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Massage Therapist Pathology Study
Flashcards to study for Final Exam / Pathology
174
Pathology
Professional
02/06/2015

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Cards

Term
A cervical lesion caused by HPV is known as ?
Definition
CONDYLOMA ACUMINATUM
Term
What are hernias ??
Definition
Loops of bowels in unintended areas
Term
Kidney infections (pyelonephritis) and UTI's (urinary tract infections) are commonly caused by what ??
Definition
E Coli (wash your hands!!!!) and DEHYDRATION (ask instructor which answer they consider as "most common cause" so you get the answer correct on the test :-)
Term
incomplete stricture that narrows but does not occlude ?
Definition
stenosis
Term
segment of a twisted bowel
Definition
volvulus
Term
absence of a lumen within an area of the gut tube is ?
Definition
atresia
Term
outpouching (acquired herniation) of mucosa/submucosa thru the muscular layer of the gut is ?
Definition
diverticulum
Term
telescoping of bowel into itself...
Definition
intussusception
Term
regurgitation of gastric contents
Definition
reflux
Term
progressive fibrosis of liver
Definition
cirrhosis
Term
forced new pathway or gap
Definition
fistula
Term
if your esophagus does not have peristalsis (wavelike movement)
Definition
achlasia
Term
enlarged air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles with destruction of lung parenchyma
Definition
emphysema
Term
bronchial inflammation and spasms which occur in episodes and it's reversible
Definition
asthma
Term
infection of larnyx and can include a weird sounding cough
Definition
CrOuP
Term
#1 killer of elderly in hospitals ...it causes death due to suffocation from lack of gas exchange....THIS IS USUALLY A COMPLICATION OF ANOTHER DISEASE.
Definition
pneumonia
Term
air in the pleural cavity (where the air shouldn't be)
Definition
Pneumothorax
Term
chronic productive cough..unknown cause... for >3months / 2 consecutive years
Definition
chronic bronchitis
Term
collapsed lung or collapsed bronchial tube (OUCH!)
Definition
Atelectasis
Term
lung is sticky..sticks to wall (so to speak)
Definition
pleurisy
Term
infectious rhinitis
Definition
common cold
Term
when a blockage (tumor, plug, aspiration) causes the lung or bronchial tube to collapse
Definition
atelectasis
Term
BLUE hands and feet (cyanosis of hands and feet)
Definition

RAYNAUD DISEASE ..brrrrr!!

(think twice before using icepack hydrotherapy)

Term
HTN ... (aka HyperTensioN) ...aka HBP (aka High Blood Pressure) is caused by an ImBaLance of these two~~~~
Definition

1) Cardiac Output (volume of blood being pumped)

2) Peripheral Resistance (pressure sustained by the arteries)...

 

This is the measurement when you have your blood pressure checked (systolic and diastolic)

 

 

Term
disease caused by narrow and weakened arteries
Definition
artherosclerosis
Term
A person's HEART was INJURED and now they have this DISEASE which causes an inability to eject adequate amounts of blood
Definition
congestive heart failure
Term
abnormally weird shaped and dysfunctional white blood cells that are multiplying and causing this disease of the blood
Definition
leukemia
Term
accumulation of abnormal wbc's
Definition
leukemia
Term
when your blood is seriously lacking in 02
Definition
anemia
Term
weird shaped rbc's which causes lack of oxygen (02)
Definition
sickle cell anemia
Term
abnormal twisted torturous VEIN
Definition
VariCoSE VeiNs
Term
abnormally dialted ARTERY
Definition
aneurism (bummer!)
Term
another name for a leukocyte
Definition
wbc (aka white blood cell)
Term

action of a leukocyte (wbc) when it engulfs and eats

 

Definition
phagocytosis (lunchtime for wbc's)
Term
accumulation of fluid within the interstitial space
Definition
EDEMA
Term
Edema results from what two OPPOSING pressures ?
Definition

1) Hydrostatic

2) Oncotic

Term
Pressure that tries to force fluid OUT
Definition
hydrostatic
Term
pressure that tries to PULL fluid INto a space
Definition
oncotic
Term
specific immunity that results from antigen exposure
Definition
acquired immunity
Term
ANY substance that, when gets into the body, causes or induces an immune response
Definition
Antigen
Term
3 types of immunity
Definition

