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MCB Test One
All PPTs
209
Microbiology
Undergraduate 3
01/20/2013

Additional Microbiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Define microbiology
Definition
The study of organisms too small to be seen by the unaided eye.
Term
How small can the eye see until?
Definition
.1 mm
Term
What are the three domains?
Definition
bacteria, archaea, eukarya
Term
Why Study micro? Indigenous microbiota?
Definition
microbes on your body
Term
Why Study micro? Microbial ecology
Definition
how microbiota interact
Term
Why Study micro? Decomposers - what they do and one example
Definition
rotting ( saprotrophs )
Term
Why Study micro? Bioremediation
Definition
cleanup!
Term
What are the "microbes for society?"
Definition
bioremediation and biotechnology
Term
Why Study micro? Entire list (8)
Definition
indigenous microbiota, microbial ecology, decomposers, model organisms, bioremediation, biotechnology, antibiotics, infectious disease
Term
What is the scope of microbiology? 5 things
Definition
Bacteriology, mycology, phycology, protozoology, and virology
Term
What is bacteriology study?
Definition
bacteria and archaea
Term
What is mycology?
Definition
the study of fungi
Term
What is phycology
Definition
the study of algae
Term
What is protozoology
Definition
The study or protozoa
Term
What is virology
Definition
The study of viruses, viroids and prions
Term
What does general microbiology encompass (four things)
Definition
biochemistry, physiology, ecology, and taxonomy
Term
What is applied microbiology? 5 things
Definition
industrial, food, agricultural, environmental, biotechnology
Term
What is medical microbiology? 6 things
Definition
pathogenic, diagnostic, veterinary, epidemiology, immunology, medical virology
Term
What are nosocomial infections?
Definition
developing an infection - resistant so 100k people die.
Term
How are nosocomial infections started?
Definition
people don't wash their hands
Term
Antony van Leeuwenhoek
Definition
simple microscopes
Term
Who discovered bacteria, yeast, algae and protozoa?
Definition
Luuewenhoek
Term
"animacules"
Definition
bacteria, yeast, algae, protozoa
Term
What were some major areas that people questioned in the 1700s to mid 1800s?
Definition
pleomorphism vs monomorphism, transformation of organic matter, spontaneous generation
Term
who was the father of bacteriology?
Definition
Ferdinand Cohen
Term
Who proved monomorphism of microbes?
Definition
Ferdinand Cohen
Term
How was monomorphism of microbes discovered?
Definition
avoiding contamination
Term
Who discovered the anthrax and rabies vaccine?
Definition
Louis Pasteur
Term
Who discovered anaerobic life?
Definition
Pateur
Term
Who disproved spontaneous generation?
Definition
Pasteur
Term
Who discovered that transformations of organic matter was due to microbes (decomposing i think)
Definition
Pasteur
Term
Review broth experiment
Definition
n/a
Term
Who discovered the bacterial causation of anthrax?
Definition
Robert Koch
Term
Who came up with the idea that each bacteria has one disease
Definition
Robert Koch
Term
Who had the principles of infection?
Definition
Koch - Koch's postulates
Term
Review experiment with rats
Definition
n/a
Term
What did German schools focus on
Definition
isolation, cultivation, and characterization of infectious agents
Term
What did French school focus on?
Definition
how infectious diseases takes place and how recovery and immunity occur
Term
What are the main causes of death of the US now
Definition
non-infectious diseases
Term
What are bacteria expressed in?
Definition
micrometers
Term
What are viruses expressed in?
Definition
nanometers
Term
what two measurements do we need to know?
Definition
micrometer and nanometer
Term
How are ocular movements are calibrated?
Definition
stage micrometer
Term
how is calibration performed?
Definition
for each magnification
Term
What colors of light are used in microscopes
Definition
blue and green
Term
What do you need to be able to distinguish two adjacent points?
Definition
resoultion
Term
what is empty magnification?
Definition
increased magnification without increased resolving power
Term
What is light microscopy limit?
Definition
.2 micrometers
Term
What resolving power was van Leeuwenhoek's microscope?
Definition
300x
Term
Simple microscopes - 2 points form slides
Definition
one magnifying lens
3-20x magnification
Term
How many lenses do compound microscopes have?
Definition
more than one
Term
what is a modern compound's light 'scopes'?
