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Marine Science Exam 1
Chapters 1-5 from Slides
181
Science
Undergraduate 3
09/18/2013

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Term
Marine Science like other sciences acquires knowledge through a process called the _________
Definition
Term
_________ is the process of discovering unifying principles
in data obtained from the ocean.!
Definition
Term
The various objects in our solar system condensed about _______years ago.!
Definition
Term
Earth is density stratified. The ocean and atmosphere are the ______ dense layers.!
Definition
Least
Term
Other planets and moons may have, or may have had, _____
Definition
Oceans
Term
Life on Earth may have arisen in the ____
Definition
Ocean
Term
Out of the total water what % is fresh and what % is salt?
Definition
2.5 & 97.5
Term
What takes up the most fresh water?
Definition
Glaciers
Term
What takes up most of surface/atmospheric water?
Definition
Lakes
Term
The goal of Science is to
Definition
discover all truths about the natural world
Term
A conditional explanation that can be verified or falsified
Definition
Term
An explanation that is supported by an overwhelming body of data and experience
Definition
Term
Science is the sum of ________
Definition
Term
________ are commonly used to lend significance to quantitative data and confidence in the
conclusions!
Definition
Probability and Statistics
Term
Definition
Good benchmarks for measuring change & precise, easily compared
Term
Definition
Measure of how likely something is & high degree of scientific certainty
Term
Definition
Important tools in both planning & evaluating scientific studies, sample size, number of replications is important
Term
Overarching models of the world that guide our interpretation of events
Definition
Term
Occurs when a majority of scientists accept that the old explanation no longer explains new observations very well
Definition
Term
__________ are sometimes contentious and political
Definition
Term
Subatomic Particles
Definition
Term
Atoms
Definition
Term
Molecules
Definition
Term
Charasmatic Megafauna
Definition
Term
As the universe expanded, it ______, allowing the formation of _______, which then formed stars and ________
Definition
"Big Bang Theory"
-cooled
-atoms
-galaxies
Term
All matter in the universe was compressed to an infinitesimal point known as a
Definition
Singularity
Term
The universe __________________for the first 10-37 seconds
Definition
Term
Sequence of events that formed our solar system:
A nebula_______. As it contracts it heats flattens, and spins faster.______________ remain gaseous, but other elements condense to form the “seeds” for building planets. Seeds collide together, larger ones attract others by __________, growing bigger still
Definition
Term
Most of the substance of Earth, its ocean, and all living things, was formed by ______
Definition
Term
Every chemical _____________________ was manufactured and released into space by stars.
Definition
Term
Our sun, like all normal stars, is powered by _________
Definition
Nuclear fusion
Term
Young Earth was ! probably a ___________ mixture of materials
Definition
Term
________________caused Earth to partially melt
Definition
Term
_______ moved iron ! toward the center of Earth, forming the core
Definition
Term
___________ minerals migrated to Earth’s surface and formed the crust
Definition
Term
Density stratification results in an ______ and ______core, a mantle and _______.
Definition
Term
_________ stripped away Earth’s first atmosphere!
Definition
The sun
Term
______, including water vapor, released by the process of
outgassing, replaced the first atmosphere.
Definition
Gases
Term
Water vapor in the atmosphere condensed into ______
Definition
Clouds
Term
Eventually, _________________________ for water to collect in basins
Definition
Term
Our Sun will begin to die in ________years
Definition
5 billion
Term
6 billion years from now the sun will enter the _______and will engulf the _____ planets.
Definition
Red giant phase
-inner
Term
Europa and Ganymede
Definition
moons of the planet Jupiter
Term
_____may have had an ocean in the ! distant past!
Definition
Mars
Term
__________Saturn’s largest moon, may have an ocean of hydrocarbons
Definition
Titan
Term
AREA = ___________km2 (____% of Earth␣s surface)
Definition
361.1 million
-71%
Term
Average DEPTH = _____ m
Definition
3796
Term
Average TEMPERATURE = ____________
Definition
3.9 C or 39F
Term
AGE = billion years
Definition
ca. 4
Term
Pacific Ocean is the _____ ocean
Definition
Tranquil
Term
Pacific:
World␣s _______, covers ____ of the Earth␣s surface
Definition
-largest
-31%
Term
Mariana Trench is located where?
