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MCB3023 Test 3
bacteria/fungi
70
Microbiology
Undergraduate 3
03/30/2011

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Term
proteobacteria
Definition
gram negative; over 1300 species
Term
brucella
Definition
alpha proteobacteria; jumps from cows to people (unpasterized milk) and can induce abortion
Term
zymonanas
Definition
alpha proteobacteria; important in the production of ethanol...spoils beer?
Term
rhizobacteria
Definition
alpha proteobacterium; important in fixing nitrogen (agriculture)
Term
neisseria gonorrheae
Definition
beta proteobacteria; STD; can cause blindness in babies (gonococcal opthalmia)
Term
bordetella
Definition
beta proteobacteria; whooping cough (pertussa)
Term
E. coli
Definition
gamma proteobacteria; a pathogenic strain releases hemolytic siga toxin which dstroys RBCs thereby overloading kidnes with proteins (syndrome is called uremic hemolytic syndrome)
Term
fracisella
Definition
gamma proteobacteria; highly antibiotic resistant AND pathogenic (can be used as bioterrorism agen); causes skin infection; lethal
Term
Yersinia pestis
Definition
gamma proteobacteria; black plague
Term
pseudomonas
Definition
gamma proteobacteria; some species are pathogenic and have a high antibiotic resistance
Term
acinetobacter
Definition
delta proteobacteria
Term
moraxella
Definition
delta proteobacteria
Term
myxococcus
Definition
delta proteobacteria
Term
campilobacter
Definition
episolon proteobacteria
Term
helicobacter
Definition
episolon proteobacteria; causes ulcers in gut
Term
Firmicutes
Definition
a phylum of bacteria w/ low G=C content gram pos. bacteria as well as mycoplasmas
Term
clostridium
Definition
Firmicutes; strictly anaerobic; produces nuerotoxins that paralyzies muscle fibers
Term
bacillus anthracis
Definition
Firmicutes; produces spores, easy to transport and produce, highly antibiotic resistant; bioterrorism agent
Term
staphlococcus
Definition
Firmicutes; MRSA
Term
streptococcus
Definition
Firmicutes; flesh eating bacteria
Term
lactobacillus
Definition
Firmicutes; used in food production (bread, wine, probiotic effect)
Term
Spirochetes
Definition
phylum of bacteria; it's associated with human disease but it's hard to culture. also it's hard to distinguish b/n species within it (PTS systems differ between them)
Term
Tapnema, leptospira, borrellia
Definition
spirochetes
Term
monophyletic
Definition
common descent from ONE ancestor
Term
Chytridiomycota--Fungi
Definition
can be saprophytic (capable of degrading cellulose/keratin) and parasitic; produce a zoospore (with a single flagella); can be sexual and asexual; cells exist as single celled, small multinucleate mass, true mycelium
Term
zygomycota--fungi
Definition
saprophyties/parasitic (few), hyphae are coenocytic or multinucleated and haploid; sexual repro. results in zygospores; asexual repro results in spores w/in sporangia at tip of hyphae
Term
zygospore
Definition
tough/thick walled zygotes that can remain dormant in adverse conditions
Term
Rhizopus Stolonifer
Definition
member of zygomycota; when conditions are unfavorable they sexually reproduce: begins when homrnones produced due to proximity results in formation of progametangia which then mature into gametangia; the gamentai fuse along with the nuclei of the gametes to produce a zygote (zygospore). in order to germinate, meiosis cocurs and the zygospore splits and produces a hyphae that is haploid
Term
Glomeromycota--FUNGI
Definition
filamentous, most are endomycorrhizal (symbionts with plants), arbuscular; lack cilium; form asxual spores outside of host plant; lack centrioles, conidia and areaial spores (appressoria--flattened hypae penetrate the plant)
Term
Ascomycota--FUNGI
Definition
commonly known as sac fungi; sexual reproduction involves meisosis of a diploid nucleus in an ascus, giving rise to haploid ascospores; most also undergo asxual repro w/ the formation of condiospores. many produce asci w/in complex fruting bodies called ascocarps. includes saprophytic, pparasitic forms; many form mutalisms with phototropic microbes to form lichen
Term
S. cerevisae
Definition
member of ascomcota; yeast; then nutrients are abundant haploid and diploid cells undergo mitosis and grow vegetatively when nutrients are limited diplids undergo meiosis to produce four haploid cells that remain bound to a common cell wall (ascus) upond the addn of nutrients 2 haploid cells of opposite mating types fuse to make diploid
Term
filamentous ascomycota
Definition
undergo asxual repro (to form conidispore); can also reproduce sexually
Term
Basidiomycota--FUNGI
Definition
club fungi; sexual reproduction involves formation of a basidium within which haploid basidiospores ar formed. usually 4 spores per basidum but can range from 1 to 8. sexual repro involves fusion w/ opposite matying type resulting in a dikaryotic mycelium w/ parental nucei paired but not initially fused; many are saprophytes
Term
death angel
Definition
member of basidomycota, aminta phalloides produces toins alpha amanitin and phalloidin
Term
Urediniomycota/ustilaginomycota--FUNGI
Definition
form small basidiocarps; contains rusts and smuts (plant pathogents); dimorphic
Term
Microosporidia--FUNGI
Definition
sometimes still referred to as prostists; obligate intracellular parasites of fish/insects/humans; lack centrioles, mitochonria, and peroxisomes; spores have an inner chitin wall and outer wall of protein; produce a tube for host penetration
Term
Candidaisis
Definition
mycoses of ascomycota; dimorphic, thrush
Term
Blastomycosis
Definition
mycoses of ascomycota; caused by dimorphic fungi dermatidis; 3 forms: cutaneous, pumonary and disseminated
Term
histoplasmosis
Definition
mycoses of ascomycota; caused by hisoplasma capsulatum, most infections are symptomless
Term
aflatoxins
Definition
mycoses of ascomycota; aspergillus flavus and a. parasituc (saprophytes) produce these toxins; commonly contaminate grains. these are carcinogenic, mutagenic and immunosuppressive
Term
aspergillosis
Definition
mycoses of ascomycota; mostly widely distributed disease causing fungi (pulmonary infection)
Term
pneumocysitis pneumonia
Definition
mycoses of ascomycota; PCP; only immune compromised ppl get diease (alveoli fill up w/ exudate)
Term
plus strand
Definition
The plus strand is the same as the sense strand and can also be called the coding or non-template strand. This is the strand that has the same sequence as the mRNA (except it has Ts instead of Us).