Definition
~1000 magnification
Term
What are the objective lenses for compound microscopes?
Definition
4, 10, 40, 100
Term
What is the equation for total magnification?
Definition
ocular x objective
Term
What does a darkfield microscope do?
Definition
illuminates objects against a dark background
Term
What kind of resolving power does a darkfield microscope have?
Definition
increased
Term
How do you see the bacteria in a darkfield microscope?
Definition
you see it reflecrted off of the bacteria
Term
What is the concept behind a phase contrast microscope
Definition
cells differ in refractive index from that of the medium
Term
TF Phase contrast microscopes are stained
Definition
F
Term
What do PED nurses use to help diagnose whooping cough?
Definition
Fluorescence Microscopes
Term
Fluorescence Microscopes: What stimulates dyes, pigments to fluoresce
Definition
UV
Term
How many colors does a fluoresence microscope have?
Definition
one
Term
Where are fluorescence microscopes used?
Definition
clinical microbio, microbial ecology
Term
What type of microscope can't use lenses?
Definition
electrons
Term
What are the illumination sources in electron microscopes
Definition
electron beams
Term
what focus the beam on electron microscopes?
Definition
magnets
Term
What microscope has a much higher magnification resolution?
Definition
electron
Term
Are organisms alive in Electron microscopes?
Definition
no
Term
What are the three main points of Transmission electron microscopy?
Definition
it studies the internal structure of cells, requires thin sections, high mag/resolution
Term
Two main points of scanning electron microscopy
Definition
external features and intact cells
Term
What kind of microscope discovered smallpox?
Definition
scanning E M
Term
Define biochemistry
Definition
chemistry dealing with the chemical compounds and processes occurring in living things
Term
Who said that biochem was the molecular logic of living organisms?
Definition
Lehninger
Term
What are the guts of microorganisms?
Definition
biomolecules
Term
What is biochemistry
Definition
everything in a cell: defined by it, interact with each other through it
Term
What are the strongest bonds?
Definition
covalent
Term
How many elements are required by living organisms?
Definition
22, 16 are found in all organism
Term
What are the most abundant compounds in living matter?
Definition
HONC
Term
What elements have the strongest covalent bonds?
Definition
lightest
Term
What configuration is carbon?
Definition
tetrahedral
Term
What element can form the most stable molecules of different shapes and sizes?
Definition
carbon
Term
What has high specific heat and high surface tension?
Definition
water
Term
What are polysaccharides (very basic)
Definition
carbohydrates
Term
What is teh CHO ratio of carbs?
Definition
1:2:1
Term
What are the monomeric units of polysaccharides?
Definition
pentoses and hexoses
Term
What are the bonds for polysaccharides?
Definition
glycosidic bonds ( covalent bonds )
Term
What are the different kinds of saccharides?
Definition
mono, di, tri, etc
Term
What are stereoisomers?
Definition
chemically the same but put together differently
Term
What do polysaccharides function as? 2 things
Definition
carbon and energy reserves cell wall components
Term
What is in cell walls of bacteria?
Definition
peptidoglycan
Term
What determines the type of polysaccharide it is?
Definition
the bond
Term
what is the most common biopolymer?
Definition
cellulose
Term
Define lipid
Definition
glycerol bonded to fatty acids and other groups (such as phosphate by an ester or ether linkage
Term
What types of bonds are found in archaea?
Definition
ether
Term
define fatty acids
Definition
chains of carbons atoms with a single carboxylic acid group
Term
Simple lipid (aka and definition)
Definition
triglyceride : 3 fatty acids bound to a glycerol molecule
Term
TF lipids are macromolecules
Definition
False: monomers are not linked by covalent bonds
Term
Define complex lipids
Definition
simple lipids containing additional elements or small carbon compounds
Term
Phospholipids
Definition
lipids containing a phosphate group
Term
What does 'glyco' mean?
Definition
sugar
Term
TF the phospholipid bilayer is a solid structure
Definition
False
Term
What are the monomers of nucleic acids?
Definition
nucleotides
Term
what type of bond is the nucleic acids
Definition
phosphodiester bonds
Term
What are 2 examples of nucleic acids?
Definition
DNA and RNA
Term
What are the three types of RNA
Definition
mRNA, tRNA, RRNA
Term
What are the two bases of nucleic acids?
