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Management and Organizational Behavior Exam 2
Exam 2 Management and Organizational Behavior
88
Management
Undergraduate 3
04/04/2013

Additional Management Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Perception
Definition
Process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment
Term
Factors that Influence Perception
Definition

1. Factors in Situation

2. Factors in Perceiever 

3. Factors in Target

Term
Attribution theory
Definition
attempt to determine whether behavior is internally or externally caused
Term
3 Factors of Attribution Theory
Definition

1. Distinctiveness

is behavior unusual? different behaviors for different situations?

 

2. Consensus

how does everyone react?

 

3. Consistency

same response over time?

Term
Attribution Error
Definition
Tendency to underestimate external factors and overestimate internal factors
Term
Self-Serving Bias
Definition
Blaming success on internal factors and failure on external factors
Term

External Cause

(Attribution Theory)

Definition

1.Distinctiveness: HIGH

 

2. Consensus: HIGH

 

3. Consistency: LOW

Term

Internal Cause

(Attribution Theory)

Definition

1. Distinctiveness: LOW

 

2. Consensus: LOW

 

3. Consistency: HIGH

Term
Selective Perception
Definition

-Seeing what you want to see

-Selectively interpreting what one sees on the basis of one's interests, background, experience, etc.

Term
Halo Effect
Definition
-drawing an impression from someone based off one characteristic
Term
Contrast Effect
Definition

-evaluation of individual affected by comparisons with others

 

-ex. job interview

Term
Sterotyping
Definition
-judging someone on the basis of one's perception of the group they belong to
Term
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Definition

-One person inaccurately perceives another

-the other behaves in a way to meet first person's perception

Term
Decisions
Definition
Choices from two or more alternatives
Term
Problem
Definition
discrepency between current state of affairs and desired state of affairs
Term
Rational
Definition
-consistent, value-maximizing choices
Term
Rational Decision-Making Model
Definition

-describes how individuals should behave in order to maximize some outcome

 

1. Define Problem

2. Identify the Decision Criteria

3. Allocate Weights to criteria

4. Develop Alternatives

5. Evaluate Alternatives

6. Select the best alternative

 

DIA-DES

Term

Bounded Rationality

 

Definition
constructing simplified models that extract the essential features from problems without capturing all their complexity
Term
Intuitive Desicion Making
Definition

-unconscious process created out of distilled experiencing

-trusting your gut 

-neither right nor wrong

Term
Overconfidence Bias
Definition

-being overconfident

-less intellectual--> more bias

-more optimistic---> more overconfident

Term

Anchoring Bias

 

Definition

-overemphasizing initial information

-occurs when negotiating

 

Term
Confirmation Bias
Definition

-tendency to seek out information that reaffirms past choices and discount info. that contradicts past judgements

-selective perception

Term

Availability Bias

 

Definition

-basing your judgements on information readily available

-overestimating air flight risk over car

Term
Escalation of Commitment
Definition

-increased commitment to a previous decision even though its obviously wrong

 

-staying in a relationship even though it sucks

Term

Randomness Error

 

Definition

-believing you can predict randomness

 

-lucky socks in a game

-never make decisions on Friday the 13th

Term

Risk Aversion

 

Definition

-tendency to prefer a sure gain of a moderate amount over a riskier outcome....even though outcome has higher expected payoff

 

-people with power are more risk averse

Term
Hindsight Bias
Definition

-belief that you would have accurately predicted outcome after it happened

 

-reduces our ability to learn from the past

 

-"what is clear in hindsight is rarely clear before the fact"

Term
Utilitarianism
Definition

-ethical criteria

 

-most good for most people

 

-based on outcomes

Term

Whistle-Blowers

 

Definition

-people who report unethical practices to outsiders

 

-snitches

Term

Three Component Model of Creativity

 

Definition

-creativity requires:

 

1. Expertise

2. Creative Thinking Skills

3. Task Motivation

Term
Motivation
Definition

-processes that account for an individual's 

1. intensity

2. direction

3. persistence (of effort)