Definition
Pacific Ocean
Term
Long, narrow S-shaped ocean
Definition
Atlantic Ocean
Term
Atlantic:
Relatively ________ - mid-Atlantic Ridge
Definition
Shallow
Term
______ is the largest island
Definition
Greenland
Term
Mostly in the Southern Hemisphere
Definition
Indian Ocean
Term
Indian:
Important ________for Egypt, Mesopotamia, and India
Definition
Term
Artic:
• _______ and _____ relative to other oceans
Definition
Term
Mostly ␣land-locked␣, ice-covered, contains the North Pole
Definition
Artic Ocean
Term
The study of the oceans began slowly, more for _______, economic and political reasons than for _______________
Definition
-survival
-science discovery
Term
Eras of discovery and navigation
Definition
a. Prehistoric
b. Ancient Greeks and Romans
c. Middle Ages
Term
Age of Discovery
Definition
a. Natural History b. Other Scientific Endeavors
Term
Modern Oceanography
Definition
a. ____________ Advances
b. ____________ Applications
Term
________developed barbed spears and harpoons
Definition
Paleolithic Humans
Term
__________used bone fishhooks and nets
Definition
Neolithic Humans
Term
Copper fishhooks appeared around _______ BC
Definition
Term
Phoenicians trading across the Mediterranean Sea as early as ___________
Definition
Term
__________ (Egyptian, 230 BC), using principles you learned in geometry, made first known calculation of Earth␣s circumference: _______ mi, which is __________________________________.
Definition
Eratosthenes
Term
______ (Roman, 25 BC) observed ______ _______ and concluded that land periodically sank and rose, causing the ocean to cover land and then recede again.
Definition
Strabo
Term
_______ (150 AD) produced first World Atlas. Major flaw was that He estimated earth␣s circumference at ________ mi. This led ____________
Definition
Ptolemy
Term
_______ used _______showing oceanic wave refraction patterns to help them navigate to small atolls over great distances.
Definition
Micronesians
-stick charts
Term
A ‘rebbilib’ stick chart depicts __________ _________________
Definition
entire series of islands
Term
A ‘meddo’ stick chart depicts ___________ _________________.
Definition
Smaller groups of islands
Term
A ‘mattang’ stick chart
Definition
Teaching tools
Term
As we change directions of the waves, what happens to the swells?
Definition
Changes degrees
Term
3 sailing technologies
Definition
1. double hulled vessals
2. fire storage for years onboard
3. seed storage
Term
________ navigators became more skilled and vessels became larger and more seaworthy, allowing long, distant voyages
Definition
Chinese
Term
The Chinese also developed the__________
Definition
Magnetic Compass
Term
Exploration by Vikings ____________________
Definition
Term
_______ were the first to reach north america
Definition
Vikings
Term
At the equator, lattitude=
Definition
0
Term
A degree _______ is always the same distance
Definition
Lattitude
Term
A degree _________ varies depending on your latitude
Definition
Longitude
Term
______ could be calculated easily by measuring the height of the sun using a sextant
Definition
Lattitude
Term
was more difficult, but it was discovered that it could be calculated using 2 clocks aboard ship - one keeping unadjusted local time from a known reference point, and the other was adjusted daily at high noon when the sun was at its highest point in the sky
Definition
Longitude
Term
2 main problems making calculation of longitude difficult
Definition
Different countries used different reference points & accuracy
Term
Who did the voyage of the beagle
Definition
Charles Darwin
Term
What was the 1 exception that differed from the rest of the purposes to navigate?
Definition
the challenger expidition
Term
___________ remains history␣s longest continuous scientific oceanographic expedition
Definition
Challenger expidition
Term
_________ needs:military, study winds and currents to improve safety and navigation
Definition
Technical
Term
_________ needs: fisheries, oil, and minerals
Definition
Economic
Term
_________needs:
Fundamental interests in how the ocean works
Definition
Academic
Term
___________(e.g. Alvin)
Definition
Manned Submersiles
Term
__________(ROV)
Definition
Remotely Operated Vehicle
Term
___________(AUV) (e.g. ARGO floats)
Definition
Autonomous underwater vehicle
Term
______________Collecting data from aircraft or satellites Allow global perspective in near real-time Synoptic pictures of the oceans and atmosphere
Definition
Remote Sensing
Term
____________Send echoed signals out from a transmitter, such as permanently moored observatory platforms
Definition
Active Sensors
Term
____________Receive and record naturally-occurring signals (radiant energy)
Definition
Passive Sensors
Term
_________is a key concept for understanding the structure of Earth.
Definition
Density
Term
Density=
Definition
Mass/Volume
Term
Water has a density of:
Definition
1g/cm^3
Term
________a thin skin, surface to ~30 km deep; composed of low density rock consisting mostly of silicate minerals
Definition
Crust
Term
Basalt
Definition
oceanic crust
Term
Granite
Definition
Continental crust
Term
________ occupies largest volume of the 3 layers, extends to 2900 km deep; composed of iron and magnesium silicate rock; is less dense and cooler than core.
