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Mech Test 2b
mech
32
Medical
Undergraduate 2
11/05/2009

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Term
Smoking
(why it causes atherosclerosis)
Definition
-increase lipoprotein production
-increase vasoconstriction
-increase plasma fibrinogen concentration (platelet aggregation, which causes blood clot)
Term
Hypertension
(why is causes atherosclerosis)
Definition
-high shear force cause mechanical damage, it activates the platelets and coagulation process
-causes smooth muscle hypertrophy (thickening of the medial layer)
Term
Diabetes
(why it causes atherosclerosis)
Definition
-increases glucose level in the plasma-this increases the glycosylation of proteins, which activates hemostasis
Term
Glycosylation
Definition
adds sugar to proteins
Term
Complications of Atherosclerosis
Definition
*acute occlusion of the atery
-M.I. -stroke
-gangrene of intestine or lower
extremity (no blood supply)
*chronic narrowing of lumen of artery
-reduced blood flow -aneurysm
-atrophy of that organ
-embolism
Term
Ischemic Heart Disease
Definition
low blood supply to cardiac muscles
Term
Angina Pectoris
Definition
chest pain
Term
Stable Angina
Definition
*reproducible chest pain caused by increased physical or emotional excitment
*relieved by rest or vasodilation
Term
Lactic Acid
Definition
begins to burn the nerve endings in muscles, causing pain
Term
Unstable Angina
Definition
chest pain with progressively less effort, often at rest, prolonged duration
Term
Myocardial Infarction
Definition
*the whole process of ischemia, necrosis, and inflammation of surrounding tissue
*cardiac muscles dies because of lack of oxygen
Term
Clinical Symptoms of Heart Attack
Definition
-squeezing chest pain
-pain radiated up to left shoulder, down left arm (also in neck, back, jaw)
-nausea/vomiting (in some people)
-shortness of breath
-sweating
Term
People with M.I. have History of:
Definition
-high blood pressure
-smoking
-overweight
-hereditary predisposition
Term
Diagnosis of M.I.
Definition
-physical examination
-EKG-electro cardial gram
-increased troponins(key enzyme,specific for cardiac muscles)
Term
Rare Causes of M.I.
Definition
-vascular spasm(from some drugs-cocaine)
-emboli
-very low blood pressure
-trauma to coronary artery (accident-knife, bullet)
Term
Transmural Infarction
Definition
affects the full thickness of the myocardium in the territory supplied by specific artery
*90% of M.I. cases
Term
Subendocardial Infarction
Definition
affects the inner half of the full circumference of the ventricular myocardium
*10% of M.I. cases
Term
Bypass Surgery
Definition
take a portion of the occluded artery, remove it, and replace with synthetic portion, portion of leg vein, or a catheter with a balloon
Term
Prevention and Treatment of M.I.
Definition
*bypass surgery
*balloon catheter
*low aspirin
*streptokinase-don't use anymore
*tPA (tissue plasminogen activator)-enzyme
*Nitrate-keeps vessels dilated
Term
Arrythmia
Definition
irregular heart beat
Term
Complications of M.I.
Definition
*immediate death
*arrythmia
*thrombus with embolism
*chronic pump failure
*ventricular aneurysm formation
*rupture of necrotic myocardium
Term
Chronic Pump Failure
Definition
not able to deliver blood to nails, fingers, heart, etc
Term
Hypertension
Definition
high blood pressure
Term
Idiopathic
Definition
no known cause
Term
Cardiac Output =
Definition
stroke volume x heart rate
Term
Determinants of Blood Pressure
Definition
1-cardiac output
2-Peripheral Resistance to Blood Flow
Term
Complications of Untreated HBP
Definition
1-arterial wall hypertrophy
2-decreases the lumen
3-increases the atheroma
4-stroke
5-heart attack
6-heart failure
8-blindness
9-renal failure
Term
Treatment of HBP
Definition
1-reduce the pressure to normal level
2-minimum dose of anti-hypertension (drugs)
Term
Non-Pharmacological Solutions
Definition
1-weight loss
2-less salt intake
3-moderate exercise
4-stop smoking
5-treat diabetes
6-lower your cholesterol
7-secondary HBP (due to kidney)
Term
Beta Blocker
Definition
slow the heart rate
Term
Calcium Antagonists
Definition
block calcium ions influx into cells, smooth muscles of arteries
*wont cause constriction of blood vessels
Term
ACE Inhibitors
Definition
should be drug of choice to lower BP
*negative feedback system
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