1) nonspecific

2) innate

3) acquired

Term
type of immunity (1 of the 3) that is nonspecific response and defends against foreign or abnormal material EVEN ON INITIAL or first EXPOSURE
Definition
nonspecific resistance
Term
type of immunity (1 of 3) that RECOGNIZES even on first exposure and can trigger acquired immunity
Definition
innate immunity
Term
type of immunity (1 of the 3) that results from previous exposures to antigens
Definition
acquired immunity
Term
4 types of resistance to invasion
Definition

1) mechanical barrier (skin)

2) chemical barrier (saliva, stomach acid)

3) antimicrobial substance (saliva, stomach acid)

4) species resistance

Term
5 types of reactions to "invasion" into the body
Definition

1) inflammation

2) wbc production (natural killer cells)

3) fever

4) cough

5) other (like vomiting and sneezing)

Term
chest pain
Definition
angina pectoris
Term
bleeding disorder
Definition
hemophilia
Term
abnormally low number of wbc's
Definition
Granulocytopenia
Term
low number of platelets
Definition
thrombocytopenia
Term
low number of rbc's
Definition
anemia
Term
Islets of Langerhans ?
Definition
cells in the pancreas
Term
names of cells in pancreas which control blood sugar levels
Definition

1) alpha (increases sugar by producing glucagon)

2) beta (decreases sugar by producing insulin )

3) delta (regulates alpha and beta/ sugar and insulin)

Term
type of diabetes that results from destruction of BETA cells (hint= beta cells decrease sugar by producing insulin)
Definition
Type 1 diabetes
Term
lack of iodine during fetal development can cause ?
Definition
cretinism
Term
Grave's disease is a disease of what gland ?
Definition
thyroid
Term
Cushing's disease is a disease of what gland(s) ?
Definition
Adrenals
Term
Myxedema is a disease of what gland ?
Definition
pituitary gland
Term
which gland is the "master gland" ?
Definition
pituitary
Term
Addison's disease is a disease of what gland(s) ?
Definition
adrenals
Term
this disease causes HYPERPIGMENTED SKIN...but...HYPO everything else ..aka too little secretion of hormone)
Definition
Addison's diease (adrenal glands)
Term
This adrenal gland disease causes too much cortisol and can result in too much adipose around the trunk.
Definition
Cushing's syndrome
Term
disease that causes rigidity, gait disturbance and poor motor function
Definition
parkinson's
Term
headache which is sometimes preceded by sensory hallucinations
Definition
migraine
Term
most common demyelinating disease of the CNS..usually occurs in 18-40 year olds
Definition
multiple sclerosis
Term
Most common CNS tumor...usually fatal.
Definition
astrocytoma
Term
3rd leading cause of death (after heart disease and cancer)...it is an interruption of O2 to the brain ..
Definition
cerebrovascular accident
Term
Obstruction of blood flow can cause ISCHEMIC STROKE..what are the two main causes of this ?
Definition

1) Embolism (plaque/clot breaks off and travels to brain)

2) Atherosclerosis-Thrombosis (blood clot on vessel in brain)

Term
Compression w/in brain due to trauma...causes headaches and confusion...disrupts VEINS between CORTEX and DURAL SINUSES..
Definition
SUBDURAL Hematoma
Term
Trauma to skull...injury BETWEEN SKULL AND DURAMATER
Definition
EPIDURAL HEMATOMA
Term
non-traumatic brain injury..."worst headache of life"
Definition
subarachnoid brain injury
Term
CSF accumulation within the brain's ventricular system
Definition
hydrocephalus
Term
abnormal electrical discharges in the brain
Definition
seizures
Term
defective closure of neural tube
Definition
spina bifida
Term
2 warning signs of increased intracranial pressure
Definition

1) headache

2) vomiting

Term
type of fracture resulting from disease
Definition
pathologic
Term
Classification of fracture: "Out of Skin"
Definition
Open fracture
Term
Classification of fracture: "inside skin"
Definition
closed
Term
Classification of fracture: "bone displaced out of normal position"
Definition
Displacement fracture
Term
Classification of fracture " results from disease process"
Definition
Pathologic Fracture (example is fracture resulting from osteoporosis)
Term
Most common bone lesion
Definition
a fracture
Term
4 types of COLLATERAL DAMAGE from fractures
Definition