Definition
Mantle
Term
__________center of the Earth, 2900 km to 6370 km; high density metal (Fe and Ni) composition
Definition
Core
Term
If earth were _________ throughout, seismic waves would radiate in ______ lines from the source (for example an earthquake) to a recorder.
Definition
-homogenous
-straight
Term
The ______ and ________ of seismic waves provides the evidence that the earth has different layers.
Definition
Reflection & refraction
Term
the term _____________ describes the way the lithosphere is supported on the asthenosphere.
Definition
isostatic equilibrium
Term
__________a thin skin, surface to ~30 km deep; composed of low density rock consisting mostly of silicate minerals
Definition
crust
Term
Oceanic crust is_______ and _______than continental crust
Definition
denser and thinner
Term
The continents and oceans are in _______␣␣– a theoretical balance in buoyancy
Definition
Isostatic balance
Term
__________ now known as Sea Floor Spreading or Plate Tectonics.
Definition
Continental Drift
Term
_________was an idea proposed in 1960 to explain the features of the ocean floor.
Definition
Seafloor spreading
Term
_______________ in the mantle were proposed as the force that caused the ocean to grow and the continents to move.
Definition
Convection currents
Term
Earth␣souterlayerisdivided into _____________ plates
Definition
lithospheric
Term
Earths plates float on the :
Definition
asthenosphere
Term
Plate movement is powered by _______________ in the asthenosphere seafloor spreading, and the _________ ___________ of a descending plate␣s leading edge.
Definition
-convection currents
-downward pull
Term
_________plate boundaries – Boundaries between plates moving apart and producing new lithosphere
Definition
Divergent
Term
Extension of ___________ boundaries causes splitting and rifting
Definition
Divergent
Term
Convergent boundaries are typically associated with ______________
Definition
Subduction
Term
________ and volcanoes are common along all plate boundaries, but ____ __________ are especially associated with convergent margins.
Definition
-earthquakes
-deep earthquakes
Term
Transform plate boundaries (shear boundaries) - Locations where adjacent crustal plates ___________________.
Definition
Slide past one another
Term
________ (constructive) – plates move away from each other; new
lithosphere is being added
Definition
Divergent
Term
_________(destructive) – plates move towards one another and collide or slip below one another; sea floor is destroyed, mountain ranges may be produced, volcanic activity high
Definition
Convergent
Term
_________ (shear) - plates slide past one another; often marked by large faults called transform faults
Definition
transform
Term
__________ evidence (fossils)
Similar fossils dating between 150 and 300 My occur today on several continents
Definition
Biological
Term
Continents on opposite sides of the oceans fit together, ______ suggest spreading in the center of the ocean basin.
Definition
mid ocean ridges
Term
Over time, the earth’s _____________switches directions. This directionality is recorded in the past oceanic crust.
Definition
Magnetic pole
Term
Volcanic islands emerge from the seafloor above ________ ________________ called ␣hot spots␣
Definition
Stationary magma chambers
Term
Currently the only island that is volcanically active is the big island of Hawaii – because it is the only one______
Definition
Sitting directly on top of a hot spot
Term
this slow movement (_________) remakes the surface of Earth, causes earthquakes, forms volcanoes and mountains, expands and splits continents, and forms and destroys ocean basins
Definition
3 cm per year
Term
_____________ is the mapping of earth surface features on land.
Definition
Term
_________The study of ocean depth and contours - is similar to topography in geography
Definition
Term
_______ are measurements of the water depth • nautical units are fathoms (6 ft)...oceanographers usually use meters
Definition
Term
Some sounding leads had soft _____________to determine bottom composition, which gave the captain knowledge about the seafloor for anchoring purposes and data for producing nautical charts
Definition
Term
______________ is a method of measuring seafloor depth using powerful sound pulses:
Definition
Term
________, which can penetrate deep into the mantle, is used to determine the geological structure of the sea floor
Definition
low frequency sounds
Term
__________data interprets the configuration, attitudes (positions) and thickness of the ocean floor and the rocks beneath the sea floor
Definition
Term
_________________uses wave pulses that enter the ocean floor
Definition
Term
______________
- Provides a sub- bottom profile of upper layers of ocean crust
Definition
Term
_____________- allows the calculation of densities, depths, and thicknesses of rock layers - crust and mantle
Definition
Term
_____________ can provide more accurate measurements than single beam echo sounders do. Multibeam systems collect data from as many as 121 simultaneous vertical beams to measure the contours of the ocean floor.
