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Management Final for Nelson
This sucks balls
164
Management
Undergraduate 2
11/30/2013

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Term
A great part of learning to negotiate the politics of a particular office means learning to understand the organization's ____
Definition
culture
Term
a system of shared beliefs and values that develops within an organization and guides the behavior of its members
Definition
organizational/corporate culture
Term
A culture is the _______ of the company and provides an organization with _____
Definition
social glue
personality
Term
What are the four types of organizational culture?
Definition
Clan
Adhocracy
Market
Hierarchy
Term
has an internal focus and values flexability rather than stability and control
Definition
clan culture
Term
A clan culture is a ____ culture that values ______ not _______
Definition
employee focused
flexability
stability
Term
has an extrenal focus and values flexability
Definition
adhocracy culture
Term
A adhocracy culture is a _______ culture valuing ______
Definition
risk taking
flexability
Term
has a strong external focus and values stability and control
Definition
market culture
Term
A market culture is a _____ culture valuing ______ over ___
Definition
competitive
profits
employee satisfaction
Term
has an internal focus and values stability and control over flexability
Definition
hierarchy culture
Term
a hierarchy culture is a _____ culture valuing ___ and ____
Definition
structured
stability
effectiveness
Term
Organizational culture appears as three layers:
Definition
observable artifacts
espoused values
basic assumptions
Term
physical manifestations of a culture such as manner of dress, awards, myths and stories about the company, rituals and ceremonies, and decorations as well as visible behavior exhibited by managers and employees
Definition
observable artifacts
Term
the explicitly stated values and norms preferred by an organization
Definition
espoused values
Term
although managers may hope the values they espouse will directly influence employee behavior, they are more influenced by ____ which is ___
Definition
enacted values which represent the values and norms actually exhibited in the organization
Term
example of espoused vs. enacted:
Definition
a sign saying trust in the hallways, yet employees are searched each time they enter the building
Term
not observable, and represent the core values of an organization's culture (the that are taken for granted and, as a result, are highly resistant to change)
Definition
basic assumptions
Term
How do employees learn culture (4 ways )
Definition
symbols
stories
heros
rites&rituals
Term
an object, act, quality, or event that conveys meaning to others
Definition
symbol
Term
a narrative based on true events, which is repeated, and sometimes embellished upon, to emphasize a particular value
Definition
stories
Term
a person whose accomplishments embody the values of the organization
Definition
heroes
Term
the activities and ceremonies, planned and unplanned that celebrate important occasions and acoomplishments in the organization's life
Definition
rites & rituals
Term
an organizationals culture has four functions:
Definition
organizational identity
collective commitment
social system stability
sense making device
Term
What types of organizational culture can increase an organizations economic performance? (3 perspectives)
Definition
strength
fit
adaptive
Term
assumes that the strength of a corporate culture is related to a firm's long-term financial performance
Definition
the strength perspective
Term
The strength perspective creates _____ and _______
Definition
goal alignment and employee motivation
Term
assumes that an organization culture must align with its business or strategic context
Definition
the fit perspective
Term
what does a "correct" fit foster?
Definition
higher financial performance
Term
assumes that the most effective culture help organizations anticipate and adapt to environmental changes
Definition
adaptive perspective
Term
Which perspective is accurate?
which perspective had long term financial performance?
Definition
the adaptive culture
Term
eleven ways cultures become inbedded in organizations
Definition
formal statements
slogans and sayings
stories, legends, myths
leader reactions to crises
role modeling, training, coaching
physical design
rewards, titles, promotions and bonuses
organizational gals and performance criteria
measurable and controllable activities
organizational structure
organizational systems and procedures
Term
what are ways to improve the organization's ethical culture?
Definition
behave ethically yourself
screen potential employees
develop a meaningful code of ethics
provide ethics traning
reinforce ethical behvavior
create positions, units, and other structural mechanisms to deal with ethics
create a climate in which whist blowing becomes unnecessary
Term
what are the factors in creating a code of ethics?
Definition
distributed
supported
specific
enforced
Term
occurs when an employee reports a perceived unethical and/or illegal activity to a third party such as government agencies, new media, or public interest groups
Definition
whistle blowing
Term
The shared social knowledge within an organization regarding the rules, norms, and values that shape the attitudes and behaviors of its employees
Definition
organizational culture
Term
What are 4 types of corporate cultures?