A force strong enough to break a bone will also effect surrounding tissues :

1) Muscle Necrosis

2) Bleeding/ damaged vessels

3) torn tendons or ligaments

4) nerve damage

Term
transient loss of cerebral function following a head injury
Definition
concussion
Term
arising outside of brain, this attaches to the dura, it is a BENIGN, encapsulated neoplasm.
Definition
meningioma
Term
neoplasm within the brain...it is rare...usually a good prognosis...usually occurs in ages 30 to 50
Definition
Oligodendroglioma
Term
disease of bone formation which causes thickened, disorganized bone formation
Definition
Paget's disease
Term
type of osteoarthritis affecting patellar cartilage in young people
Definition
chondromalacia
Term
acquired immune disease which causes fatigued skeletal muscle
Definition
myasthenia gravis
Term
reduction in bone MASS
Definition
osteoporosis
Term
infection in a bone
Definition
osteomyelitis
Term
low back pain triggered by an ANEURISM
Definition
Vascular
Term
organ pain
Definition
viscerogenic
Term
pain caused from pressure or tension of nerves
Definition
neurogenic
Term
disintegration at nerve root...causes irritation or compression
Definition
spondylogenic
Term
INFLAMMATORY degeneration of articular cartilage (autoimmune dysfunction)
Definition
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Term
disease caused by the variola virus
Definition
small pox
Term
disease causing symptoms of beefy red plaque on the skin
Definition
Psoriasis
Term
skin disease caused by staph bacteria
Definition
impetigo
Term
disease caused by varicella virus
Definition
herpes
Term
inflammation of the subQ tissue that spreads rapidly
Definition
cellulitis
Term
leading cause of cutaneous cancer
Definition
UV light
Term
common bacterial infection of epidermis
Definition
impetigo
Term
fungus that causes itchy rings on the skin
Definition
ringworm
Term
drugs that initiate or prompt a reaction
Definition
agonist
Term
drugs that nullify or stops another drug or reaction
Definition
antagonist
Term
drugs that aid or help the function of another drug or enhance a cell function
Definition
synergist
Term
the ability of an infection to establish itself in a host and cause disease is
Definition
pathogenicity
Term
infectious agent that multiplies by binary fission
Definition
bacteria
Term
this is a degree of pathogenicity whose factors include the ability and strength to produce symptoms
Definition
virulence
Term
this "invader" depends upon its host for replication
Definition
virus
Term
type of immunity that T cells kill the infectious agents directly
Definition
cellular immunity
Term
the process by which tumors spread
Definition
metastasis
Term
break down of a body's self tolerance
Definition
autoimmune
Term
substance tht triggers an immune response
Definition
antigen
Term
a GENE that CONVERTS normal cells to cancer cells
Definition
oncogene
Term
plasma cells of the immune system produce this substance to fight infectious agents
Definition
antibody
Term
a blood clot in a DAMAGED vessel
Definition
hemostasis
Term
blood clot in healthy vessel
Definition
thrombus
Term
type of injury that regeneration does not repair
Definition
fibrosis
Term
edema is an imbalance of what two types of pressure
Definition
oncotic and hydrostatic
Term
a disease producing organism
Definition
pathogen
Term
first irreversible cellular step towards cancer
Definition
dysplasia
Term
an increase in cellular proliferation
Definition
hyperplasia (increase in number of cells)
Term
reversible replacement of one type of cell with another
Definition
metaplasia
Term
wasting away of a tissue or muscle...a decrease
Definition
atrophy
Term
increase in SIZE of cell, tissue or muscle (not the increase in number)
Definition
hypertrophy
Term
a concurrent disease
Definition
complication
Term
expected outcome of a disorder or disease
Definition
prognosis
Term
study of the patterns, causes, effects, frequency and distribution of a disease within a population
Definition
epidemiology
Term
the study of how a disease develops
Definition
pathogenesis
Term
swelling of an appendage due to lack of lymph flow
Definition
lymphedema
Term
most common inherited form of dwarfism
Definition
achondroplasia
Term
too much collagen, defective mineralization, within the bone which causes a "soft bone". Vitamin D deficiency
Definition
Rickets / Osteomalacia
Term
trauma to the musculotendinous unit from excessive or forcible stretch
Definition
strain
Term
urate crystals in joints and kidneys
Definition
gout
Term
forward displacement of L5 over S1
Definition
spondylolisthesis
Term
disc degeneration leading to nerve root damage or compression
Definition
spondylogenic back pain
Term
study of nature of disease
Definition
pathology
Term
abnormal functional change and failure to adapt
Definition
disease
Term
frequency and distribution of a disease
Definition
epidemiology
Term
pathogensis means ?
Definition
the development of a disease
Term
the physical changes accompanying or induced by disease in cells or organs
Definition
pathology
Term
clinical manifestation "symptoms"/ perceptions of the client are called :
Definition
subjective
Term
clinical manifestation of observable signs and data are :
Definition
objective
Term
a burn with edema and focal necrosis of epidermal cells that heals rapidly with no scarring is a ..
Definition
first degree burn (only effects epidermis)
Term
a burn that involves full thickness of epidermis and part of dermis..leads to blisters..
Definition
second degree burn
Term
full thickness burn of epidermis, dermis and adnexa . leaves scars.
Definition
3rd degree burn
Term
a birthmark or mole..most common form of congenital skin anomally
Definition
nevus
Term
raised well defined papules that appear and disappear..causes edema
Definition
urticaria/ hives
Term
True or False: Dermatophytes (like ringworm) are a FUNGUS.
Definition
True
Term
verruca vulgaris is a ?
Definition
common wart
Term
What are the ABCD's of Melanoma Recogntion ?
Definition