Definition
pyrimidine and purine
Term
What are the three different structures of DNA?
Definition
complementary, primary and secondary
Term
What is the monomeric unit of proteins?
Definition
amino acids
Term
What type of bonds join proteins
Definition
peptide bonds
Term
oligopeptides are ____ amino acids
Definition
few
Term
TF proteins are catalytic
Definition
T: enzymes
Term
What are the structural proteins making up? 3
Definition
membranes, cell walls, cytoplasmic components
Term
Chemical properties of proteins come from what?
Definition
R groups
Term
Protein structure: Primary
Definition
amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain
Term
Protein structure: Secondary
Definition
twisting or folding of polypeptide in two dimensions
Term
Protein structure: Tertiary structure
Definition
3 dimensional folding of a polypeptide
Term
Protein structure: Quaternary
Definition
the arrangement of polypeptide subunits to form the final protein
Term
What do you need to have quaternary structure in proteins?
Definition
2 polypeptide chains
Term
What stabilize chains in proteins?
Definition
side and R groups
Term
How do proteins maintain interactions?
Definition
H bonds
Term
What helps to stabilize tertiary structures more than H
Definition
disulfide
Term
How do sulfur groups help to stabilize?
Definition
they oppose each other on opposite ends and stabilize
Term
How does urea affect proteins?
Definition
it allows H bonds to reform
Term
Define denaturation
Definition
taking away what allows the cell to break what makes the bond
Term
Who coined the word 'cells'
Definition
robert hooke
Term
What two people discovered that plant and animal tissues were composed of cells?
Definition
matthias schleiden and theodor schwann
Term
Who came up with the theory of biogenesis
Definition
Rudolf Virchow
Term
What is the theory of biogenesis?
Definition
all living cells come from living cells
Term
What are the 6 characteristics of living cells?
Definition
metabolism, reproduction, differentiation, communication, movement, evolution
Term
What has membrane organelles?
Definition
eukaryotes
Term
What has no internal divisions
Definition
prokaryotes
Term
TF it is more difficult to work in one big space
Definition
True
Term
What are the acellular microorganisms
Definition
viroids, prions and viruses
Term
What are the two types of cellular microorganisms
Definition
prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Term
What are the types of prokaryotes?
Definition
archaea, bacteria, and cyanobacteria
Term
What are the types of eukaryotes?
Definition
algae, protozoa and fungi
Term
Order prokaryote, eukaryotic cell and virus in order from smallest to largest
Definition
virus, prok, euk.
Term
Define taxonomy
Definition
(systematics) the art of biological classification
Term
Define classification
Definition
how they are phylogenetically related
Term
Define nomenclature
Definition
rules for naming
Term
Define identification
Definition
identify microbe that is causing the problems
Term
TF all classification work to show phylogenetic relation
Definition
True
Term
Classification types: Artificial vs. Natural
Definition
phylogenetic classifications
Term
Classification types: phenotypic
Definition
based on observational characteristics
Term
Classification types: Genotypic
Definition
based on nucleic acid sequence data
Term
Classification types: Polyphasic
Definition
uses both phenotypic and genotypic data
Term
What are the classifications of living organisms
Definition
Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
Term
Who came up with the binomial system?
Definition
carl linnaeus
Term
How do we name things?
Definition
species name = genus name + specific epithet
Term
What are the two kingdoms *(in the two kingdom system)?
Definition
plant and animal
Term
What was the first natural classification?
Definition
binomial
Term
What does sp mean?
Definition
single species
Term
What are the 5 kingdoms in the 5 kingdom system?
Definition
plants, fungi, animals, protists (euk) and monera (prok)
Term
Who came up with the 5 domain system?
Definition
whittaker
Term
Who came up with the 3 domain system?
Definition
carl woese
Term
3 domain system: 3 ribosomal molecules
Definition
5S, 16S, 23S (small subunit sequencing
Term
3 domain system: two domains of proks -
Definition
bacteria, archaea
Term
3 domain system: dom. what?
Definition
eukarya
Term
What are the major structures of the prok cell?
Definition
cytoplasmic membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm, inclusions, nucleoid, glycocalyx, flagella, pili and fimbrae, endospores
Term
How think is the cytoplasmic membrane
Definition
~8 nm thick
Term
What completely surrounds the cell?