Definition
networked
communal
fragmented
mercenary
Term
high solidarity, high sociability
high solidarity, low sociability
high sociability low solidariy
low sociability low solidarity
Definition
communal
mercenary
networked
fragmented
Term
a culture with values and customs are very different from and usually opposed to those accepted by most of society
Definition
counterculture
Term
a group that has beliefs and behaviors that are different from the main groups within a culture or society
Definition
subculture
Term
why is culture important?
Definition
determines employee-organization fit
its hard to create and maintain
Term
an employee undergos 3 stages of socializations:
Definition
anticipatory stage
encounter stage
understanding and adaption stage
Term
four approaches to assessing diversity:
Definition
calue in diversity problem solving approach
similarity attraction apporach
surafce level diversity
deep level diversity
Term
what does cultural intelligence include:
Definition
self awareness
flexibility
sensitivity
willingness to learn
willingness to modify behavior
Term
Emphasize communication via spoken and/or written words
Definition
low context cultural intelligence
Term
Rely on unspoken or situational cues as well as written words in communication
Definition
high context cultural intelligence
Term
The mistaken belief that a generalization about a culture applies equally to everyone in that culture
Definition
the ecological fallacy
Term
An individual’s willingness to report job success or failure regarding expected job outcomes to his or her manager or to other superiors in the chain of command
Definition
accountability culture
Term
Four factors of an accountability culture
Definition
1. Expectations are clear to employees
2. Employees perceive that those expectations are credible and reasonable
3. Employees anticipate that positive consequences will follow performance, and
4. Employees anticipate that negative consequences will follow poor performance
Term
the psychological processes that arouse and direct goal-directed behavior
Definition
motivation
Term
you can not see motivation, it is ____ from ones behavior
Definition
inferred
Term
people have certain ____ that ______ them to perform specific ____ for which they receive _____ that ______ and satisfy the original need
Definition
needs
motivate
behaviors
rewards
feed back
Term
rewards are of two types..
Definition
intrinsic and extrinsic
Term
satisfaction in the payoff from others
Definition
extrinsic rewards
Term
satisfaction in performing the task itself
Definition
intrinsic rewards
Term
example of extrinsic reward:
Definition
you get your satisfaction from receiving the great amount of money buyers pay you for a boat
Term
example of intrinsic reward:
Definition
it was the best among "the best three months of my life"
Term
In order of importance, you want to motivate people to:
Definition
1. join your organization
2. stay with your organization
3. show up for work at your organization
4. perform better for your organization
5. do extra for your organization
Term
what are the 4 perspectives on motivation?
Definition
content
process
job design
reinforcement
Term
theories that emphasize the needs that motivate people
Definition
content perspectives; need based perspectives
Term
physiological and psychological deficiencies that arouse behavior
Definition
needs
Term
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Theory:
Definition
physiological
safety
love
esteem
self-actualization
Term
what do each need need?
Definition
physiological-food,clothing,shelter and comfort
safety-physical safety and emotional security
love-love, friendship, affection
esteem-self respect, status, reputation, recognition, self-confidence
self-actualization-selffufillment
Term
Alderfer's ERG Theory
Definition
Existence needs
relatedness needs
growth needs
Term
the desire for physiological and material well-being
Definition
existence needs
Term
the desire to have meaningful relationships with people who are significant to us
Definition
relatedness needs
Term
desire to grow as human beings and to use our abilities to their fullest potential
Definition
growth needs
Term
what is the frustration-regression component
Definition
if you can't satisfy higher level needs, such as growth, satisfy lower level needs like existence needs
Term
McClelland's Acquired need Theory
Definition
achievement, affiliation and power
Term
"I need to excel at tasks"
Definition
need for achievement
Term
"I need close relationships"
Definition
Need for affiliation
Term
"I need to control others"
Definition
Need for power
Term
What does Herzberg's two factor theory?
Definition
that work satisdaction and dissatisfaction arise from two different factors-work satisfaction and motivating factors and work satisfaction from hygiene factors
Term
the hygeine factors are the ____ needs and the motivating factors are the ____ needs
Definition
lower-level
higher level
Term
what are some examples of hygeine factors?
Definition
salary, working conditions, interpersonal relationships, and company policy
Term
what are some examples of motivating factors?
Definition
achievement, recognition, responsibility, and advancement
Term
are concerned with thought process by which people decide how to act
Definition
process perspectives
Term
what are the three process perspectives on motivation?
Definition
equity theory
expectancy theory
goal setting theory
Term
focuses on employee perceptions as to how fairly they think they are being treated compared to others
Definition
equity theory
Term
what are the key elements in the equity theory?
Definition
inputs, outputs and comparisons
Term
what are inputs?