Definition
Term
____________________
A type of towed multibeam echo sounder that sends its beams more horizontally
Definition
Term
_____________ measures the sea surface height (SSH) from orbit.
Definition
Term
Satellites can bounce _________ pulses of radar energy off the ocean surface every ___________.
Definition
Term
SSH is slightly __________ over seamounts and ridges because
gravity pulls the water mass in a bulge over the seamount
Definition
Term
SSH is slightly ________ over trenches due to lower gravitational pull
Definition
Term
With the use of satellite altimetry, sea surface levels can be measured more accurately, showing sea surface distortion. Current sattelites are accurate to _____________________________!
Definition
Term
_________________: ␣Shallow␣ water areas close to
continents
Definition
Term
_______________ – between the continental margins and mid-ocean ridges
Definition
deep ocean basins
Term
_______________ – relatively shallow areas near middle of oceans
Definition
mid ocean ridges
Term
___________(Pacific Type) are associated with plate boundaries
Definition
active margins
Term
_____________ (Atlantic Type) are contained within lithospheric plates and are not in close proximity to any plate boundary
Definition
passive margins
Term
____________ – the shallow, submerged edge of the continent
Definition
continental shelves
Term
___________ – the abrupt transition from continental shelf to the continental slope
Definition
shelf breaks
Term
___________ – the transition between the continental shelf and the continental rise
Definition
continental slopes
Term
__________ – accumulated sediment found at the base of the continental slope and lying on top of the oceanic crust
Definition
continental rises
Term
_______________are common features of the Continental Slope
Definition
submarine canyons
Term
Deep water submarine canyons form when _______________ erode the surface of the continental shelf and slope.
Definition
turbidity currents
Term
____________are considered to be the major mechanism in the formation and erosion of submarine canyons
Definition
turbidity currents
Term
a ______________ is formed by sediment deposited at the base of the canyon
Definition
deep-sea fan
Term
_________ are steep-sided volcanoes, sometimes reaching the sea surface to form islands
Definition
seamounts
Term
__________ (tablemounts) are submerged, flat-topped seamounts and are most common in the Pacific Ocean at a depth of 1300 m (4300 ft).
Definition
guyots
Term
____________ are low relief bumps (<1000 m, 3300 ft) high that are scattered across the abyssal plain
Definition
abyssal hills
Term
Charles Darwin (1842) proposed a mechanism for the formation of ______________:
Definition
Term
___________________ are features of rift valleys
Definition
Term
________: particles of _____________________(dirt, dust, debris) that accumulate in a loose, unconsolidated form on the ocean floor
Definition
Sedment
-organic or inorganic matter
Term
___ of marine sediment contain a huge amount of information about Earth␣s history
Definition
Cores
Term
Particles originate from the ________________________, activity of living organisms, volcanic eruptions, chemical processes within the water, and even from space
Definition
Term
Mountains are ______, leading to erosion, transport, and _______ on the seafloor
Definition
Uplifted
Deposition
Term
Sediments flowing out of the mouth of rivers is called a
Definition
Plume
Term
Rivers carry enormous amounts of
___________
sediments to the ocean
Definition
Terrigenous
Term
The longer it takes for sediments to settle, the longer they
Definition
can be transported from their point of origin
Term
Coccolithophorid _______ and calcareous deposits
Definition
Blooms
Term
______ sediments dissolve very slowly and can be detectable in core samples after millions of years.
Definition
Siliceous
Term
_________ sediments also dissolve slowly or are lithified (form rocks), but only in relatively shallow water
Definition
Carbonaceous
Term
________allow a cylinder of sediment to be taken for analysis to determine the age of the material, as well as the density, strength, molecular composition and radioactivity of the sediment.
Definition
Piston Corers
Term
__________ makes it possible to collect sediment cores hundreds to thousands of meters long!
Definition
Deep sea drilling
Term
Sediments on continental shelves are
called __________ sediments, and contain mostly terrigenous material
Definition
Netric
Term
Sediments of the slope, rise, and deep-ocean floors
are __________ sediments, and contain a greater proportion of biogenous material.
Definition
Pelagic
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