 

toward attaining a goal

Term
Meaning of Motivational Elements
Definition

-intensity: how hard you try

 

-direction: how effort is channeled

 

-persistence: how long effort is maintained

Term

Maslow's Heirarchy of Needs

 

Definition

-Self Actualization

-Esteem

-Social

-Safety

-Physiological <-- base of pyramid

 

-SESoSaP

Term

Maslow's Heirarchy of Needs:

High Order Needs Vs. Lower Order Needs

 

Definition

Higher Order (internal)

1.Self-actualization

2. Esteem 

3. Social

 

Lower Order (external)

1. Safety

2. Physiological

Term
Theory X
Definition
employees hate work and must be coerced into performing it
Term
Theory Y
Definition

Employees can like work 

 

higher order needs dominate individuals

Term

Two-Factor Theory

 

Definition

-intrinsic factors-->satisfaction

-extrinsic factors--> dissatisfaction

 

-dual continuum:

opposite of no satisfaction is satisfaction 

opposite of no dissatisfaction is dissatisfaction

NOT opposite of satissfaction is dissatisfaction

Term
Hygeine Factors
Definition

-factors, that when adequete, workers will not be dissatisfied

 

-ex. company policy, supervision, salary

Term

McClelland's Theory of Needs

 

Definition

-Need for Achievement, Power, and Affiliation effect motivation

-nAch: need for achievement

-nPow: need for power

-nAff: need for affiliation

Term
nAch Characteristics
Definition

-perform best when probability of success is .5

-dislike high odds because reduces chance of accomplishment

-dislike low odds because its not a challenge

-not a good indicator of managerial success

Term
Best Managers are high in n____ and low in n____
Definition
high in nPow and low in nAff
Term
Self-Determination Theory
Definition

-people like to feel they have control over their actions

 

-motivation decreases if you take away feeling of control

 

-ex. Marcia used to volunteer then gets paid and hates it

(what a bitch)

Term
Cognitive Evaluation Theory
Definition

-version of self-determination theory

 

-extrinsic rewards for previously intrinsic feelings is less motivating 

 

IF

 

-rewards are seen as controlling

Term
Self-Concordance
Definition

-are your reasons for working consistent with core values?

 

Term
Goal-Setting Theory
Definition
-specific and difficult goals, with feedback, lead to higher performance
Term
MBO
Definition

Management by Objective

 

-specific goals, participatively set for an explicit time period, with feedback on progress

 

-emphasizes participation

Term
Self-Efficacy Theory
Definition

-belief that you are capable of work

-low: give up easier, respond negatively to negative feedback

-high:try harder, react positively to negative feedback

Term
Reinforcement Theory
Definition

-ignores cognitive theory

 

-behavior is a function of its consequences

Term
Behaviorism
Definition

-behavior follows stimuli in unthinking manner

-no conscious awareness

Term
Social Learning Theory
Definition
-Learn from both observation and experience
Term
Model's 4 Processes (Social-Learning Theory)
Definition

1. Attentional Processes: only learn when paying attention

-more influenced by attractive, important people

2.Retention Processes: how well you remember action

3. Motor Reproduction Processes: watching converted to doing behavior of model

4. Reinforcement Processes: incentives and rewards

Term
Equity Theory
Definition

-you get what you give

 

-compare incomes and outcomes with others and take action to relieve equity tension

 

-Asking a co-worker what they make

Term
4 Comparisons of Equity Theory
Definition

1. self-inside: you to position inside organization

2. self-outside: you to position outside organization

3.other-inside:not you to position inside org

4. other outside:not you to position outside org.

