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Management
Test 2
65
Management
Undergraduate 3
02/21/2011

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Term
Learning
Definition
A change in behavior aquired through experience
Term
Classical Conditioning
Definition
modifying behavior so that a sonditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus and elicits an unconditioned response
Term
Operant Conditioning
Definition
modifying behavior through the use of positive or negative consequences following specific behaviors
Term
Positive consequences
Definition
Results of a behavior that a person finds attractive or pleasurable
Term
Negative Consequences
Definition
Results of a behavior that a person finds unattractive or pleasurable
Term
Reinforcement
Definition
the attempt to develop or strengthen desirable behavior by either bestowing positive consequences or witholding negative consequences
Term
punishment
Definition
The attempt to eliminate or weaken undesirable behavior by either bestowing negative consequence or withholding positive consequences
Term
Extinction
Definition
The attempt to weaken a behavior by attaching no consequences
Term
Task Specific self-efficacy
Definition
an individuals beliefs and expectancies about his or hie ability to perform a specific task effectively

Prior experiences, persuasion from others, behavior models, assessment of current physicaland emotional capabilities
Term
Goal Setting
Definition
the process of establishing desired results that quide and direct behavior
Term
Effective Goals- SMART
Definition
Specific, measurable, attainable, realisstic, Time-bound
Term
Goal Setting Functions
Definition
Increase motivation and task performance, Employee participation, supervisory commitment, useful and timely performance feedback
Reduce role stree associated with conflicting or confusing situations
Clarify task-role expectations communicated to employees
Improve communication btw managers and employees
Improve accuracy and validity of performance evaluation
Term
Management by Objectives (MBO's)
Definition
a goal-setting program based on interastion and negotiation btw employees and managers
- Articulates what to do
- Determines how to do
Term
Performance management
Definition
A process if defining, measuring, appraising, providing feedback on, and improving performance
Term
Performance appraisal purposes
Definition
The evaluation of a persons performance
- Provides feedback to employees
- Identifies employees developmental needs
-Decides promotions and rewards
-Decides demontion and terminations
-Develops info about the organizations selection and placement decisions
Term
360 Feedback
Definition
A process of self-evaluation and evaluations by a manager, peers, direct reports, and possibly customers
Term
effective Appraisal Systems
Definition
key characteristics
-Validity
-Reliability
Responsivness
-flexibility
-equitableness
Term
Stress
Definition
Th insonscious preparation to flight or flee that a person experiences when faced with any demand
Term
Stressor
Definition
The person or event that triggers the stress response
Term
Distress
Definition
The adverse psycholohical, physical, behavioral, and organizational consequences that may arise as a result of stressful events
Term
Type A Behavior patterns
Definition
as complex of personality and behavior characteristics
-Competitiveness
- time Urgancy
-Social status insecurity
-Aggression
-Hostility
-Quest for Achievements
Term
Personality Hardiness
Definition
A personality resistant to distress and characterized by
-Commitment (vs.alienation)
-Control (vs. powerlessness)
-Challenge (vs. threat)
Term
Transformational Coping
Definition
a way of managing stressful events by changing them into subjectively less stressful events
Term
Self-Reliance
Definition
a healthy secure, interdependent pattern related to how people form and maintain supportive attachments with others
Term
Counterdependence
Definition
an unhealthy, insecure pattern of behavior that leads to seperation in relationships with other people
Term
Overdependence
Definition
an unhealthy, insecure pattern of behavior that leads to preocupied attempts to achieve security through relationships
Term
Prevention Stress management
Definition
an organizational philosophy that hold that people and organizations should take joint responsibilty for promoting health and preventing distress and strain
Term
Stages in Preventative Stress management
Definition
Primary- designed to reduce,modify, or eliminate the emand or stressor (job Redesign, goal setting, role negotiation, career management)
Secondary- designed to alter or modify the individuals or the organizations repsonse to a demand or stressor (Team building, social support at work)
Tertiary- designed to heal individual or organizational symptoms of distress and strain
Term
Message
Definition
the thoughts and feeling that the communicator is attempting to elict in the receivce
Term
The communication process model
Definition
Ideation-encoding->Transmission->Reception->Decoding->Response
Term
Communicatio
Definition