Definition
what do you think you're putting into the job:
time, effort, training, experience, intelligence, creativity, seniority, status
Term
what are outputs?
Definition
what do you think you're getting out of the job?
pay, benefits, praise recognition, bonuses, promotions, status perquisites
Term
what are comparisons?
Definition
compare the ratio of their own outcomes to inputs against the ratio of someone else's outcome to inputs
Term
what are ways the employees reduce inequity?
Definition
they will reduce their inputs
they will try to change the outputs or rewards they receive
they will distort the inequity
they will change the object of comparison
they will leave the situation
Term
what are things that managers can do establish the equity theory?
Definition
employee perceptions are what count
employee participation helps
having an appeal process helps
Term
what is the expectancy theory? (2 things motivated by)
Definition
1. how much they want something
2 how likely think think they are to get it
Term
you motivation according to expectancy theory, involves the relationship between your ____, your _____, and the desirability of the _____ of your performance.
Definition
effort
performance
outcomes
Term
what are the three elements that affect this relationship?
Definition
expectancy
instrumentality
valence
Term
the belief that a particular level of effort will lead to a particular level of performance
Definition
expectancy
Term
the expectation that successful performance of the task will lead to the outcome desired
Definition
instrumentality
Term
the importance a worker assigns to the possible outcome or reward
Definition
valence
Term
you believe that your efforts will matter
Definition
expectancy
Term
you believe if you can achieve your goals, the outcome will be worthwhile
Definition
instrumentality
Term
if any element is low, you will not be motivated
Definition
valence
Term
how should employees make sure they are motivated?
Definition
what rewards do your employees value
what are the job objectives and the performance level you desire
are the rewards linked to performance
do employees believe you will delver the right rewards for the right performance
Term
what is the goal setting theory?
Definition
suggests that employees can be motivated by goals that are specific and challenging but acheivable
Term
what is a goal?
Definition
an objective that a person is trying to accomplish through his or her efforts
Term
goals must be ____, _____ and ______
Definition
specific, challenging and achievable
Term
what is job design? ( 2 things)
Definition
1. the division of an organizations work among its employees
2. the application of motivational theories to jobs to increase satisfaction and performance
Term
what are the two different approches to job design?
Definition
traditional way-fitting people to jobs
modern way-fitting jobs to people
Term
the process of reducing the number of tasks a worker performs
Definition
job simplification
Term
what are two techniques for this type of job design?
Definition
job enlargement
job enrichment
Term
what is job enlargement?
Definition
increasing tasks in a job to increase variety and motivation
Term
what is job enrichment?
Definition
consists of building into a job such as motivating factors as responsibility, achievement, recognition, stimulating work, and advancement
Term
what does the job characteristics model consist of?
Definition
5 core job characteristics
three psychological states
work outcomes
Term
what are the five core job characteristics?
Definition
skill variety
task identity
task significance
autonomy
feedback
Term
what are 3 major steps to follow when applying the job characteristics model?
Definition
diagnose the work environment to see whether a problem exists
determine whether the job redesign is appropriate
consider how to redesign the job
Term
attempts to explain behavior change by suggesting that behavior with positive consequences tends to be repeated, whereas behavior with negative consequences tends not to be repeated
Definition
reinforcement theory
Term
anything that causes a given behavior to be repeated or inhibited
Definition
reinforcement
Term
what are four types of reinforcement?
Definition
positive
negative
extinction
punishment
Term
the use of positive consequences to encourage desirable behavior
Definition
positive reinforcement
Term
the removal of unpleasant consequences following a desired behavior
Definition
negative reinforcement
Term
the withholding or withdrawal of positive rewards for desirable behavior, so that the behavior is less likely to occur in the future
Definition
extinction
Term
the application of negative consequences to stop or change undesirable behavior
Definition
punishment
Term
ways of positive reinforcement
Definition
reward only desirable behavior
give rewards as soon as possible
be clear about what behavior is desired
have different rewards and recognize individual differences
Term
ways of punishment?
Definition
punish only undesirable behavior
give reprimands or disciplinary actions as soon as possible
be clear about what behavior is undesirable
administer punishment in private
combine punishment and positive reinforcement
Term
True or False: It is easier to find gratifation for work in the information age
Definition
FALSE
Term
heightened emotional connection that an employee feels for his or her organization, which influences him or her to exert greater discretionary effort in his or her work
Definition
employee engagement
Term
what are popular incentives for compensation plans?
Definition
pay for performance
bonuses
profit sharing
gainsharing
stock options
pay for knowledge
Term
what are pay for performance methods?
