasospasms,

hyperoglycemia, hypoglycemia, acid-base imbalance, hyperthermia

Term
What are the three classifications of cerebral edema
Definition

Cytotoxic

Vasogenic

Ischemic

Term
What is Cytotoxic edema?
Definition

neuronal degeneration. Each neuron is equipped with a sodium pump to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance. Traumatic injury can cause dysfunction of this pump and consequent influx of sodium and water into the cells (causes cells to burst)

Term
What is Vasogenic edema
Definition
edema is due to compromise of the blood-brain barrier by damaged capillaries that allow plasma leakage into brain tissue
Term
What is Ischemic edema
Definition

is due to a combination of cytotoxic and vasogenic processes.

 

Term


____________  is the major cause of

reduced blood flow to the brain

Definition
Cerebral edema 
Term

Cerebral edema does not usually contribute to ↑ ICP.


True or False? 

Definition

False

 

It is a major contributor to increased ICP.

Term
When will cerebral edema occur after an injury and when will it peak?
Definition

occurs between 1 and 18 hours after injury, peaking at day 3. 

Term
How does Alcohol promote cerebral edema?
Definition

by increasing the permeability of the blood-brain barrier

Term

Benign tumors do not ↑ ICP as much as malignant tumors.

 


 True or False?

Definition

False

 

Neoplasms increasing cerebral contents and causing edema which increasing intracranial pressure. Any growing tumor benign or malignant is taken out if possible because of the effects on ICP

Term
What is a hematoma?
Definition
a colection of blood that creats a space with in the crainial vault that leads to ↑ ICP
Term
How Are Hemotomas Classified 
Definition

Classified based on the space they fill in the meninges or in the brain


(Subdural, Epidural, Subarachnoid, Intracerebral)

Term
What can cause Herniation Syndromes
Definition

Increased fluid volume

Increased brain volume

Term
What are the types of Herniation that can occur
Definition

Cingulate

Central 

Uncal

Tonsillar

 

Term
What is a Cingulate Herniation 
Definition
Lateral shift of hemisphere
Term
What is a Central Herniation 
Definition
Downward shift above tentorium
Term
What is a Uncal Herniation 
Definition
Lateral and downward shift below tentorium
Term
What is a Tonsillar Herniation 
Definition

Downward shift through foramen magnum

(impalement of the brain stem on the tentorium = death)

Term
What should you include in your basic assessment of a pt that might mave a TBI
Definition

Impaired responsiveness

Arousal and content GCS

Pupillary response

Vital signs

Cranial reflexes

Physical Signs of injury 

Term
Your pt has a confermed Basilar Scull Fracture. You have orders to place a NG and to start tube feeds and give morphine vie the NG. What is your best action.
Definition

Do NOT PLACE THE NG!!!! 

call the MD and question the orders.

If an NG is placed on a pt with a Basilar Scull Fracture

the NG may pearce the brain tissue.

Term

What are the two man goals for the interventions of TBI

Definition

Maintain or Optimize Cerebral perfusion pressure CPP

Optimize cerebral oxygenation

Term

Why might Hyperventilation be an intervention for a pt with a TBI?

 

Definition
This will ↓ CO2 and allow for the constriction of cerebral arterioles
Term

It is not recomended to moniter ICP in a pt with a TBI because the moniter may cause further injury.

 

True or False

Definition

False 

 

It is important to moniter the ICP of a pt with a TBI

Term

Why would Osmotic diuretics be used in a pt with a TBI

Definition
to pull off fluid in an effort to reduce the brain swelling
Term

Why would your pt with a TBI need Sedative and paralytics ordered

Definition

↓ cerebral metabolic demand 

to prevent hypoxia that leads to vasodilation

Term

Why might your pt with a TBI need Barbiturates ordered?

Definition

to reduces the risk of seizure activity

(seizures cause extremely high demands of O2)

Term
What are the examples of primary brain trauma
Definition

Scull Fractures-

Coup-Contre Coup

Term
What are the examples of secondary brain trauma
Definition

Edema,Seizures

Term
What are the complications of Cerebral Fractures 
Definition

bleeding, edema and loss of barrier to cerebral tissue, and infection.