the evoking of a shared or common meaning in another person
Term
Data
Definition
Uninterpreted and unanalyzed facts
Term
INformation
Definition
Data that has been interpreted, analyzed and have meaning to some user
Term
Richness
Definition
the ability of a medium or channel to elict or evoke meanng in th receiver
Term
Reflective listening
Definition
a skill intended to help the receive and communicator clearly and fully understand the message sent
Term
Reflective lstening uses
Definition
-used to understand other people
-used to problem solve
-emphasizes personal elements of communication process
-emphasizes the feeling communicated
-emphasizes responding to, not leading, the communicator
Term
How to improve listening
Definition
-stop talking
-put the listener at ease
-give sender undivided attention
-look sender in the eye
-do not interrupt
-focus on understanding what you are hearing
-ask questions
-rephase key points
avoid argument and anger
Term
one way communication
Definition
a person send a msg to another person and o questions, feedback or interaction follow
-good for givingsimple directions
fast but often less accurate that 2 way
Term
two way communication
Definition
the communicator and receiver interact
-good for solving problems
Term
Five keys to effective supervirosy communiction
Definition
1. Expressive speaking
2. Emphatic listening
3. Persuasive leadership
4. sensitivity to feelings
5. informative management
Term
Communicatio barriers
Definition
aspects of communicationi content and context that can impair effective communication( Physical seperation, status differences, gender differences, cultural diversity, language)
Term
Communication gateways
Definition
pathways through barriers to communicatin and antidotes to comunication problems
Term
Physical Sepration gateways
Definition
periodic face to face interactions
regular meetings for interrelated units
Term
Status difference gateways
Definition
Effective supervisor skills
Feelings of securiy for employees
Non-hierarchical informational technology communication methods
Term
Gender differece gateways
Definition
awareness of gender specific differences in communication
Term
Cultural Diverstiy gateways
Definition
increased awareness and sensitivity
Develop a guide, map, beacon, for understanding and interacting cross-culturally
Term
Language gateways
Definition
Simple, direct, declarative language
Use brief sentences and terms/words audience uses
Speak in the language of the listener
Avoid Jargon or technical language
Term
Non-verbal Communication
Definition
All elements of communication that do not involve words
Term
Paralanguage
Definition
variations in speech, such as pitch, loudness, tempo, tone, duratoin, laughing, and crying
Term
Group
Definition
two or more people who have common interests and mutual goals
Term
Group
Definition
two or more people who have common interests and mutual goals
Term
Work team
Definition
A group of people with complementary skills and whose work requires interaction. Committed to a common mission
Term
Two types of work groups
Definition
Informal work groups
-Friendship groups
-interest groups
Term
Norms of Behavior
Definition
the standard that a work group uses to evaluate the behavior of its members
Term
Group cohesion
Definition
the "interpersonal glue" that makesmemers of a group stick together
Term
Why do groups conform to group norms?
Definition
Comliance- based on reward/penalty
Identification- based on an id the person has with others in the group
Internalization- based on the persons organizations cooporation. The person have to be "bought in" to the mission and ideals of the group/organization
Term
Social Loafing
Definition
the failure of a group member to contribtute personal time, effort, thoughts, or other resources to the group
Term
loss of individuality
Definition
a social process in which group members lose self-awareness and its accompanying sense of accountability, inhibition, and responsibility for individual behavior
Term
formal groups
Definition
offical or assigned groups gather to perform various tasks
-need ethnic, gender, cultural and interpersonal diversity
-Need professional and geographical diversity
Term
Informal Groups
Definition
unoffical or emergent groups that evolve in the work setting to gratify a variety of member needs not med by formal groups
Term
Tuckmans 5-stage model
Definition
Fomring-> Storming-> Norming -> Preforming->adjourning
Term
Behavioral Norms
Definition
well understood standards of behavior within a group
-Formal and written
-Informal but well inderstood (dress codes)
Term
Group Cohesion
Definition
interpersonal attraction binding group members together
-enables groups to exercise effective control over the members
Term
Variables to group attributes
Definition
Group status, group size, group composition, group efficacy, social facilitation, group function,
Term
Groups that have learned to preform well demonstrate?
Definition
-lower tension and anxiety
-less variation in productivity
-better member satifcation, committment, and comunicatoin
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