Definition
piece rate-employees are paid according to how much output they produce
sales commission-sales representatives are paid a percentage of the earnings the company made from their sales
Term
what are nonmonetary ways of motivating employees?
Definition
the need for work-ife balance
the need to expand skills
the need to matter
Term
what are other incentives to follow to motivate?
Definition
throughfulness
work-life benefits
surrounds
skill-building and educational oppertunities
sabbaticals
Term
a system of consiously coordinated activities or forces of two or more people
Definition
organization
Term
what are three types of organizations?
Definition
for-profit organizations
nonprofit organizations
mutual-benefit organizations
Term
formed to make money, or profits, by offering products or services
Definition
for-profit organizations
Term
formed to offer services to some clients, not to make a profit
Definition
nonprofit organizations
Term
voluntary collectives whose purpose is to advance members' interests
Definition
mutual-benefit organizations
Term
a box-and-lines illustration showing the formal lines of authority and the organization's official positions or work specializations
Definition
organizational chart
Term
what do organization charts reveal about an organization?
Definition
1. vertical heirarchy of authority-who reports to whom
2. the horizontal specialization-who specializes in that work
Term
common elements of organizations purposed to be edgar schein (4)
Definition
common purpose
coordinated effort
divisions of labor
hierachy of authority
Term
unifies employees or members and gives everyone an understanding of an organization's reason for being
Definition
common purpose
Term
the coordination of individual efforts into a group or organization-wide effort
Definition
coordinated effort
Term
the arrangement of having discrete parts of a task done by different people
Definition
division of labor/work specialization
Term
control mechanism for making sure the right people do the right things at the right time
Definition
hierarchy of authority/chain of command
Term
an employee should report to no more than one manager
Definition
unity of command
Term
refers to the number of people reporting firectly to a given manager
Definition
span of control
Term
what are the two types of span of control?
Definition
narrow-limited people reporting
wide-several people reporting
Term
refers to the rights inherent in a managerial position to make decisions, give orders, and utilize resources
Definition
authority
Term
managers must report and justify work results to the managers above them
Definition
accountability
Term
the obligation that you have to perform the tasks assigned to you
Definition
responsibility
Term
it is a faulty job design when managers are given too much ______ and not enough _______
Definition
authority
responsibility
Term
the process of assigning managerial authority and responsibility to managers and employees lower in the hierarchy
Definition
delegation
Term
have authority to make decisions and usually have people reporting to them
Definition
line managers
ex: president, vp, head of accounting
Term
have authority functions; they provide advice, recommendations, and research to line managers
Definition
staff personnel
ex: specialists, special advisors, legal counsels
Term
important decisions are made by higher level mangers
Definition
centralized authority
Term
important decisions are made by middle-level and supervisory-level managers
Definition
decentralized authority
Term
types of structures of organizations?
Definition
simple
functional
divisional
matrix
team-based
network
modular
Term
has authority centralized in a single person, a flat hierarchy, few rules, and low work specialization
Definition
simple structure
Term
people with similar occupational specialities are put together in formal groups
Definition
functional structure
Term
people with diverse occupational specialties are put together in formal groups by similar products or services, customers or clients, or geographic regions
Definition
divisional structure
Term
group activities around similar products or services
Definition
product divisions
Term
tend to group activities around common customers or clients
Definition
customer divisions
Term
group activities around defined regional locations
Definition
geographic divisions
Term
an organization combines functional and divisional chains of command in a grid so that there are two command structures-vertical and horizontal
Definition
matrix structure
Term
teams, or workgroups, either temporary or permanent, are used to improve horizontal relations and solve problems throughout the organization
Definition
team-based structure
Term
the organization has a central core that is linked to outside independent firms by computer connections, which are used to operate as if all were a single organization
Definition
network structure
Term
a firm assembles product chunks, or modules, provided by outside contractors
Definition
modular structure
Term
the process of fitting the organization to its environment is called
Definition
contingency design
Term
what should managers consider when designing the best kind of organization
Definition
environment
size
technology
life cycle
Term
what is the difference in a mechanistic organization and an organic organization?
Definition
mechanic-authority is centralized
organic-authority is decentralized
Term
the tendency of the parts of an organization to disperse and fragment
Definition
differentation
Term
the tendency of the parts of an organization to draw together to achieve a common purpose
Definition
integration
Term
meausred by the number of full time employees
Definition
organizational size
Term
four stages in the life of an organization
Definition
birth stage
youth stage
midlife stage
maturity stage
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