Term

What are the S/S of a Basilar skull fracture

 

Definition

Battles sign- Raccoon eyes, bruising behind the ear 

Term
A pt is brought to the ED after falling and hitting his head what S/S are most important to assess at this time?
Definition

Level of Consciousness- arousal

Orientation

Seizures

Papillary changes/visual problems

Vomiting

Change in Speech

Drainage from eyes, ears or nose

Term

What is a Simple partial (focal) Seizure

Definition

Awake, Variable motor, sensory, autonomic or psychic sensations

Term

What are the key features of a Complex partial Seizure

Definition

Eyes are open but nobody is home. Memory lapse/amnesia of the event

Term

What are the key features of a  Absence Seizure

 

Definition

Immediate loss of awareness. "Blanking out". Often immediate alertness afterward.

Term

What are the key features of a Tonic Clonic Seizure

 

 

Tonic phase 

Definition
Loss of consciousness. Skeletal contraction toward the body
Term

What are the key features of a Tonic Clonic Seizure 

 


Clonic phase

 

 

 

Definition

Rapid contraction and relaxation of muscles- convulsions

Ranges from twitching to violent shaking. Eyes roll back. Incontinence

Term
What should a nurse know about cerebral perfusion during tonic-clonic seizures
Definition

Poor cerebral perfusion during tonic-clonic seizures- very high oxygen usage


**Over time persons with seizures can exhibit similar symptoms as those who have had a small stroke

Term
What are Convulsions lasting longer than 30 minutes called 
Definition
status epilepticus
Term
How is status epilepticus treated?
Definition

IV benzodiazepines, sedatives, paralytics and intubation often necessary to reoxygenate the brain

Term

Your pt is in a Postictal State. What should you anticipate from your pt?

Definition

Variable amnesia with gradual awareness of the situation

Exhausted- Will often sleep afterward because of the massive energy expenditure.

Embarrassed

Term
Your pt has been in the ED three time this month with seizures. What education about medications should you go over?
Definition

Levels need to be maintained

Cannot abruptly stop medication

Seizures that cause memory loss can cause patients to take multiple medication doses a day, sugest using a pill box.

Term
What type of drug is Ethosuximide and what is its serum range?
Definition

AED- lowers calcium influx


Used to treat absence (petit mal) seizures


40-100mg/ml 

Term
What type of drug is phenytoin Dilantin and what is its serum range?
Definition

AED- low soudim influx

Used to treat generalized tonic-clonic (grand mal) and other psychomotor seizures: status epilepticus . not for absent seizures.

 
10-20 mcg/ml
Term

What are the Classifications of Brain Attack

 

Definition
Ischemic (>80% of cases), Hemorrhagic
Term

What are the Risk Factors for Brain Attack


Modifiable

Definition
Hypertension and hypotension, Cardiac disease, Coagulopathies, Diabetes, Drug abuse, Cigarette smoking, Excessive alcohol, Cocaine
Term

What are the Risk Factors for Brain Attack

 

Non Modifiable

Definition

Age, Gender, Race, and Genetic factors


***Cardiovascular risk factors may or may not me modifiable

Term
Why do symptoms of a Brain Attack very so widely?
Definition
Symptoms based on the vessel involved and what part of the brain they feed
Term

How does the blood flow Change in a Brain Attack

Definition
Bulls eye pattern with the center having the lowest CPP and the outer ring having the best CPP
Term
The areas with the _____ CPP suffer the most damage and are often left unviable. 
Definition
lowest 
Term

If treatment happens quickly what areas can be revived?

 

Definition

the areas with a higher CPP and greater blood flow.

 

which restores varying levels of cerebral function

Term

What is the progression of cellular changes during a Brain Attack

Definition

Starts as failure of neuronal activity and regional brain dysfunction

Progresses to Cytotoxic edema

 

influx of Na and Cl

Influx of Calcium (irreversible)

Anaerobic metabolism (↑ ph and vasodialation)

 

Progresses still too advanced cell damage and formation of toxins that damage surrounding tissues

Term

What are the Treatment Targets for a Brain Attack

Definition

Rapid identification

Rapid travel to hospital and access to specialists

Rapid intervention

Term
What is the F.A.S.T Test 
Definition

(Face Arm Speech Test)

Facial weakness

Arm weakness

Speech disturbance


ealy indications of a stroke

Term

What is a HemorrhagicBrain Attack

Definition

Hemorrhage of :

Microvessel aneurysms from long standing HTN

Aneurysm #1 cause- larger vessel

AVM’s (Arteriovenous malformations)

Term

What is the Pathophysiology of a Hemorrhagic Brain Attack

Definition

Bleeding leads to ischemia and vasospasm from blood irritation cellular changes as blood is toxic to the brain. 

