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Management - Leading
Chapters 11 through 14
70
Management
Undergraduate 3
04/26/2007

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Term
Negative reinforcement
Definition
reinforcing the desirable behavior by removing something undesirable from the situation.
Term
Punishment
Definition
a behavioral modification option that applies penalties for the undesired behavior to reduce the possibility that it will recur.
Term
extinction
Definition
the behavioral modification technique of withholding positive reinforcement so that over time the undesired behavior disappears
Term
operant behavior
Definition
behavior that appears to operate on or have an influence on the subject's environment.
Term
Pay for performance
Definition
any compensation method based on merit or performance rather than across-the-board non-output-based pay
Term
variable pay plan
Definition
a compensation plan that may reduce or increase some portion of the individual employee's pay, depending on whether the company meets its financial goals.
Term
gainsharing plan
Definition
an incentive plan that engages many or all employees in a common effort to achieve a company's productivity objectives and in which they share the gains.
Term
merit raise
Definition
a salary increase--usually permanent--based on individual performance.
Term
spot award
Definition
a financial reward given to an employee as soon as laudable performance is observed.
Term
job design
Definition
the number and nature of specific tasks or activities in a job.
Term
job enlargement
Definition
an increase in the number of similar tasks assigned to a job.
Term
job rotation
Definition
the systematic movement of a worker from job to job to improve job satisfaction and reduce boredom
Term
job enrichment
Definition
the inclusion of opportunities for achievement and other motivators in a job by making the job itself more challenging.
Term
empowering employees
Definition
authorizing and enabling employees to do their jobs with greater autonomy.
Term
lifelong learning
Definition
the organizational program of providing continuing education and training to employees throughout their careers.
Term
communication
Definition
the exchange of information and the transmission of meaning.
Term
communication channel
Definition
the vehicle that carries the message in the communication process.
Term
feedback
Definition
the receiver's response to the message that was actually received in the communication process.
Term
interpersonal communication
Definition
communication that occurs between two individuals
Term
organizational communication
Definition
communication that occurs among several individuals or groups.
Term
semantics
Definition
the meaning of words.
Term
nonverbal communication
Definition
the nonspoken acts of communication, such as a person's manner of speaking, facial expressions, or body posture, that express meaning to others.
Term
formal communication
Definition
messages that are recognized as official by the organization, such as orders from superiors to subordinates, sales reports, and status reports.
Term
informal communication
Definition
communication not officially sanctioned by the organization, such as rumors heard through the grapevine.
Term
open-book management
Definition
a management style in which a company opens its books to the employees, sharing financial data, explaining numbers, and rewarding workers for improvement.
Term
telecommunications
Definition
the electronic transmission of data, text, graphics, voice, or image over any distance.
Term
decision support system (DSS)
Definition
an interactive computer-based communications system that facilitates the solution of unstructured problems by a team of decision makers.
Term
collaborative writing systems
Definition
a computerized support system that lets group members work simultaneously on a single document from a number of interconnected or network computers
Term
group scheduling system
Definition
a computerized support system that allows each group member to put his or her daily schedule into a shared database so that each can identify the most suitable times to schedule meetings or to attend currently scheduled meetings.
Term
workflow automation system
Definition
an e-mail type of system that automates the flow of paperwork from person to person.
Term
telecommuting
Definition
the substitution of telecommunications and computers for the commute to a central office.
Term
employee involvement program
Definition
any formal program that lets employees participate in formulating important work decisions or in supervising all or part of their own work activities.
Term
group norms
Definition
the informal rules that groups adopt to regulate and regularize group members' behavior.
Term
group cohesiveness
Definition
the degree of interpersonal attractiveness within a group, dependent on factors like proximity, attraction among the individual group members, group size, intergroup competition, and agreement about goals.
Term
suggestion team
Definition
a team formed to work in the short term on a given issue such as increasing productivity.
Term
problem-solving team
Definition
a team formed to identify and solve work-related problems
Term
semi-autonomous team
Definition
a team that has considerable input into managing the activities in their own work area but are still headed by a supervisor.
Term
self-managing team
Definition
a highly trained team of employees, including 6 to 18 people on average, who are fully responsible for turning out a well-defined segment of finished work. Also called a self-directed work team.