Term
minus strand
Definition
the template, minus, or antisense strand, is complementary to the mRNA.
Term
important properties of viruses
Definition
nucleic acid type and strandedness, presence of envelope, symmetry of evenlope, dimmension of virion and capside
Term
baltimore sys of classification
Definition
for viruses; 6 groups based on nucleic acid/strandedness
Term
Group 1 viruses
Definition
ds DNA; most common type; virus can use host polymerase and/or viral genes for replication and mRNA synthesis
Term
T4
Definition
group 1 virus; timing of mRNA production is controlled by 2 sigma factors; uses a modified cytosine (HMC) to protect itself fro restriction enzymes
Term
bacteriophage lambda
Definition
group 1 virus; temperate; genome is linear inside capsid bur circularizes inside the cell; it makes the decision on lytic or lysogenic cycles based on the production of two proteins cro (favors lytic) and lambda repressor (favors lysogeny)
Term
herpes
Definition
group 1 virus; enveloped, spiked, linear genome
Term
varicella zoster virus
Definition
group 1 virus; causes chickenpox/shingles
Term
HPV
Definition
group 1 virus; STD, cancer associated, vaccine available
Term
variola virus
Definition
group 1 virus; smallpox, large virus, high fatality, vaccine eradicated it
Term
Group 2 Viruses
Definition
single (positive) DNA genome; uses rolling circle replication to make dsDNA
Term
fd phage
Definition
group 2 virus; circular, pos. DNA; infects F+, F', and HFr cells through the pilus; do not kill host through lytic cycle (continously secrete virions instead)
Term
human parvovirus
Definition
group 2 virus; causes eythema infectiosum; tricks host into replicating its ssDNA b folding on itself to act as a primer
Term
Group 3 viruses
Definition
ds RNA genome: require virla RNA dependent RNA polymerase (which replicates genome and is a transcriptase)
Term
rotavirus
Definition
group 3 virus; spread via fecal-oral contamination; causes viral gastroenteritis
Term
Group 4 viruses
Definition
plus strand ssRNA genome; uses this strand to make protein
Term
poliovirus
Definition
group 4 virus; inhabits GI; causes paralysis; vaccines have nearly eradicated it
Term
heptatis C
Definition
group 4 virus; transfered through blood and sexual contact
Term
TMV
Definition
group 4 virus; upon entry, generate mRNA instead of making proteins; plant virus that can enter via wound
Term
other group 4 viruses
Definition
Hep A, norovirus (gastroenteritis), flavivirus (west nile fever), rubella, SARS
Term
Group 5 Viruses
Definition
minus strand RNA; genome cannot function as mRNA so a RNA dependent RNA polymerase has to be packed into capside; mRNA has a 5' cap and poly A tail; first uses genome as template for mRNA then a plus strand RNA is synthesized for replicatoin
Term
rabies virus
Definition
group 5 virus; neurotropic virus in salivary glands (by bites/contaminination of wound); once inside the brain, it produces Negri bodies which causes encephalitis and paralyses
Term
influenza virus
Definition
group 5 virus; virus is classified by group, host location, strain number, year and antigenic description (HA and NA antigen types are the reason for continual reinfection)
Term
Group VI viruses
Definition
Retroviruses; plus strand RNA but they don't use their genome as mRNA--they convert it to ds DNA capable of integrating into the host's genome (require an RNA dependent DNA polymerase --reverse transcriptase) in the virus
Term
HIV
Definition
group VI virus
Term
ricketssia
Definition
alpha proteobacteria; causes typhus; Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever; it's intracellular
Term
directional cloning
Definition
you know that the ORF will encode a protein in one direction, if you clone it in the reverse direction it will not have the same info, ok...so to clone it directionally you have to use 2 restriction sites, one in the 5' end and a different in the 3' end, if you digested the plasmid with those 2 enzymes, your cloning will be only in one direction
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