Term
Whe n is a rebleed most likely to occur after a Hemorrhagic Brain Attack
Definition

4% within 24 hours and 1-2% per day for the fallowing month

Re-bleeding leads to vasospasm. These pts have poor outcomes. 

Term
how is rebleeding prevented?
Definition

tight controle of BP

anticonvulsant therapy

Term
What is the key S/S of a Subarachnoid Hemmorrhage
Definition
sudden, “worst headache of my life!”
Term
how is a Subarachnoid Hemmorrhage treated?
Definition

Decompensate Fast!

Evacuation of hematomas

Shunting and drainage-ventriculostomy placed. May drain CSF

Term
What meds will your pt be placed on who had a Subarachnoid Hemmorrhage
Definition

Antihypertensives (Preop control SBP keep <150 to prevent re-bleeding)

Anticonvulsants

Triple H Therapy- Hypervolemia, hypertension, and hemodilution 

Term
Why is Triple H Therapy used in pts with a Subarachnoid Hemmorrhage
Definition

to treat cerebral vasospasum

Triple H Therapy- used 4-12 days after initial hemorage 

Hypervolemia- 

hypertension- 

hemodilution 

Term

What are the most common causes of  Ischemic stroke

Definition

Carotid stenosis

A fib without use of Coumadin

Coagulopathy's

Cancer

Term

What is the Pathophysiology Ischemic stroke

Definition

Oligemia (reduction in blood flow) leads to 

Ischemia leads to

Cellular ischemic cascade leads to 

Infarction

Penumbra surrounds infarct

Cellar ischemic cascade repeats if blood flow not resored 

 

 

Term
What is the Cellular ischemic cascade
Definition

Disturbances in Ca lead to Lactic Acidosis causing O2 free Radicals to accumulate and leading to cell death

Term
A pt comes to the ED. it is suspected that the pt is having a stoke what tests need to be done STAT
Definition

STAT noncontrast CT within 30 minutes of arrivial

Lumbar puncture

12 lead EKG

Chest x-ray

Carotid doppler Cerebral angiogram

 

 

 

Term
A pt comes to the ED. it is suspected that the pt is having a stoke what labs need to be done STAT
Definition

Labs: CBC, Coags, Chem, ABG’s, toxicology

Term
Your pt in the ED is having a stroke and has high BP. What are the peramiters for treating BP during a stroke?
Definition

Do Not treat BP unless SBP > 220; DBP > 140; or Mean >130

(treat with labetotol, nipride or nicardipine)

Term
What type of Anticoagulant therapy is used during a stroke if it has occued for < 3 hours?
Definition

Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA)

or Streptokinase

 

 

Term
What type of Anticoagulant therapy is used after a stroke or if it has been longer then 3 hours.
Definition

Heparin, Coumadin

Term
What type of Antiplatelet therapy may a pt who has a history of a stroke or risk factores be placed on?
Definition

Aspirin, Ticlid, Plavix

 

Term
your pt is having an Ischemic stroke. where do you want the BP at?
Definition

Blood pressure Tx SBP>185 DBP >110

Term
your pt is having an Islamic stroke. They have received anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy what other meds should you anticipate giving?
Definition

Anticonvulsants

Osmotic agents and diuretics- to reduce ICP


Term

What is the two most common causes of Spinal Cord Injury

Definition

Vehicle Crashes and falls make up over 70% of spinal cord injuries

Term

ALL spinal column injuries are presumed _______ until proven otherwise 

Definition
unstable 
Term

Vertebral (bony) and spinal cord (neural tissue) injuries always occur together.


true or false? 

