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MCAT chem*1
n/a
57
Chemistry
Undergraduate 4
05/05/2014

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Term
# electron domains around atom=2
hybridization
angle
geometry
Definition
sp
180
linear
Term
# electron domains around atom=3
hybridization
angle
geometry
Definition
sp2
120
trigonal planar
Term
# electron domains around atom=4
hybridization
angle
geometry
Definition
sp3
109.5
tetrahedral
Term
more electron density effect on angles
(such as a pi bond)
Definition
more repulsion= a little bit bigger angle
Term
strong acid pKa/Ka
Definition
low pKA, high Ka
Term
the stronger the acid, the __ conjugate base
Definition
weaker
Term
a stable base is
Definition
a weak base
Term
ranking bases
Definition
CARDO
charge, atom, resonance, dipole induction, orbitals
Term
CARDO
Charge
Definition
more negative charges species are more basic
Term
CARDO
Atom
Definition
the larger (vertical) and more electronegative (horiz) the more stable it is =weaker
Term
CARDO
resonance
Definition
resonance= e- stability = stability= weaker
Term
CARDO
dipole induction
Definition
EWG near the negatively charged atom stabilizes it= makes weaker
Term
CARDO
orbitals
Definition
more stable: sp > sp2 > sp3
Term
whats the strongest base?
:CH3-
:OH-
NH2-
Definition
CH3 > NH2 > OH
Term
intermolecular forces
Definition
hydrogen bonding
dipole-dipole
london despertion/van der waals
Term
hydrogen bond
Definition
F-H
O-H
N-H
Term
dipole dipole forces
Definition
interactions btw molecules w/permanent dipole moments
H-Cl---H-Cl
Term
london despertion/ van der waals
Definition
all molecules have these, even non polar
weakest
spnt dipole goes away
Term
Rank boiling points w/ intermolecule forces
Definition
network covalent (diamond)
ionic
H bond
dipole
london
Term
high BP means -- vapor pressure
Definition
low
Term
branching ___ boiling point ____ melting point
Definition
decreases BP
increases MP
Term
strong intermolecular forces affect
__BP
__VP
__Melting point
__surface tension
__viscosity
Definition
increases all but vapor point
Term
if a cmpd has impurities what would the melting point do?
Definition
impurities lower and broaden the range of melting point
Term
normally cmpd has a melting point =120, but you measure your cmpd at 118. Is it the same cmpd? What if you measure 122-125?
Definition
118 yes, just not as pure, thus lower than 120
122-125- no impurities never cause melting point to rise
Term
3 functional groups that can be removed in acid base extractions in the water layer?
Definition
Amines, NH2
Carboxylic acids
Phenols
Term
Acid base extraction:
want to remove R-NH2 use:
Definition
HCL makes it NH3+, polar and therefore in water
Term
Acid base extraction
want to remove carboxylic acid use:
Definition
NaHCO3 or NaOH
Term
Acid base extraction
want to remove phenol use:
Definition
NaOH
Term
3 solvents to come across and the densities
Definition
ether (least)
water
methylene chloride CH2Cl2 (most dense)
Term
how to get rid of ether?
Definition
boil it off
Term
how to get rid of the water that now has your charged cmpd in it?
Definition
if you added acid to make the cmpd polar and go into the water, use base to make it non-polar again to make it ppt
Term
distillation
Definition
Liq w/ LOW BP distill before high BP
Term
thin layer chromatography TLC
Definition
seperate via polarity
more polar, bottom=low Rf
less polar, top =big Rf
Term
TLC, you get super low Rf values, solution:
Definition
use more polar solvent to make everything travel further
Term
liquid chromotagraphy
Definition
less polar travel first
Term
gas chromotagraphy
Definition
seperatation via BP
cmpd w/low BP eluted first
areas of triangles under peak give abdundances, can calc %
Term
recrystallization
Definition
purification due to solubility
Term
solute has __solubility at high temps
Definition
high
Term
C+ stability
Definition
3 > 2 > 1 > me
Term
radical stability
Definition
3 > 2 > 1 > me
Term
carbanion stability
Definition
Me > 1 > 2 > 3
Term
SN2 rate
Definition
electrophile and nucleophile
Term
SN1 rate
Definition
electrophile
Term
solvolysis
Definition
SN1 rxn where Nu- is the solvent
Term
5 polar aprotic solvents to know:
Definition
DMSO
acetone
DMF
acetonitrile
ethers
Term
what is CH3OH
Definition
weak base- SN1/E1
Term
LG with sp2 C
Definition
unreactive aryl and vinyl halides. LG cannot leave
Term
t-bO-
Definition
tert butoxide bulky base always E2
Term
CN-
Definition
strong Nu
Term
N3-
Definition
strong NU
Term
Cl-, Br, I
Definition
strong nu
Term
RS-
Definition
strong Nu
Term
HS-
Definition
strong NU
Term
R3N
Definition
strong Nu
Term
R3P
Definition
strong Nu
Term
strong Nu/weak base
Definition
SN2 if Me, 1, 2
Term
strong Nu strong base
Definition
E2 and SN2, only for 2
SN2 1
E2 only 3
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