A= Asymmetry (uneven surfaces)

B= Border (irregular)

C= Color (uneven or different colors)

D= Diameter (greater than 7mm)

Term
term for muscle turning to bone
Definition
myositis ossificans (calcification of muscle)
Term
thiamine deficiency resulting in permanent memory loss (can be associated with alcoholism)
Definition
Korsakoff syndrome
Term
thiamine deficiency which results in psychotic symptoms...associated with alcoholism...rapid onset of confusion and may lead to Korsakoff Syndrome..
Definition
Wernicke encephalopathy
Term
2 purposes of pain
Definition

1) protective mechanism

2) conscious awareness

Term
pituitary failure causing hypothyroidism, apathy, cold intolerance, obesity and decreased bowel function
Definition
myxedema
Term
increased volume of connective tissue behind the eye
Definition
exophthalmus
Term
type of diabetes: non-insulin dependent and can be regulated with diet
Definition
Type II Diabetes
Term
failure of insulin synthesis
Definition
Type I Diabetes
Term
Failure of insulin sensitivity
Definition
Type II Diabetes
Term
True or False: Glucagon INCREASES sugar
Definition
True
Term
True or False: Insulin decreases sugar
Definition
True
Term
a diminished concentration of glucose in the blood
Definition
hypoglycemia
Term
most common cause of anemia
Definition
iron deficiency
Term
anemia caused by B12 deficiency
Definition
pernicious anemia ...can cause loss of myelin sheath and neurologic issues. It is considered an autoimmune disease
Term
anemia resulting from failure of stem cell production, or suppression or destruction of stem cells within bone marrow
Definition
aplastic anemia
Term
3 common manifestations of blood disease
Definition

1) Altered bleeding time (Platelet issue)

2) Lethargy (RBC issue)

3) Decreased resistance to infection (WBC issue)

Term
a common locally agressive skin neoplasm found on sun exposed skin, usually light skinned people over age 40, and the face is the most common site of this neoplasm
Definition
basal cell carcinoma
Term
two intermediate stages/lesions in the development of malignant melanoma are :
Definition
rapid growth and vertical growth
Term
a motor disorder acquired in utero, during birth or soon after birth is
Definition
cerebral palsy
Term
increased intracranial pressure leads to decreased perfusion of the brain...decreased perfusion then interferes with what ?
Definition
blood flow
Term
stretched or sheared nerve cell processes within cerebral white matter can cause post traumatic dementia and a vegetative state...this injury is :
Definition
diffuse axonal injury
Term
nerve compression of the median nerve causes
Definition
weakness and decreased sensation to digits 4 and 5
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