Definition

False

 

Vertebral (bony) and spinal cord (neural tissue) injuries may occur independently or concurrently

Term
What type of signals does the Anterior Horn transmit?
Definition
Motor 
Term
What type of signals does the Dorsal Horn  transmit?
Definition
Sensory 
Term
What type of signals does the Lateral Horn transmit?
Definition

Spinothalamic- Pain and Temperature

Corticospinal- Voluntary Motor

Term
What type of signals does the Posterior White Columns transmit?
Definition
Position and Vibration
Term

What are the Classifications of Spinal Cord Injuries?

Definition

Complete- Transection of the cord

Incomplete- Partial Cord Injury

Term

What is the best description of a Complete Spinal Cord Injury

Definition

is least likely to get better.

There is no function below the level of injury if the spinal cord injury is complete: No movement , No sharp/dull sensation , No hot/cold sensation

No vibration sensation, No sensation of light or deep touch , No sense of position of the arms or legs 

Term

If your pt has a Complete Spinal Cord Injury at the level of C1-2 what is their prognosis?

Definition
Ventilator dependent- diaphragm paralyzed
Term

If your pt has a Complete Spinal Cord Injury at the level of C3-5 what is their prognosis?

Definition
Varying degrees of diaphragmatic paralysis
Term

If your pt has a Complete Spinal Cord Injury at the level of C6 what is their prognosis?

Definition
Varying degrees of impaired intercostal and abdominal function
Term

What are the types of Incomplete Cord Injury

Definition

Anterior Cord Syndrome

Brown-Sequard Syndrome

Central Cord Syndrome

Posterior Cord Syndrome

Cauda Equina

Sacral Sparing

Term

Your pt has an Anterior Cord injury what deficets would you expect this pt to have?

Definition

Motor paralysis

Lost pain & temp

Term

Your pt has an Anterior Cord injury. What pathways will still work?

Definition

Touch, pressure, and position  remain intact

Term

 

Your pt has posterior cord syndrome. what deficets would you expect this pt to have?

 

Definition

Touch and position is lost

Term

Your pt has posterior cord syndrome. What pathways should remain intact?

Definition

Motor function and pain intact

-Rare

Term

Your pt has central cord syndrome.  what deficets would you expect this pt to have?

Definition

Motor deficit:  Upper extremities weaker than lower extremities

Variable bladder dysfunction

Term

What are the causes of central cord syndrome

Definition

Occurs when the middle part of the spinal cord is damaged.

Occurs with hyperextension injury. It also can be due to degenerative bone changes in the spine and/or narrowing of the spinal canal that surrounds the spinal cord.

Term

Your pt has Brown-Sequard Syndrome.  what deficets would you expect this pt to have?

Definition

Ipsilateral- Motor paralysis ,Touch, pressure and position lost

Contralateral-Pain and temperature lost

Term

Your pt has an cauda equina injury.  what deficets would you expect this pt to have?

Definition

Bowl and Bladder dysfunction

Pain radiating down both legs

Damage to the peripheral nerve roots below the first lumbar vertebra; some regeneration is possible

Term

Your pt has a sacral sparing injury.  what deficets would you expect this pt to have?

Definition

Only have perianal sensation, rectal motor function, and great toe flexor activity

 Indicates possible non-complete lesion

Term

What is a Sacral Sparing non-complete lesion

Definition
Incomplete lesion in which some sacral innervation remains intact; complete loss of motor function and sensation in other areas below the level of lesion
Term

Your pt has upper motor neuron syndrome.  what deficets would you expect this pt to have?

Definition

Originate in the brain and connect to lower motor neurons

Damage to upper motor neurons produce spastic paralysis

Term

What can cause upper motor neuron syndrome.

Definition

Seen in patients with cerebral palsy, in patients with neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis, and in those who have experienced stroke, traumatic brain or spinal cord injury, or hypoxic encephalopathy at the level of the cortex, the internal capsule, the brain stem, or the spinal cord

Term

Your pt has lowwer motor neuron syndrome.  what deficets would you expect this pt to have?

