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Med-Surg Exam 2
Respiratory, GI, Musculoskeletal
95
Nursing
Undergraduate 4
05/22/2011

Additional Nursing Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

inspiration is ____

expiration is _____

Definition

active

passive

Term
expiration is slightly active with _____________
Definition
asthma, emphysema
Term
compliance
Definition
elasticity, recoil
Term
tidal volume
Definition
volume of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath
Term
expiratory reserve
Definition
additional air that can be forcefully exhaled after normal exhalation
Term
residual volume
Definition
amount of air remaining in lungs after forced expiration, air available in lungs for gas exchange between breaths
Term
inspiratory reserve volume
Definition
max amount of air that can be inhaled forcefully after normal inhalation
Term
total lung capacity
Definition
max amount of air that lungs can contain
Term
functional residual capacity
Definition
air left in lungs at end of normal exhalation
Term
vital capacity
Definition
max air that can be exhaled after max inhalation
Term
inspiratory capacity
Definition
max air that can be inhaled after normal exhalation
Term
ventilation
Definition
mechanical, movement of air from pressure changes
Term
oxygenation
Definition
loading oxygen onto hemoglobin
Term
circulation
Definition
oxygen to tissues
Term
diffusion
Definition
oxygen to cells
Term

V=___

Q=___

Definition

V= ventilation

Q= perfusion

Term
ideally V/Q should be
Definition
V and Q should match
Term
low Q=
Definition
ventilation is fine but blood available for oxygenation is not
Term
low V=
Definition
blood flow is fine but airflow is not
Term
PaO2 =
Definition
partial pressure, oxygen tension, amount of O2 dissolved in plasma, typically 3%
Term

O2-hemoglobin curve:

shift to left =

shift to right =

Definition

left= increased affinity, O2 attaches to hemoglobin easily but doesn't want to come off in tissues

right= decreased affinity, O2 has a hard time attaching to hemoglobin but comes off easily in tissues

Term
left shift causes
Definition

↑pH

↓temp

↓pCO2

Term
right shift causes
Definition

↓pH

↑temp

↑PCO2

↑2,3 DPG

Term

↑pH

↓temp

↓pCO2

right of left shift

Definition
left
Term

↓pH

↑temp

↑PCO2

↑2,3 DPG

right or left shift

Definition
right
Term
geri considerations for respiratory
Definition

less compliance

increased AP diameter

fewer alveoli

decreased cough reflex, cilia action, immune system

feedback loops slower (less ability to react to hypoxemia or hypercapnia)

Term
results of age related resp changes
Definition

less oxygenation

more secretions

less ability to clear secretions

more infections

less ability to compensate for O2 and pH changes

 

Term
complications of nasal fracture or deviated septum
Definition

breathing obstruction

edema(trauma)

dry mucosa

nosebleed

mucus block

Term
assessment for nasal fracture or deviated septum
Definition

breath through both nostrils

edema, bleeding, hematoma

clear fluid (CSF? test for glucose)

Term
goals for nasal fracture or deviated septum
Definition

reduce edema

prevent complications

Term
nasal fracture or deviated septum interventions
Definition

elevate HOB

nasal packing

ice

be prepared for septoplasty or rhinoplasty

Term
nosebleed interventions
Definition

sitting position

direct pressure for 10-15 min

ice

gauze pad in nostril

vasoconstrictors, cauterization, packing

Term
intermittent allergic rhinitis
Definition
symptoms present less than 4 days/week or 4 weeks/year
Term
persistent allergic rhinitis
Definition
symptoms present more than 4 days/week or 4 weeks/year
Term
pt teaching for allergic rhinitis
Definition
avoid triggers
Term
drugs for allergic rhinitis
Definition

corticosteroids- decrease inflammation(nasal spray)

mast cell stabilizers-inhibit degranulation(nasal spray)

leukotriene receptor antagonists-inhibit airway edema, bronchoconstriction, and inflamm

anticholinergics-decrease secretions(nasal spray)

antihistamines-block H1 receptors

decongestants-constrict vessels

Term
influenza high risk groups
Definition

over 50

chronic heart and resp

hospitalized in past year(more likely to be in hospital again)

LTC residents

immunocompromised

pregnant

healthcare workers

Term
who can get the live flu vaccine
Definition
2-49 yrs if healthy and not pregnant
Term
early sign of pneumonia
Definition
crackles
Term
when to come to Dr if you have the flu
Definition
gradual improvement of flu symptoms followed by worsening cough and purulent sputum
Term
nasal polyps
Definition

benign masses

bluish

cause obstruction and clear discharge

endoscopic/laser surgery

will probably recur cordicosteroids may slow growth

Term
treatment for foreign bodies in nose
Definition

sneeze with opposite nostril closed

remove via point of entry

dont push or irrigate=aspiration/obstruction

pt should see Dr if these don't work

Term
acute pharyngitis
Definition

painful swallowing, white patches (strep)

candida (antibiotic or corticosteroid use)

Term
complications from strep
Definition

rheumatic heart disease

glomerulonephritis

Term
manif of pharyngitis
Definition

scratchy throat

dysphagia

red,edematous

patchy yellow exudates

if white irregular patches-candida

 

Term
management of acute pharyngitis
Definition

symptom relief

prevent secondary infections

treat with antibiotics or nystatin

increase fluid intake

cool,bland liquids and jello won't irritate the pharynx

 

Term
nasopharyngitis can lead to...
Definition

obstruction

otitis media (short, straight eustacian tube-kids)

Term
nasopharyngitis treatment
Definition

treat symptoms

fluids

HOB up

vaporizer

NS nose drops

Term
nasopharyngitis risk for kids
Definition

can lead to obstruction

NEVER stick anything in their throat because you can close their airway(epiglottitis)