Definition
cytoplasmic membrane
Term
What establishes the integrity of the cell?
Definition
the cytoplasmic membrane
Term
What is referred to the fluid mosaic?
Definition
cytoplasmic membrane
Term
Where do you find the phospholipid bilayer?
Definition
the cytoplasmic membrane
Term
Why do you want to increase surface area in the cytoplasmic membrane?
Definition
photosynthesis
Term
What are the 3 main functions of the cytoplasmic membrane?
Definition
permeability barrier, protein anchor, energy conservation
Term
What provides rigidity in proks?
Definition
the cell wall
Term
What keeps bacterial cells from lysing? Why would they lyse?
Definition
cell wall - turgor pressure would cause them to lyse
Term
Gram negative
Definition
multilayered, complex (lipid) pink
Term
Gram positive
Definition
single layer, thicker (peptidoglycan) - purple
Term
What gives the cell wall of gram positive a negative charge?
Definition
teichoic acid
Term
What starts reaction to increase the cell wall?
Definition
lipoteichoic acid
Term
TF the cell was can lyse itself
Definition
true
Term
Cell wall of proks - what is it's second layer?
Definition
lipids
Term
What two things does a gram negative outer membrane contain?
Definition
polysaccharides, proteins and lipids
Term
What forms in the cell wall of proks to form lipopolysaccharides?
Definition
lipids and polysaccharides
Term
What is lipid A
Definition
an endotoxin
Term
What is an endotoxin?
Definition
Gram (-) bacteria that got through the saline into a patient (dialysis) that will kill them. We have some naturally occurring in our system.
Term
How is DNA arranged in a prok?
Definition
a single circular molecule, has a nucleoid and plasmids
Term
What is a plasmid
Definition
a small, circular extrachromosomal DNA
Term
DNA in proks: What is the chromosome copy number?
Definition
the cell does not rely on genes "it is nice to have genes"
Term
How does the E. Coli nucleoid control DNA in a prok?
Definition
by curling up in the cell
Term
Define bacterial flagella
Definition
long, thin appendages free at one end and attached to the cell at the other end
Term
How big are flagella?
Definition
~20nm
Term
What is the flagellar arrangement
Definition
polar, lophotrichous, perithrichous
Term
flagellin
Definition
protein subunit of flagella
Term
What is the purpose to the P Ring?
Definition
it anchors the flagella in the cell. There are 2 in the middle and 1 in the outer membrane
Term
What is structurally similar to flagella but not involved in movement?
Definition
fimbriae and pili
Term
TF Fimbriae is shorter than flagella
Definition
T
Term
TF Fimbriae is acquired throughout life
Definition
F: it is an inherited trait
Term
What enables cells to adhere to surfaces
Definition
fimbriae
Term
What forms pellicles or biofilms?
Definition
fimbriae
Term
TF pili are longer than fimbriae
Definition
True
Term
What structure do you only have one or two per cell?
Definition
pili
Term
What serve as receptors for certain viruses?
Definition
pili
Term
What is involved in conjugation
Definition
pili
Term
What is involved in attaachment of certain pathogenic bacteria to tissues?
Definition
pili
Term
Define glycocalyx
Definition
the polysaccaride material lying outside the cell
Term
What are the two parts of the glycocalyx?
Definition
the capsule and slime layer
Term
Define capsule
Definition
a rigid, tight matric that can exclude particles
Term
Define slime layer
Definition
easily deformed, does not exclude particles, hard to see
Term
What are the fxns of glycocalyx
Definition
attachment of pathogens, protection from phagocytosis, resistance to desiccation
Term
Bacterial cell inclusions: what are they?
Definition
granules within cells
Term
What is the function of granules within cells? 2
Definition
storage of energy compounds and source of structural building blocks
Term
What are carbon/energy storage compounds
Definition
glycogen, poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid (PHB) "Dont worry" i have written
Term
define endospores
Definition
differentiated cells formed within the vegetative cell (sporangium)
Term
What are highly resistant to heat, drying, radiation, acids, chemical disinfectants?
Definition
endospores
Term
What are two examples of endospores?
Definition
Bacilllus (needs O2) and clostridium (anaerobic)
Term
What can remain dormant for a long time?
Definition
endospores
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