Definition

Lower motor neuron creates “reflex arc”

Loss of function creates flaccid paralysis

Term

What is a Secondary Spinal Cord Injury

Definition

Brain and spinal injury extend from the initial insult

Injury after the primary injury: Ischemia, Electrolyte shifts, Inflammation

Term
How is a Spinal Cord Injury DX by x-ray
Definition
Swimmer’s View” essential to clear the c-spine because it visualizes C1
Term
How does dx  a Spinal Cord Injury DX by CT differ from x-ray
Definition

CT scan:  Better visualization of spinal cord and soft tissues

Term
What types of injuty are Dx by MRI
Definition

MRI:  Best for evaluating tumors and vascular infarct

Term

What is the celluar prosses of Secondary Spinal Cord Injury

Definition

Ischemia: Gray matter ischemia within one hour of injury; may develop spinal shock due to edema and decreased perfusion

Electrolyte shifts: Na+ increases edema; Ca++ breakdown phospholipids and lead to damage cell membranes

Inflammation: Hypoxia causes formation of free radicals  which are neurotoxic

Term
Why must you stabilize all suspected SCI
Definition

Stabilization allows for realignment and potential healing

Sometimes fusion is used to decrease pain

Term

Hypothermic Therapy suppress 

many chemical reactions including......

 

Definition

free radical production, excitatory amino acid release, calcium shifts which lead to mitochondrial damage and apoptosis.

Term

How does Hypothermic Therapy affect the HR

Definition

Decreases Heart Rate

Term

How does Hypothermic Therapy affect the K concentaration

Definition
Decreases phosphate and potassium concentration
Term

How does Hypothermic Therapy affect the gut motility

Definition

Decreases gut motility

Term

 

How does Hypothermic Therapy affect the blood glucose concentrations

 

Definition

Increases blood glucose concentrations

Term

How does Hypothermic Therapy affect the SVR

Definition

Increases SVR

Term

How does Hypothermic Therapy affect the solubility of gases in the blood

Definition

Increases the solubility of gases in the blood

Term

How does Hypothermic Therapy affect the clotting time

Definition
Prolongs clotting times
Term

How does Hypothermic Therapy affect the risk of aspiration pneumonia

Definition

May increase the risk of aspiration pneumonia

Term

How does Hypothermic Therapy affect diuresis

Definition

May causes diuresis

Term

How does Hypothermic Therapy affect seizure activity?

Definition

May act as an anticonvulsant

Term

How does Hypothermic Therapy affect WBC’s and platelets

Definition

May decrease the number and function of WBC’s and platelets

 

Term

What drugs are use during the Acute Phase of SCI

Definition

Steroids:  Inhibit phospholipid break-down; decrease WBC infiltration

Gangliosides:  Stimulate nerve cell growth (best 72 hr)

Lazaroids:  Non-steroidals

Term

What druges are used during the Non-Acute Phase of SCI

Definition

Vasodilators:  Autonomic dysreflexia

Antispasmodics: Decrease contracture and bladder spasm

Pain:  Dysesthesias (phantom pain) in those with paraplegia more often than in those with quadriplegia

Term
what level of SCI may need ventilation suport
Definition

C4-5:  Decreased diaphragmatic innervation

T7:  Decreased intercostal muscles leads to decreased tidal volume and cough 

Term

What are the key features of Neurogenic shock?

Definition

Vasodilation (warm, decreased SVR)

Decreased output (CO, BP)

Decreased sympathetic response (HR)

hypothermia dispight felling warm

Term

How is Neurogenic shock treated?

Definition

Treat bradycardia- eppi, atropine,levophed, isoproterenol

 

vasopressors- eppilevophed, vasopressen

Fluid resuscitation 

warming measures,

Term
What is Spinal Shock
Definition

a condition that can occur shortly after traumatic injury to the spinal cord.

the complete loss of all muscle tone and normal reflex activity below the level of injury.

Term
What is Neurogenic shock caused by?
Definition
results from injury to the descending sympathetic pathways in the spinal cord. This results from loss of vasomotor tone and sympathetic innervation to the heart.
Term

How will a SCI change the function of the GI

Definition

Bowel and bladder incontinence

Bladder spasm

Increased parasympathetic innervation to gut increases pepsin and risk

of ulcer

Gastric distention and ileus

Term
What should a nurse know about the nutritional needs of a pt who has a new SCI
Definition

Hypermetabolism for at least 2 weeks post injury

Term

What is Autonomic Dysreflexia

Definition

Irritation below the level of injury causes activation of the fight or flight response

As a result of sympathetic blockage at the injury, the only symptoms of fight or flight show up above the level of injury.

Severe hypertension

Flushed

Sweating

Treatment: Remove irritation

Supporting users have an ad free experience!