Term
Employees who percieve inequity....
Definition

1. Change inputs

2. Change outcomes (more of less-qualit units)

3. Distort Perceptions of Self

4. Distort Perceptions of Others

5. Choose a different referrent

6. Quit

Term
Distributive Justice
Definition
-percieved fairness of amount and allocation of rewards
Term
Organizational Justice
Definition

-perception of what is fair in workplace 

 

comprised of 

1. Procedural Justice

2. Interactional Justice

3. Distributive Justice

Term

Procedural Justice

 

Definition
-fairness in how rewards are allocated
Term
Interactional Justice
Definition
-how employee is treated with dignity and respect
Term
Expectancy Theory
Definition
-strength of tendency to act a certain way deponds on the strength of an expectation that act will be followed by outcome and how sweet outcome is
Term
3 Relationships of Expectancy Theory
Definition

1. Effort-Performance: will max effort be recognized in performance appraisal

2.Performance-Reward: If i get a good performance appraisal will it lead to rewards?

3. Rewards-Personal Goals: attractiveness of rewards

Term
Job Design
Definition
-the way the elements in a job are organized
Term
JCM
Definition

Job Charateristics Model: job can be described in 5 dimensions

1. Skill Variety

2. Task Identity

3. Task Significance

4. Autonomy

5. Feedback

 

FATTS

Term
Skill Variety
Definition

-degree to which job requires a variety of activities

-doing a bunch of shit compared to spray-painting all day

Term
Task Identity
Definition

-degree to which job requires completiong of whole and identifiable work

-making an ntire cabinet as opposed to just the handles

Term
Task Significance
Definition

-degree to which job has impact on others

-being a doctor vs. a janitor

Term
Autonomy
Definition
-degree to which a job provides freedom and independence
Term
Feedback
Definition

degree to which carrying out work activities generates direct and clear info about performance

-making iPods then teting them VS. just making them

Term
JCM proposes that individuals obtain internal rewards when they _____ that ________ have performed well on a task they ________
Definition

1. learn (knowledge of results)

2. they personally (experienced responsibility)

3. care about (experienced meaningfulness)

 

meaning--->STT

responsibility--->autonomy

knowledge--->feedback

Term
Job Rotation
Definition

-periodic shifting of one employee to from one task to another

-pros:reduces boredom, increases motivation, better idea of role in organization

-cons: increased training osts, adjustment issues, less productive

Term
Job Enrichment
Definition

-vertical expansion of jobs

-increases workers control over planning, execution, and evalutation of work

 

-expanding jobs vertically, combining tasks, forming natural work units,establish client relationships, open feedback channels

Term
Flextime
Definition

-flexible work time

-must work specific number of hours per week, , but free to very their hours of work within certain limits

Term
Job-Sharing
Definition

-two or more individuals splitting a 40hr/week job

 

Term
Telecommuting
Definition

working from home at least 2 days week

-teamwork issues, "out of sight out of mind" (promotions)

Term
Employee Involvement
Definition
-participative process that uses the input of employees to increase commitment
Term
Participative Management
Definition

-joint decision making

-participants share degree of decision making with supervisors

Term
Representative Participation
Definition
-small group of representative employees participate in organizational decision making
Term
Variable Pay Program
Definition
-bases portion of employees pay on an individual or organizational measure
Term

Piece-Rate Pay Plan

 

Definition
-workers are paid fixed sum for each unit of production
Term
Merit-Based Pay
Definition
-pay based on performance appraisal ratings
Term

Bonus

 

Definition
-pay plan that rewards recent performance rather than historical
Term
Skill-Based Pay
Definition
-pay based on how many skills you have or jobs you can do
Term
Profit-Sharing Plan
Definition
-organizationwide program that distributes compensation based on organizational success
Term
Gainsharing
Definition

-formula-based group incentive program

-measured by group productivity not organizational success

Term
ESOP
Definition

Employee Stock Ownership Plans

-employees get stock at discount prices

Term
5 Stages of Group Development
Definition

1. Forming

2. Storming

3. Norming

4. Performing

5. Adjourning

Term
Forming Stage: 2 Parts
Definition

1. people join group

2. purpose is defined

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