 

Term
complication of acute pharyngitis or tonsillitis
Definition
peritonsillar abscess
Term
peritonsillar abscess treatment
Definition
antibiotics, needle aspiration, I&D, tonsillectomy as last resort
Term
obstructive sleep apnea description
Definition

partial or complete obstruction with sleep

tongue and soft palate fall backward and obstruct

15-90 sec

severe hypercapnia and hypoxemia

Term
manifestations of sleep apnea
Definition

frequent awakenings

loud snoring

morning HA

 

Term
management of sleep apnea
Definition

no sedatives or alcohol

wt loss

oral appliance

CPAP

BiPAP

surgery

Term
minimal leak technique
Definition

inflate cuff until you no longer hear air passing through then withdraw 0.1 ml of air

must be adjusted frequently with new trach because of inflammation

Term
suctioning principles
Definition

preoxygenate before each pass

insert without suction

stop if resistance felt

no longer than 10 seconds

 

Term
speaking trach
Definition
fenestrated or compressed air
Term
tracheostomy tube change frequency
Definition

after first tube change changed once a month

 

Term
nsg dx for tracheostomy
Definition

ineffective airway clearance

impaired communication

risk for infection

imbalanced nutrition

impaired swallowing

 

Term
cuff requirement for trach
Definition

pts who cant protect against aspiration need them

RT will evaluate whether or not pt needs cuff

Term
decannulation requirements
Definition

when pt can exchange air and expectorate adequately

 

Term
dressing for stoma after decannulation
Definition
stoma closed with tape and covered with occlusive dressing
Term
pt teaching for decannulation
Definition
splint stoma when coughing, swallowing and speaking
Term
why is there a high risk of disability with head and neck cancer?
Definition
pt disfigured, unable to do things they used to
Term
who is at risk of head and neck cancer?
Definition

men-2x more than women

over 50

tobacco and alcohol

Term
early signs of cancer in the oral cavity
Definition
painless growth, non-healing ulcer, change in denture fit, citric acid irritation
Term
change in denture fit and irritation from citric acid
Definition
oral cancer
Term
pain, dysphagia, decreased tongue mobility, slurred speech, airway obstruction, thickened oral mucosa, leukoplakia, erythroplakia
Definition
late signs of oral cancer
Term
early signs of this type of cancer are rare and its usually diagnosed later
Definition
oropharynx, hypopharynx, supraglottic larynx
Term

late signs of

oropharynx, hypopharynx, supraglottic larynx cancer

Definition
hoarseness, change in voice quality, lump
Term

small, localized and usually curable

Which cancer stage?

Definition
1
Term

typically locally advanced and/or have spread to local lymph nodes

Which cancer stage?

Definition
2 & 3
Term

Which cancer stage?

metastatic and considered inoperable 

Definition
4
Term
care for head and neck cancer
Definition
radiation, surgery, chemo, nutritional therapy
Term
nsg goals with head and neck cancer
Definition
patent airway, no complications from therapy, adequate nutrition, communication ability, accept body image
Term
who is at risk for pneumonia?
Definition
any surgery-thoracic-abdominal especially elderly immunocompromised, DM, obstructive lung disorder, aspiration risk, trach, ventilator, smoker, bedridden, young kids
Term
PCs of pneumonia
Definition
pleurisy, pleural effusion, atelectasis, lung abscess, empyema, pericarditis, arthritis, meningitis, endocarditis
Term
TB symptoms
Definition

early-none

mid-night sweats, low grade fever

late-dyspnea unusual, cough, chest soreness

Term
acute exacerbation of TB symptoms
Definition
high fever(above 102) chills, pleuritic pain, cough
Term
miliary TB
Definition
lots of tiny lesions, chest xray looks like rice, necrotic ghon complexes
Term
necrotic ghon complexes
Definition
eat through vessels, invade blood stream, and invade all organs
Term
acid fast bacillus
Definition
collect sputum samples 3 consecutive mornings, used to dx TB
Term
complications of TB
Definition
pleural effusion, empyema, TB pneumonia, spread to other organs
Term
patho of lung cancer
Definition
hypersecretion-more difficult to clear, hyperplasia-more difficult to oxygenate
Term
types of lung cancer
Definition

small cell (more lethal)20%

non-small cell-80%

oat cell-most lethal

Term
symptoms of lung cancer
Definition

mid-pneumonitis, cough with sputum, hemoptysis, chest pain, dyspnea

late-anorexia, fatigue, n/v, hoarse voice, unilateral paralysis of diaphragm

Term
closed pneumothorax causes
Definition
spontaneous, mechanicla ventilation. subclavian catheter insertion, perforation of esophagus, rib fracture, COPD(bleb pops)
Term
open pneumothorax causes
Definition
stab, gsw, thoracotomy
Term
tension pneumothorax
Definition
lung collapse, mediastinal shift, great vessels compressed, decreased venous return, decreased CO
Term
pneumothorax symptoms
Definition
shallow rapid resp, air hunger, absent breath sounds on affected side
Term
tension pneumothorax symptoms
Definition
severe resp distress, tachycardia, hypotension, tracheal shift
Term
treatment for pneumothorax
Definition

if small may resolve on its own

open-vented dressing, if stabbed don't remove the object until the dr is there

Term
what does bubbling in the water seal indicate?
Definition

early -normal, the air is draining from the pleural space

late-there is a leak

*may be some bubbling with coughing/deep breathing

Term
the suction chamber is bubbling what do you do?
Definition
nothing it should be bubbling
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