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MCAT Biology Hormones, Enzymes, and Neurotransmitters
hormones and definitions from endocrine system, digestive
55
Medical
Undergraduate 4
12/25/2012

Additional Medical Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Releasing and inhibiting factors
Definition
Gland: hypothalamus Target: anterior pituitary / modify activity
Term
CRF - corticotropin releasing factor
Definition
gland: hypothalamus

target: upregulation of ACTH in anterior pituitary > upregulates cortisol release > releases fat stores
Term
Growth hormone (GH)
Definition
Gland: anterior pituitary

target: increase bone and muscle growth, increase cell turnover rate
Term
prolactin
Definition
Gland: anterior pituitary

target: mammary gland / milk production
Term
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Definition
gland: anterior pituitary

target: increase thyroid hormone > increase metabolic rate and body temp.
Term
adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Definition
gland: anterior pituitary

target: adrenal cortex / cortisol > growth and response to stress
Term
luteinizing hormone (LH)
Definition
gland: anterior pituitary

target: ovaries for start of ovulation / testes for testosterone synthesis
Term
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Definition
gland: anterior pituitary

target: ovaries for follicle development / testes for spermatogenesis
Term
antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin)
Definition
gland: posterior pituitary

target: kidneys / water retention

makes distal tubule permeable to water
Term
oxytocin
Definition
gland: posterior pituitary

target: milk production / uterine contractions
Term
thyroid hormone (TH)
Definition
gland: thyroid

target: metabolic rate and temp increase in all cells / child development
Term
calcitonin
Definition
gland: thyroid (C cells)

target: bone calcification / kidney > lowers [Ca2+]

inhibits osteoclasts, decreases reabsorption of Ca2+
Term
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Definition
gland: parathyroid

target: bone decalcification / kidney / small intestine > raises [Ca2+] (indirectly)

ol
Term
thymosin (children only)
Definition
gland: thymus

target: T cell development
Term
epinephrine
Definition
gland: adrenal medulla

target: sympathetic response (rapid)

secondary target inside cell! (cAMP)
Term
cortisol (glucocorticoid)
Definition
gland: adrenal cortex

target: long-term stress response, increase in glucose and protein catabolism, decrease in immune response
Term
aldosterone
Definition
gland: adrenal cortex

target: kidney > sodium reabsorption > water reabsorption > increase BP
Term
insulin
Definition
gland: pancreas

target: lower [glucose], increase glycogen and fat storage

absent or ineffective in diabetes
Term
glucagon
Definition
gland: pancreas

target: increase blood glucose, decrease glycogen and fat storage
Term
somatostatin (SS)
Definition
gland: pancreas

target: inhibit digestion
Term
testosterone
Definition
gland: interstitial cells of testes

target: spermatogenesis (division), male development (conversion to DHT in target tissues, Wolffian duct development)
Term
estrogen
Definition
gland: ovaries

target: endometrial growth, female characteristics, control of menstrual cycle
Term
progesterone
Definition
gland: ovaries target: endometrial secretion (not menstruation!), pregnancy
Term
atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)
Definition
gland: heart

target: kidney > increase urination to reduce blood pressure
Term
erythropoetin
Definition
gland: kidney

target: bone marrow > increase RBC synthesis
Term
Acetylcholine
Definition
nerves: parasympathetic autonomic and somatic; all preganglionic neurons

parasympathetic stimulation and skeletal muscle control
Term
Norepinephrine
Definition
nerves: sympathetic postganglionic autonomic

serves to excite fight or flight targets
Term
renin
Definition
gland: JG cells

target: converts angotensinogen to angiotensin I > angiotensin II > raise BP + aldosterone stimulation

enzyme
Term
carbonic anhydrase
Definition
gland: epithelial cells / kidneys

target: maintains constant pH by creating HCO3- and H+, either of which can be secreted to keep cytosolic / tract pH constant

enzyme
Term
lipase
Definition
gland: pancreas / saliva

target: breakdown triglycerides to fatty acids

enzyme
Term
amylase
Definition
gland: saliva / pancreas

target: breakdown starches to disaccharides

enzyme
Term
sucrase
Definition
gland: brush border epithelials

target: breakdown sucrose to glucose and fructose
Term
pepsin
Definition
gland: chief cells in stomach

target: protein breakdown

enzyme

starts in acid-activated zymogen form pepsinogen
Term
lysozyme
Definition
gland: saliva / tears

target: breakdown some bacterial cell
walls

enzyme
Term
cholecystokinin (CCK)
Definition
gland: duodenum

target: constrict pyloric sphincter (slow down food movement from stomach), activate bile release in response to high fats, pancreas

hormone
Term
enterokinase
Definition
gland: duodenum

target: converts trypsinogen from pancreas to trypsin (protease)
Term
secrectin
Definition
gland: duodenum

target: stimulates pancreas to raise duodenum pH when pH is low

hormone
Term
enterogastrone
Definition
gland: duodenum

target: decreases rate of stomach emptying

hormone
Term
intrinsic factors (rel. to GI)
Definition
gland: jejunum

target: ileum, absorption of vitamins and other special compounds by binding a protein to them (the factor)
Term
Vitamin K
Definition
gland: colonic bacteria in large intestine

target: blood clotting
Term
pancreatic nuclease
Definition
gland: pancreas

target: breakdown DNA and RNA in food
Term
glucose-6-phosphatase
Definition
gland: liver

target: convert G6P to glucose to increase serum [glucose], only found in liver
Term
bilrubin
Definition
gland: liver

target: breakdown products of hemoglobin > bile > excretion
Term
lipoproteins
Definition
gland: liver

target: act as fatty acid carriers in bloodstream
Term
albumin
Definition
gland: liver

target: maintain blood osmolarity by retaining water molecules
Term
bile
Definition
gland: liver

target: emulsifies lipids for uptake by lymphatic lacetals in small intestine villi
Term
histamine (rel. to stomach)
Definition
gland: G cells in stomach

target: stimulate acid release by chief cells in stomach
Term
Fetal hemoglobin
Definition
gland: fetus

target: left-shifted hemoglobin has a greater affinity for oxygen, allowing the baby to steal O2 from the mother (with the downside of not delivering as much O2)
Term
fibrinogen
Definition
gland: blood

target: blood clots / platelets (converted to fibrin by thrombin in platelets)
Term
calcitriol
Definition
gland: kidney (PCT)

target: increased reabsorption of phosphorus and Ca2+ in kidneys following parathyroid hormone stimulation

hormone
Term
Mullerian Inhibiting Factor
Definition
gland: embryonic testes

target: inhibit Mullerian duct development / cause regression of Mullerian ducts
Term
inhibin
Definition
gland: interstitial cells of testes

target: inhibits release of FSH and LH by negative feedback when testosterone levels are high
Term
gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
Definition
gland: hypothalamus

target: stimulate FSH and LH release in response to environmental and physiological factors, such as a change in hormone levels to signal ovulation
Term
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
Definition
gland: developing chorion of embryo

target: replaces LH to stimulate estrogen release from corpus luteum during pregnancy, esp. first trimester
Term
Bindin
Definition
gland: acrosome head of spermatozoa

target: makes head of sperm sticky rel. to egg
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