Term
quality circle
Definition
a team of 6 to 12 employees that meets about once per week on company time to solve problems affecting its work area.
Term
venture team
Definition
a small team of people who operate as a semi-autonomous unit to create and develop a new idea.
Term
transnational team
Definition
a work team composed of multinational members whose activities span many countries
Term
Strategic change
Definition
a change in a firm's strategy, mission, or vission.
Term
business reengineering
Definition
the radical redesign of business processes to cut waste; to improve cost, quality, and service; and to maximize the benefits of information technology, generally by questioning how and why things are being done as they are.
Term
unfreezing
Definition
a step in psychologist Kurt Lewin's model of change that involves reducing the forces for the status quo, usually by presenting a provocative problem or event to get people to recognize the need for change and to search for new solutions.
Term
moving
Definition
a step in psychologist Kurt Lewin's model of change aimed at using techniques and actually altering the behaviors, values, and attitudes of the individuals in an organization.
Term
refreezing
Definition
a step in psychologist Kurt Lewin's model of change aimed at preventing a return to old ways of doing things by instituting new systems and procedures that reinforce the new organizational changes.
Term
change advocate
Definition
leader who champions organizational change; often by cajoling, inspiring, and negotiating it.
Term
charismatic leadership
Definition
guidance from leaders who possess envisioning, energizing, and enabling qualities that mobilize and sustain activity within an organization.
Term
instrumental leadership
Definition
the managerial role of building and clarifying organizational changes so that employees can accomplish their new tasks.
Term
missionary leadership
Definition
a leadership style characterized by influencin an organization to move toward a vision by winning the commitment of others who then aid in the process.
Term
organizational development (OD)
Definition
an approach to organizational change in which the employees themselves formulate the change that's required and implement it, usually with the aid of a trained consultant.
Term
action research
Definition
the process of collecting data from employees about a system in need of change, and then feeding that data back to the employees so that they can analyze it, identify problems, develop solutions, and take actions themselves.
Term
human process interventions
Definition
organizational change techniques aimed at enabling employees to develop a better understanding of their own and others' behaviors for the purpose of improving that behavior such that the organization behefits.
Term
sensitivity training
Definition
also called laboratory or t-group training, the basic aim of this organizational development technique is to increase participants' insight into their own behavior and that of others by encouraging an open expression of feelings in a trainer-guided group.
Term
team building
Definition
the process of improving the effectiveness of a team through action research or other techniques.
Term
confrontation meeting
Definition
an organization meeting aimed at clarifying and revealing intergroup misperceptions, tensions, and problems so that they can be resolved.
Term
survey research
Definition
the process of collecting data from attitude surveys filled out by employees of an organization, then feeding the data back to workgroups to provide a basis for problem analysis and action planning.
Term
formal structure change program
Definition
an intervention technique in which employees collect information on existing formal organizational structures and analyze it for the purpose of redesigning and implementing new organizational structures.
Term
strategic intervention
Definition
an organization development application aimed at effecting a suitable fit among a firm's strategy, structure, culture, and external environment.
Term
integrated strategic management
Definition
an organizational development program to create or change a company's strategy by analyzing the current strategy, choosing a desired strategy, designing a strategic change plan, and implementing the new plan.
Term
role conflict
Definition
a situation in which an employee has conflicting orders, such that compliance with one would make it difficult or impossible to comply with the other.
Term
interpersonal conflict
Definition
a conflict occurring between individuals or between individuals and groups.
Term
intergroup organizational conflict
Definition
a disagreement between organizational units such as production and sales departments or between line and staff units.
Term
avoidance
Definition
moving away from or refusing to discuss a conflict issue.
Term
smoothing over
Definition
in conflict management, diminishing or avoiding a conflict issue.
Term
accommodation
Definition
giving in to the opponent in an attempt to end a conflict.
Term
competition
Definition
an approach to conflict management and negotiating that presumes a win-lose situation.
Term
compromise
Definition
settling a conflict through mutual concessions.
Term
collaboration
Definition
a conflict-management style in which both sides work together to achieve agreement.
Term
forcing
Definition
a direct, contentious method of resolving conflict that utilizes one negotiator's superior position.
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